Note: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- End User License Agreement -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Microbial Remediation of Heavy Metals -- Removal of Heavy Metals using Microbial Bioremediation -- Deepesh Tiwari1, Athar Hussain2,*, Sunil Kumar Tiwari3, Salman Ahmed4, Mohd. Wajahat Sultan5 and Mohd. Imran Ahamed6 -- INTRODUCTION -- HEAVY METALS: SOURCES AND EFFECTS -- HEAVY METALS OCCURRENCES -- HEAVY METAL REMOVAL STRATEGIES -- Physical Methods -- Chemical Methods -- Biological Methods -- Phytoremediation -- Bioremediation -- Mechanism of Bioremediation -- Bioremediation by Biosorption -- Bioremediation by Bioaccumulation -- Comparison of Biosorption and Bioaccumulation Process -- Biotechnological Intervention in Bioremediation Processes by the Microbial Approach -- The Ability of Microorganisms to Bioremediate Heavy Metals -- Bacteria Remediation Capacity of Heavy Metal -- Fungi Remediation Capacity of Heavy Metal -- Remediation Capacity of Heavy Metal by Algae -- Heavy Metal Removal Using Biofilms -- Plant Approach -- Advantages of Bioremediation -- Disadvantages of Bioremediation -- CONCLUSION -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Bioremediation of Heavy Metal in Paper Mill Effluent -- Priti Gupta1,* -- INTRODUCTION -- PAPER & -- PULP INDUSTRY: GLOBAL OUTLOOK ON UTILITY AND GROWTH -- PAPER & -- PULP INDUSTRY: GLOBAL OUTLOOK ON HAZARDS -- PAPER MAKING PROCESSES AND WASTEWATER GENERATION -- Debarking -- Pulping -- Mechanical Pulping -- Chemical Pulping -- Bleaching -- Washing -- Stock Preparation and Paper Making Process -- HEAVY METALS AT GLANCE -- Adverse Effect of Heavy Metal Contamination -- Soil -- Microbial Population -- Plants -- Animals -- Humans -- Remediation Technologies for the Treatment of Heavy Metal Contaminated Wastewater Effluent. , BIOREMEDIATION: AN INNOVATIVE AND USEFUL APPROACH -- Industrial by-Products -- Agricultural Wastes -- Phytoremediation Methods and its Types -- Microbial Biosorbents -- MICROBIAL BIOREMEDIATION METHODS -- Biosorption -- How Does Biosorption Works? -- Important Factors Governing Biosorption Mechanism -- Types of Biosorption -- Examples of Efficient Biosorbents -- Advantages -- Biotransformation -- Bioaccumulation -- Bioleaching -- FACTORS AFFECTING MICROBIAL REMEDIATION OF HEAVY METALS -- CHALLENGES -- CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ASPECTS -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Bioremediation of Pesticides -- Praveen Kumar Yadav1,2,*, Kamlesh Kumar Nigam3, Shishir Kumar Singh2,4, Ankit Kumar5 and S. Swarupa Tripathy1 -- INTRODUCTION -- Pesticides -- Bioremediation of Pesticides -- Type of Bioremediation -- In-situ Bioremediation -- Ex-situ Bioremediation -- Aerobic Bioremediation -- Anaerobic Bioremediation -- Mycodegradation of Pesticides -- Mycodegradation of Pesticides -- Bacterial Degradation of Pesticides -- Mechanisms Involved in Bioremediation -- Genetic Modification in Bioremediation Tools -- CONCLUSION -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Biosurfactants for Biodégradation -- Telli Alia1,* -- INTRODUCTION -- BIOSURFACTANTS -- Definition and Importance -- Surface Activity -- Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) -- Hydrophile-lipophile Balance -- Emulsion Stability -- Classification, Properties and Applications of Biosurfactants -- APPLICATION OF BIOSUFACTANT IN BIODEGRADATION -- Biodegradation of Crude Oil and Petroleum Wastes -- Removal and Detoxification of Heavy Metals -- Biodegradation of Pesticides -- Biodegradation of Organic Dyes -- CONCLUSION -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES. , Potential Application of Biological Treatment Methods in Textile Dyes Removal -- Rustiana Yuliasni1, Bekti Marlena1, Nanik Indah Setianingsih1, Abudukeremu