Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1: Application of Microbial Biosurfactants in the Food Industry -- 1.1 Surfactants in the Food Industry -- 1.1.1 Food Additives -- 1.1.2 Biosurfactants as Food Preservatives -- 1.1.2.1 Emulsifying Agents -- 1.1.2.2 Antibiofilm Agents -- 1.1.2.3 Antimicrobial Agents -- 1.1.2.4 Antioxidant Agents -- 1.1.3 Industrial Prospects -- References -- 2: Microbial Biosurfactants for Contamination of Food Processing -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Food Contamination -- 2.1.2 Contamination in Food Processing -- 2.2 Microbial Biosurfactants Use in Food Processing -- 2.2.1 Glycolipids -- 2.2.2 Lipopeptides -- 2.3 Application of Microbial Surfactants in Food Processing -- 2.3.1 Biofilm Control -- 2.3.2 Food Preservatives -- 2.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 3: Antioxidant Biosurfactants -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Sources of Biosurfactants -- 3.2.1 Plant-Based Biosurfactants -- 3.2.1.1 Saponins -- Structure, Properties, and Types of Saponins -- Saponins as a Biosurfactants -- 3.2.2 Microbe-Based Biosurfactants -- 3.2.2.1 Types of Microbial Surfactants -- Glycolipids -- Rhamnolipids -- Sophorolipids -- Trehalolipids -- Succinoyl Trehalolipids -- Cellobiose Lipids -- Mannosylerythritol Lipids -- Xylolipids -- Mannose Lipids -- Lipopeptides or Lipoprotein -- Bacillus-Related Lipopeptides -- Surfactin -- Fengycin -- Iturin -- Kurstakins -- Lichenysins -- Pseudomonas-Related Lipopeptides -- Actinomycetes-Related lipopeptides -- Fungal-Related Lipopeptides -- Phospholipids, Fatty Acids (Mycolic Acids), and Neutral Lipids -- Polymeric Surfactants -- Particulate Surfactants -- 3.3 Factors Affecting Biosurfactant Production -- 3.3.1 pH and Temperature -- 3.3.2 Aeration and Agitation -- 3.3.3 Effect of Salt Salinity -- 3.3.4 Optimization of Cultivation Medium -- 3.3.4.1 Effect of Carbon Source -- 3.3.4.2 Effect of Nitrogen Source. , 3.3.4.3 Effect of Carbon to Nitrogen (C/N) Ratio -- 3.4 Screening of Microorganisms for Biosurfactant Production -- 3.4.1 Oil Spreading Assay -- 3.4.2 Drop Collapse Assay -- 3.4.3 Blood Agar Method/Hemolysis Assay -- 3.4.4 Hydrocarbon Overlay Agar -- 3.4.5 Bacterial Adhesion to Hydrocarbon (BATH) Assay -- 3.4.6 CTAB Agar Plate Method/Blue Agar Assay -- 3.4.7 Phenol: Sulfuric Acid Method -- 3.4.8 Microplate Assay -- 3.4.9 Penetration Assay -- 3.4.10 Surface/Interface Activity -- 3.4.11 Emulsification Activity -- 3.5 Antioxidant Properties of Biosurfactant -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References -- 4: Classification and Production of Microbial Surfactants -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Global Biosurfactant Market -- 4.2 Types of Biosurfactants -- 4.2.1 Glycolipids -- 4.2.1.1 Rhamnolipids -- 4.2.1.2 Sophorolipids -- 4.2.1.3 Trehalolipids -- 4.2.2 Lipoproteins and Lipopeptides -- 4.2.3 Fatty Acids -- 4.2.4 Phospholipids -- 4.2.5 Polymeric Biosurfactants -- 4.3 Factors Influencing Biosurfactant Productivity -- 4.3.1 Nutritional Factors -- 4.3.1.1 Carbon Source -- 4.3.1.2 Low-Cost and Waste Substrates -- 4.3.1.3 Nitrogen Source -- 4.3.1.4 Minerals -- 4.3.2 Environmental Factors -- 4.3.3 Cultivation Strategy -- 4.3.3.1 Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) -- 4.3.3.2 Submerged Fermentations (SmF) -- References -- 5: Microbial Biosurfactants and Their Potential Applications: An Overview -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Classes of Biosurfactants -- 5.2.1 Glycolipids -- 5.2.2 Lipopolysaccharides -- 5.2.3 Lipopeptides and Lipoproteins -- 5.2.4 Phospholipids -- 5.2.5 Fatty Acids -- 5.3 