Kadier2,3,*, Setyo Budi Kurniawan4, Dongsheng Song2,5 and Peng-Cheng Ma2,3 -- INTRODUCTION -- HISTORY AND CLASSIFICATION OF DYES -- History of Textile Dyes -- Classification of Dyes Based on Industrial Application -- Direct Dyes -- Disperse Dyes -- Vat Dyes -- Basic Dyes -- Acid Dyes -- Sulphur Dyes -- Azo Dyes -- Reactive Dyes -- Dyes Classification Based on Chromophores -- ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN RELATED TO DYES -- DYES REMOVAL TECHNIQUES -- BIODEGRADATION MECHANISMS OF DYES -- Biosorption -- Bioaccumulation -- Biodegradation -- FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR APPLICATION -- CONCLUSION -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Fungal Bioremediation of Pollutants -- Evans C. Egwim1,*, Oluwafemi A. Oyewole2 and Japhet G. Yakubu2 -- INTRODUCTION -- Pollutants and Their Classification -- Petroleum Hydrocarbons -- Heavy Metals -- Chemical Pollutants -- Synthetic Pesticides -- Industrial Dyes -- Pharmaceutical Products -- Effects of Pollutants in the Soil -- Effects of Pollutants in the Aquatic Environment -- Effects of Pollutants in the Air -- Bioremediation -- Bioremediation Techniques -- Biosparging -- Bioventing -- Bioaugmentation -- Biostimulation -- Ex situ -- Solid Phase -- Land Farming -- Composting -- Biopiles -- Slurry Phase -- Fungi -- Mycoremediation -- White Rot Fungi -- Enzyme System of WRF -- Lignin Peroxidase -- Manganese Peroxidase -- Versatile Peroxidase -- Laccase -- Cytochrome P450s Monooxygenase -- Mycoremediation of Pollutants -- Mycoremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons -- Mycoremediation of Dyes -- Mycoremediation of Pesticides -- Mycoremediation of Pharmaceutical Products -- Mycoremediation of Heavy Metal -- Advantages of Mycoremediation. , Limitations of Mycoremediation -- Nutrients -- Bioavailability of Pollutants -- Temperature -- Effects of pH -- Relative Humidity -- Toxicity of Pollutants -- Oxygen -- Moisture Content -- Presence of Contaminants -- CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVE -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- Antifouling Nano Filtration Membrane -- Sonalee Das1,* and Lakshmi Unnikrishnan1 -- INTRODUCTION -- MEMBRANE FOULING -- Classification of Membrane Fouling -- Mechanism of Membrane Fouling -- Factors Affecting Membrane Fouling -- NANOFILTRATION MEMBRANES -- Mechanism of Action -- Characterization of NF Membranes -- Industrial Applications -- Challenges in NF Membranes -- Membrane Fouling -- Separation Between the Solutes -- Post-treatment of Concentrates -- Chemical Resistance -- Insufficient Rejection in Water Treatment -- Need for Modelling & -- Simulation Tools -- ANTIFOULING NANOFILTRATION (AF-NF) MEMBRANES -- Recent Progress in the Fabrication of Anti-Fouling Nanofiltration (NF) Membranes -- CONCLUSION -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- Microbes and their Genes involved in Bioremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbon -- Bhaskarjyoti Gogoi1, Indukalpa Das1, Shamima Begum1, Gargi Dutta1, Rupesh Kumar1 and Debajit Borah1,* -- INTRODUCTION -- TYPES OF BIOREMEDIATION STRATEGIES -- PHYSICAL METHOD FOR BIOREMEDIATION OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON -- CHEMICAL METHOD FOR BIOREMEDIATION OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON -- BIOLOGICAL METHODS -- EX-SITU BIOREMEDIATION -- In Situ Bioremediation -- Microbial Bioremediation Method -- ROLE OF BIOSURFACTANTS IN PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON DEGRADATION -- ROLE OF MICROBIAL ENZYMES AND RESPONSIBLE GENES IN HYDROCARBON DEGRADATION -- FACTORS AFFECTING BIOREMEDIATION OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS -- CONCLUSION -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST. , ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- Application and Major Challenges of Microbial Bioremediation of Oil Spill in Various Environments -- Rustiana Yuliasni1, Setyo Budi Kurniawan2, Abudukeremu Kadier3,4,*, Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah2, Peng-Cheng Ma3,4, Bekti Marlena1, Nanik Indah Setianingsih1, Dongsheng Song3,5 and Ali Moertopo Simbolon1 -- INTRODUCTION -- NATURE AND COMPOSITION OF PETROLEUM CRUDE OIL -- BIOREMEDIATION AGENTS -- Bacteria as Bioremediation Agents of Hydrocarbon Contaminated Environment -- Fungal Bioremediation of Hydrocarbon Contaminated Environment -- Algae as Bioremediation Agent of Hydrocarbon Contaminated Environment -- Commercialized Product of Microbial Agents for Hydrocarbon Remediation -- APPLICATION STRATEGIES AND PRACTICES -- In-situ Bioremediation -- Ex-situ Bioremediation -- FACTOR AFFECTING BIOREMEDIATION -- Temperature -- Substances Bioavailability -- Oxygen or Alternate Electron Acceptors -- Nutrients -- MATRICES TO BE REMEDIATED -- Soil Bioremediation -- Water Bioremediation -- Sludge Bioremediation -- CONCLUSION AND FUTURE CHALLENGES -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- Bioremediation of Hydrocarbons -- Grace N. Ijoma1, Weiz Nurmahomed1, Tonderayi S. Matambo1, Charles Rashama1 and Joshua Gorimbo1,* -- INTRODUCTION -- Hydrocarbon Pollution Effects on Macrobiota -- Hydrocarbon Pollution Effects on Microbiota -- The Fate of Hydrocarbon Pollution in the Environment -- Weathering, Physical and Chemical Interactions with the Terrestrial Environment -- Weathering, Physical and Chemical Interactions within the Terrestrial Environment -- Reasons for Hydrocarbon Recalcitrance to Biodegradation -- Ecotoxicology: Consortia Stress Responses, Tolerance and Adaptation -- Rate-limiting Nutrients: Changes in Nitrogen Flux -- Changes in Microbial Population Dynamics. , Microbial Consortia Interactions Employed in the Degradation of Hydrocarbons.

Note: Intro -- ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS AND COMPOSITES: MATERIALS, DEVICES AND ALLIED APPLICATIONS. VOLUME 1 -- ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS AND COMPOSITES: MATERIALS, DEVICES AND ALLIED APPLICATIONS. VOLUME 1 -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- About the Editor -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1: Advances in Membranes for High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCS) -- 2.1. Role of Proton Conducting Membrane in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells -- 2.2. Requirement for Proton Conducting Membrane for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells -- 2.3. Current Status of Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acid and Alternative Proton Conducting Membranes -- 2.4. Proton Transport in Sulfonic Acid Membranes -- 2.5. Challenges Facing Sulfonic Acid Membranes in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells -- 3. High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte -- Membrane Fuel Cell -- 3.1. Proton Exchange Membranes for High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells -- 3.2. Membranes Obtained by Modification with Hygroscopic Inorganic Fillers -- 3.3. Membranes Obtained by Modification with Solid Proton Conductors -- 3.4. Membranes Obtained by Modification with Less Volatile Proton Assisting Solvent -- 3.4.1. Doping with Heterocyclic Solvents -- 3.4.2. Doping with Phosphoric Acid -- 3.4.3. Radiation Grafted and Acid Doped Membranes -- 3.5. Disadvantages of Using Phosphoric Acid Composite Membranes for High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Applications -- 3.6. Alternative Membranes Based on Benzimidazole Derivatives -- 3.7. Alternative Benzimidazole Polymers Doped with Heteropoly Acids -- 3.8. Membrane Impregnated with Ionic