Microbial Production of Biosurfactants -- 5.4 Genes Involved in the Production of Microbial Biosurfactants -- 5.5 Applications -- 5.5.1 In Petroleum Industry -- 5.5.1.1 Mechanism of MEOR -- 5.5.2 Biosurfactant-Mediated Bioremediation -- 5.5.3 In Food Industry -- 5.5.4 In Agriculture. , 5.5.5 In Cosmetics -- 5.5.6 Biosurfactant in Nanotechnology -- 5.5.7 Biosurfactants as Drug Delivery Agents -- 5.5.8 Antimicrobial Activity of Biosurfactants -- 5.5.9 Biosurfactant as Anti-Adhesive Agent -- 5.5.10 In Fabric Washing -- 5.6 Conclusions -- References -- 6: Biodegradation of Hydrophobic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Health Related to PAHs -- 6.2.1 Consequences of Consistent of PAH Exposure by Human -- 6.2.2 Problems Associated with PAHs Via Cytochrome P450 -- 6.3 Biodegradation of PAHs -- 6.3.1 Challenges of Limited Aqueous Solubility in Water -- 6.3.2 Biodegradation Pathway of PAHs -- 6.3.2.1 Naphthalene -- 6.3.2.2 Pyrene -- 6.3.2.3 Fluoranthene -- 6.4 Biosurfactants -- 6.4.1 Biosurfactants -- 6.4.1.1 Glycolipid -- Rhamnolipids -- Cellobiose Lipids -- Sophorolipids -- Trehalolipids -- Mannosylerythritol Lipid -- 6.4.1.2 Lipopeptides -- 6.4.1.3 Phospholipids -- 6.4.2 Polymeric Biosurfactants -- 6.5 Enhanced Biodegradation of PAHs by Biosurfactant -- 6.5.1 Biodegradation in Micelles -- 6.5.2 Biosurfactant Acting as Bioemulsifier -- 6.6 Conclusions -- References -- 7: Surfactin: A Biosurfactant Against Breast Cancer -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Biosurfactants and Its Types -- 7.2.1 Glycolipids -- 7.2.1.1 Rhamnolipids -- 7.2.1.2 Sophorolipids -- 7.2.1.3 Trehalolipids -- 7.2.2 Lipopeptides -- 7.2.3 Fatty Acids -- 7.2.4 Phospholipids -- 7.2.5 Polymeric Biosurfactant -- 7.3 Surfactin: Structure, Membrane Interaction, Biosynthesis, and Regulation -- 7.3.1 Structure -- 7.3.2 Membrane Interaction -- 7.3.3 Biosynthesis -- 7.3.4 Regulation -- 7.4 Surfactin and Breast Cancer -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- 8: Anti-Cancer Biosurfactants -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Biosurfactants Classification and Structure -- 8.2.1 Mannosylerythritol Lipids (MELs) -- 8.2.2 Succinoyl Trehalose Lipids (STLs) -- 8.2.3 Sophorolipids. , 8.2.4 Rhamnolipids (RLs) -- 8.2.5 Myrmekiosides -- 8.2.6 Cyclic Lipopeptides (CLPs) -- 8.2.6.1 Amphisin, Tolaasin, and Syringomycin CLPs -- 8.2.6.2 Iturin and fengycin CLPs -- 8.2.6.3 Surfactin CLP -- 8.2.7 Rakicidns and Apratoxins -- 8.2.8 Serrawettins -- 8.2.9 Monoolein -- 8.2.10 Fellutamides -- 8.3 Biosurfactants Production -- 8.3.1 Factors Involved in Biosurfactants Production -- 8.3.1.1 Source of Carbon -- 8.3.1.2 Source of Nitrogen -- 8.3.1.3 Effect of Ions -- 8.3.1.4 Physical Factors -- 8.4 Anti-Cancer Activity of Biosurfactants -- 8.4.1 Breast Cancer -- 8.4.2 Lung Cancer -- 8.4.3 Leukemia -- 8.4.4 Melanoma -- 8.4.5 Colon Cancer -- 8.5 Biosurfactants as Drug Delivery System (DDS) -- 8.5.1 Liposomes -- 8.5.2 Niosomes -- 8.5.3 Nanoparticles -- 8.6 Conclusions and Future Challenges -- References -- 9: Biosurfactants for Oil Pollution Remediation -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Oil Pollution and Its Remediation -- 9.2.1 Oil Pollution -- 9.2.2 Oil Remediation in Polluted Environments -- 9.3 Biosurfactants -- 9.3.1 Synthesis of Biosurfactants -- 9.3.2 Biosurfactant Role in Oil Degradation -- 9.4 Application of Biosurfactants Used for Oil Remediation -- 9.4.1 Oil-Polluted Soil Bioremediation -- 9.4.2 Bioremediation of Marine Oil Spills and Petroleum Contamination -- 9.4.3 Cleaning of Oil Tanks and Pipelines -- 9.4.4 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals and Toxic Pollutants -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- 10: Potential Applications of Anti-Adhesive Biosurfactants -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Biosurfactants That Display Anti-Adhesive Activity -- 10.3 Biofilms and the Adhesion Process: Mechanisms and Effects -- 10.4 Applications of Biosurfactants as Anti-Adhesive Agents -- 10.4.1 Anti-Adhesive Applications in the Biomedical Field -- 10.4.2 Anti-Adhesive Applications in the Food Industry Surfaces -- 10.5 Future Trends and Conclusions -- References. , 11: Applications of Biosurfactant for Microbial Bioenergy/Value-Added Bio-Metabolite Recovery from Waste Activated Sludge -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Applications of Surfactants for Value-Added Bio-Metabolites Recovery from WAS -- 11.3 Applications of Surfactants for Energy Recovery from WAS -- 11.4 Applications of Surfactants for Refractory Organic Decontamination from WAS -- 11.4.1 PAHs Decontamination -- 11.4.2 Dye Decontamination -- 11.4.3 PCB Decontamination -- 11.5 Applications of Surfactants for WAS Dewatering -- 11.6 Applications of Surfactants for Heavy Metal Removal from WAS -- 11.7 State-of-the-Art Processes to Promote Organics Biotransformation from WAS -- 11.7.1 Co-Pretreatment -- 11.7.2 Interfacing AD with Bioelectrochemical Systems -- 11.7.3 Optimizing Process Conditions -- 11.8 Conclusion -- References -- 12: Application of Microbial Biosurfactants in the Pharmaceutical Industry -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Mechanism of Interaction of Biosurfactants -- 12.3 Physiochemical Properties -- 12.3.1 Surface Tension -- 12.3.2 Biosurfactant and Self-Assembly -- 12.3.3 Emulsification Activity -- 12.4 Application of Biosurfactants in Pharmaceutical Industry -- 12.4.1 Biosurfactant as an Antitumor/AntiCancer Agent -- 12.4.2 Biosurfactants as Drug Delivery Agents -- 12.4.3 Wound Healing and Dermatological Applications -- 12.4.4 Potential Antimicrobial Application -- 12.4.5 Other Applications in the Pharmaceutical Field -- 12.5 Applications of Surfactin in Pharmaceutical Industry -- 12.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 13: Antibacterial Biosurfactants -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Glycolipids -- 13.2.1 Rhamnolipids -- 13.2.2 Sophorolipids -- 13.2.3 Trehalose Lipids -- 13.3 Lipopeptides -- 13.4 Phospholipids -- 13.5 Antibacterial Activity -- 13.6 Polymeric Surfactants -- 13.7 Fatty Acids -- 13.7.1 Bio-Sources of Fatty Acids. , 13.7.2 Role of Fatty Acids as Antimicrobials.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Theoretical Insights in Green Corrosion Inhibitors -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Theoretical methods used in green corrosion inhibitors -- 2.1 Quantum chemistry methods -- 2.2 Quantitative structure-activity relationships -- 2.3 Molecular dynamics simulation -- 3. The progress of theoretical study in green corrosion inhibitors -- 3.1 The behavior of green corrosion inhibitor studied by combination of quantum chemistry and QSAR -- 3.1.1 Carbon steel inhibitors -- 3.1.2 Copper inhibitors -- 3.2 The performance of green corrosion inhibitor studied by combination of molecular simulation and quantum chemistry -- 3.2.1 Carbon steel inhibitor -- 3.2.2 Aluminum inhibitors -- 3.2.3 Copper inhibitors -- 3.3 The behavior of green corrosion inhibitor studied by combination of molecular simulation, quantum chemistry and QSAR -- 3.3.1 Carbon steel inhibitors -- 3.3.2 Copper inhibitors -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 -- Effect of Natural Sources on the Corrosion Inhibition -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Green corrosion inhibitors -- 2.1 Protection of iron based surfaces via green corrosion inhibitors -- 2.1.1 Protection of iron surfaces via green corrosion inhibitors -- 2.1.2 Protection of mild steel surfaces via green corrosion inhibitors -- 2.1.3 Protection of steel surfaces via green corrosion inhibitors -- 2.1.4 Protection of carbon steel surfaces via green corrosion inhibitors -- 2.1.5 Protection of steel rebar surfaces via green corrosion inhibitors -- 2.2 Protection of aluminum surfaces via green corrosion inhibitors -- 2.3 Protection of copper surfaces via green corrosion inhibitors -- 2.4 Protection of tin surfaces via green corrosion inhibitors -- 2.5 Green corrosion inhibitors resources -- 3. Anti-corrosion mechanism (for natural inhibitors). , 3.1 Anodic, cathodic and mixed type inhibition -- 4. Corrosion inhibitors testing -- 5. Economic and industrial opportunities -- References -- 3 -- Green Inhibitors for Biocorrosion and Prevention -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 The portability of the metal to the corrosion -- 1.2 The factors affecting the speed of corrosion -- 1.3 Types of corrosions -- 1.3.1 Pure chemical corrosion -- 1.3.2 Electrochemical corrosion -- 1.3.3 Homogeneous (general) corrosion -- 1.3.4 Local corrosion -- 1.3.5 Stress - corrosion cracking -- 1.3.6 Galvanic corrosion -- 1.3.7 Erosion corrosion (EC) -- 1.3.8 Crevice corrosion -- 1.3.9 Pitting corrosion (PC) -- 1.3.10 Exfoliation corrosion -- 1.3.11 Selective leaching -- 1.3.12 Nonmetallic corrosion -- 1.3 Corrosion of cement -- 1.5 Corrosion of organic materials -- 1.6 Environment factors -- 1.6.1 Effect of oxygen and oxidants -- 1.6.2 Effect of pH -- 1.6.2 Effect of anions and cations -- 1.7 Anti-corrosion methods -- 1.7.1 The green impediments for corrosion -- 1.7.2 Determination of green corrosion inhibitors based on ionic fluids -- 1.7.3 Corrosion suppressions from the biological waste -- Conclusion -- References -- 4 -- Electrochemical Studies of Green Corrosion Inhibitors -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Corrosion inhibitors -- 2.1 Green corrosion inhibitors -- 2.1.1 Natural products -- 2.1.2 Amino acids -- 2.1.3 Rare earth metal compounds -- 2.1.4 Recently used green inhibitors -- 3. Characterization techniques -- 3.1 Polarization methods -- 3.1.1 Linear polarization resistance method -- 3.1.2 Potentiodynamic-galvanodynamic polarization -- 3.1.3 Cyclic potentiodynamic polarization -- 3.1.4 Cyclic galvano-staircase polarization -- 3.1.5 Conversion of Icorr (from polarization methods) to corrosion rates -- 3.1.6 Limitations associated with polarization methods -- 3.2 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). , 3.2.1 Interpretation of results (Nyquist & -- Bode plots) -- 3.2.2 Equivalent circuits -- 3.3 Electrochemical Noise (EN) measurements -- 3.4 Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance (EQCM) -- Concluding remark -- References -- 5 -- Green Corrosion Inhibitors for Technological Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Green corrosion inhibitors -- 3. Technological applications of green corrosion inhibitors -- 3.1 Oil and gas sector -- 3.2 Reinforced concrete -- 3.3 Acid pickling industry -- 3.4 Coatings -- 3.5 Aircraft industry -- 3.6 Water industry -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 6 -- Pyrazine Derivatives as Green Corrosion Inhibitors -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Pyrazine and its derivative as prominent corrosion inhibitor for metals and alloys in corrosive media -- 3. Adsorption mechanism -- Further aspects -- Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 