Liquids -- 3.9. Summary of Membranes Obtained by Modification of Sulfonic. , Acid Ionomers -- 4. Proton Conduction Mechanism in High Temperature Proton Conducting Membrane -- Conclusion and Prospectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2: Surface-Confined Ruthenium and Osmium Polypyridyl Complexes as Electrochromic Materials -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Electrochromic Windows, Displays and Mirrors -- 1.2. Classes of Electrochromic Materials -- 1.3. Metal Complexes As Electrochromic Materials -- 1.3.1. Ruthenium (II) Complexes As Electrochromic Materials -- (I). Optical Behavior of Ruthenium Complexes -- (II). Redox Behavior of Ruthenium Complexes -- (III). Role of Spacers in Dinuclear Ruthenium Complexes -- 1.3.2. Osmium (II) Complexes As Electrochromic Materials -- 1.3.3. Other Metal Complexes As Electrochromic Materials -- 1.4. Substrates Used for Electrochromic Material -- 1.5. Modification of Substrates -- 2. Surface-Confined Ruthenium Complexes -- As Electrochromic Materials -- 2.1. Chemically Adsorbed Ruthenium Complexes -- 2.2. Physically Adsorbed Ruthenium Complexes -- 3. Surface-Confined Osmium Complexes -- As Electrochromic Materials -- 3.1. Osmium Complex-Based Monolayer -- 3.2. Osmium Complex-Based Multilayer -- 4. Surface-Confined Hetero-Metallic -- Complexes As Electrochromic Materials -- 4.1. Coordinative Supramolecular Assembly As Thin Films -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3: Magnetic Polymeric Nanocomposite Materials: Basic Principles Preparations and Microwave Absorption Application -- 1Department of Materials Science, School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science -- and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia -- 2Institute of Hydrogen Economy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, -- Jalan Semarak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Historical Background. , 3. Interaction Mechanisms of Electromagnetic Wave -- with Materials -- 3.1. Interaction Mechanism with Conductor Materials -- 3.2. Interaction Mechanism with Dielectric Materials -- 3.3. Interaction Mechanism with Magnetic Materials -- 4. The Reason of Using Microwave Absorbing Materials -- 5. The Criteria for Choosing the Filler and the -- Importance of Matching Conditions for Ideal -- Microwave Absorbing Materials -- 5.1. Metal-Backed Single Layer Absorber Mode -- 5.2. Stand-Alone Absorbing Material Model -- 6. Types and Properties of Polymers -- 7. Magnetic Polymer Nanocomposites -- 7.1. Nanomaterials -- 7.2. Magnetic Polymer Nanocomposites' Properties -- 7.3. Magnetic Polymer Nanocomposites' Applications -- 7.4. The Importance of Dispersion in Magnetic Polymer Nanocomposites -- 8. Preparation and Processing of -- Magnetic Polymer Nanocomposites -- 8.1. In-Situ Oxidative Polymerization Method (with Sonication) -- 8.2. One-Step Chemical Method -- 8.3. Surface-Initiated Polymerization Method -- 8.4. Microemulsion Chemical Oxidative Polymerization Method -- 8.5. Reverse Micelle Microemulsion Method -- 8.6. In-Situ Inverse Microemulsion Polymerization -- 8.7. Irradiation Induced Inverse Emulsion Polymerization -- 8.8. Miniemulsion Polymerization -- 8.9. Mechanical Melt Blending Method -- 8.10. Melt Processing Method Using Ultrasonic Bath -- 8.11. Template Free Method -- 8.12. Solution Casting Method -- 8.13. Sonochemical Method -- 8.14. Electrochemical Synthesis -- 9. Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Application of Magnetic Polymer Nanocomposites -- 9.1. The Crucial Role of Magnetic Nanoparticles and Sample Thickness in the Determination of the Microwave Absorption Application -- 9.2. Effect of Magnetic Filler Size on the Microwave Absorption and/or Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Application. , 9.3. Broadening the Microwave Absorption Range for Low and High Frequency Applications Using Binary Magnetic Nanofillers -- 9.4. The Enhancement of the Microwave Absorption for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Application Using Magnetic and Dielectric Nanofillers -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Polyetheramide-Birth of a New Coating Material -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Raw Materials and Test Methods -- 3. Linseed Oil Based Polyetheramides[LPEtA] -- 4. Soybean Oil Based Polyetheramides (SPEtA) -- 5. Albizia Lebbek Benth Oil Based PEtA (ABOPEtA) -- 6. Jatropha Seed Oil Based PEtA(JPEtA) -- 6. Olive Oil Based PEtA (OPEtA) -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- [1] Sørensen, P. A., Kiil,S., Dam-Johansen, K. & -- Weinell, C. E. (2009). Anticorrosive coatings: a review, J. Coat. Technol. Res., 6(2), 135-176. -- Chapter 5: Advanced Functional Polymers and Composite Materials and Their Role in Electroluminescent Applications -- Abstract -- Introduction & -- Scope of the Work -- 1. Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), Characteristics and Categories -- (a) LED- Device Configuration -- (b) Recent Developments in The LED's Technology -- In-organic Light Emitting Diode -- Materials & -- Characteristics -- 3-I. Luminescence and Scintillation from the Inorganic Phosphor Materials -- An Ideal Luminescencent Material's Characteristics -- 3-II. Scintillation -- 3-III. Inorganic Electroluminescent Materials & -- Devices -- Organic Light Emitting Diodes Devices (OELDs) -- 4- (i). OLED Characteristics -- 4-(ii). OLED- Device Configuration & -- Working Principle -- 4-(iii). General Electroluminescent Materials Used for OLED Devices -- 4-(iv). OLED Device Fabrication -- 4-(v). OLED- Electro-Optical (EO) Properties -- 4-(vi). Quantum Efficiency of OLED Devices -- The Classifications of OLED types. , 4-I. An Overview of Historical Background about Polymeric OLEDs -- (P-OLEDs) -- 4-II. Polymeric OLEDs (P-OLEDs) as Electroluminescent Devices -- 4- III. Polymeric OLEDs (P-OLEDs) Employed in Various Device's Applications -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- [1] Akcelrud, L. Prog. Polym. Sci. 28 (2003). 875-962. -- Chapter 6: Poly(Methacrylic Acid) and Poly (Itaconic Acid) Applications as pH-Sensitive Actuators -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methacrylic Acid and Itaconic Acid -Basic Properties -- 2. Poly(methacrylic acid) and Poly(Itaconic Acid) pH-sensitive Polymers -- 2.1. Linear Systems -- 2.2. Hydrogels -- 2.3. Amphiphillic Block and Graft Copolymers (Micelles) -- 2.4. Modified Surfaces and Membranes -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7: Cell Scaffolds and Fabrication Technologies for Tissue Engineering -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Cell Based-Therapies for Tissue Engineering -- 3. Scaffolds Preparation Technologies -- 3.1. Nanofibrous -- 3.2. Freeze-Drying -- 3.3. Fiber Bonding -- 3.4. Phase Separation -- 3.5. Gas Foaming -- 3.6. Rapid Prototyping -- 4. Special Applications in Tissue Ingineering -- 4.1. Injectable Matrices for Cell Therapy -- 4.2. Bioceramic Matrices for Cell Therapy -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8: Immobilization of Lipase by Physical Adsorption on Selective Polymers -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Mechanism of Action of Lipases -- 3. Properties of Enzymes Influenced by Immobilization -- 4. Properties of Matrices for Immobilization -- 5. Methods for Enzyme Immobilization -- 5.1. Physical Adsorption -- Advantages and Disadvantages of Enzymes Immobilization Using the Adsorption Technique -- 5.2. Ionic Binding -- 5.3. Covalent Binding. , Advantages and Disadvantages of Enzymes Immobilization Using the Covalent Technique.