7 -- Biological Corrosion Inhibitors for Concrete -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biological Corrosion Inhibitors -- 2.1 Microbial -- 2.1.1 Bacterial -- 2.1.1.1 Ureolytic -- 2.1.1.2 Non-ureolytic -- 2.1.2 Nitrate reducing bacteria -- 2.1.3 Biomolecules -- 2.1.4 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) -- 2.1.5 Mussel adhesive proteins -- 2.1.6 Fungus -- 2.2 Botanical -- 2.2.1 Extract of tree/plant leaves -- 2.2.2 Bark extract of trees/plants -- 2.2.3 Seeds or grains -- 2.2.4 Plant roots extracts -- 2.2.5 Plants mucilage -- 2.2.6 Algae -- 3. Comparison -- Conclusion -- References -- 8 -- Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Electronics -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Causes and factors for corrosion in electronics -- 2.1 Contaminant gases affect the manufacturing areas -- 2.2 Other problems faced in manufacturing process -- 2.3 Effects of ammonia -- 2.4 Effects of ozone, boron and other volatile organic compounds -- 2.5 Airborne contamination in various sector -- 2.5.1 Telecom industry. , 2.5.2 Distributed control system (DCS) -- 2.5.3 Data centers -- 3. Metals or specific alloys component for electronics -- 4. Electronic component susceptibility towards corrosion and failure analysis -- 4.1 Printed circuit board -- 4.2 Contact and connector -- 4.2.1 Pore corrosion in electrical contacts -- 4.2.2 Fretting corrosion of electronic connectors -- 4.3 Integrated circuits -- 4.4 Solder corrosion: the corrosive effect of soldering flux -- 4.5 Hermetic packages -- 5. Reliability and cleanliness -- 6. Electronics corrosion protection -- 7. Vapor phase corrosion inhibitor (VPCI) technology -- 8. Vapor pressure measurement by various methods -- 8.1 Regnault dynamic method -- 8.2 Boiling point determination method -- 8.3 Knudsen effusion method -- 8.4 Microbalance method -- 8.5 Torsion effusion method -- 9. Effect of temperature on the vapor pressure -- 10. Effect of pH -- 11. Types of vapor phase corrosion inhibitors (VPCI) -- 12. Analysis of corrosion by different method -- 12.1 Vapor pressure determination -- 12.2 Weight loss method -- 12.3 Esckhe method -- 12.4 Salt spray method -- 13. Advantages of VPCI -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Bone Char as a Support Material to Build a Microbial Biocapacitor -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Influence of the chemical and textural properties on biochar -- 3. Bioanode preparation -- 4. Accumulated charge -- 5. Biochar-based anode and bioanode capacitances -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- List of abbreviations -- References -- 2 -- Nature Inspired Materials for Energy Storage -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Properties of nature-derived carbons properties for fulfilling the operational need for EDLC- supercapacitors -- 3. Various preparation mechanisms for nature derived carbons for supercapacitor -- 4. Advantages of naturally-derived carbons over graphene and CNT for EDLC supercapacitors -- 5. Use of different biological precursors -- 5.1 Plant-derived precursors -- 5.2 Fruit based precursors -- 5.3 Microbial-based precursors -- 5.4 Animal-based precursors -- 6. Structural characteristics and properties of nature derived carbons -- Conclusions and future directions -- References -- 3 -- Biomass Derived Composites for Energy Storage -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sustainable biomass-carbon materials -- 3. Calculation paramaters -- 4. Biomass activation -- 4.1 Physical activation -- 4.2 Chemical activation -- 4.3 Hydrothermal carbonization -- 4.4 Other activations -- 5. Outlook -- Conclusions and prospects -- References -- 4 -- Lignin-Derived Materials for Energy Storage -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Lignin isolation process -- 3. Lignin carbon fibres -- 3.1 Activation techniques -- 3.2 Lignin- Lignin blends -- 3.3 Lignin-Cellulose blends -- 3.4 Fractionation -- 3.5 Reinforcement -- 3.6 Chemical modification -- 3.7 New lignin types -- 4. Lignin-derived porous carbon -- 5. Challenges with graphite-based electrodes -- 6. Lignin for electrochemical applications -- 6.1 Lithium-ion batteries. , 6.2 Electrochemical double layer capacitors -- 6.3 Electrochemical pseudocapacitors -- 6.4 Sodium -ion batteries -- 6.5 Lignin as binder -- Conclusion and Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- This research work was financially supported by the University Malaya Impact-Oriented Interdisciplinary Research Grant (No.IIRG018A-2019) and Global Collaborative Programme - SATU Joint Research Scheme (No. ST012-2019). -- References -- 5 -- Bamboo Derived Materials for Energy Storage -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fabrication of electrode material for supercapacitor application -- 3. Physical characterization -- 4. Electrochemical measurements -- Conclusion -- References -- 6 -- Cellulose-Derived Electrodes for Energy Storage -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Cellulose based flexible composite electrodes -- 3. Cellulose carbonization and activation -- 4. Cellulose-derived carbon for supercapacitors -- 5. Cellulose-derived carbon for high-frequency supercapacitors -- 6. Cellulose-derived carbon for lithium-ion batteries -- 7. Cellulose-derived carbon for lithium-sulfur batteries -- 8. Cellulose-derived carbon for other batteries -- Conclusion -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Nanocellulose Aerogels -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Production processes of nanocellulose aerogels -- 3. Properties of nanocellulose aerogels -- 4. Applications of nanocellulose aerogels -- 4.1 Materials absorbents -- 4.2 Gas filters and membranes -- 4.3 Packaging materials -- 4.4 Energy storage systems and electrical devices -- 4.5 Thermal insulation and fire-retardant materials -- 4.6 Pharmaceutical and biomedical applications -- 5. Final considerations -- References -- 2 -- Porous Aerogels -- 1. Porous aerogel history -- 2. Aerogel pore classification -- 3. Inorganic-silica based aerogels -- 3.1 Properties of silica-based aerogel -- 3.1.1 Texture -- 3.1.2 Thermal properties -- 3.1.3 Optical properties -- 3.1.4 Entrapment, release, sorption, and storage properties -- 4. Inorganic-nonsilicate aerogels -- 4.1 ZrO2 aerogels -- 4.1.1 ZrO2 aerogels in catalysis -- 4.1.2 ZrO2 aerogels in ceramics -- 4.1.3 ZrO2 aerogels in solid oxide fuel cells -- 4.2 TiO2 aerogels -- 5. Organic-natural/biogels -- 5.1 Polysaccharides aerogels -- 5.2 Chitosan aerogel -- 5.3 Pectin aerogel -- 5.4 Alginate aerogel -- 5.5 κ -Carrageenan aerogel -- 5.6 Starch aerogel -- 5.7 Curdlan aerogel -- 5.8 Cellulose aerogels -- 5.8.1 Cellulose aerogel monoliths -- 5.8.2 Nanostructured cellulose filaments in textile -- 6. Resorcinol-formaldehyde aerogels -- 7. Composite aerogels -- 7.1 Polymer-crosslinked aerogels -- 7.2 Effect of polymer addition on aerogel fragility -- 8. Exotic aerogels -- 8.1 Chalcogenide aerogels -- 8.1.1 Chalcogenide aerogels formation by thiolysis: GeS2 -- 8.1.2 Chalcogenide aerogels formation by cluster-linking -- 8.1.3 Chalcogenide aerogels formation by nanoparticle assembly -- 9. Conducting polymer aerogel -- 9.1 Conducting polymer aerogels- A property prospective -- 9.1.1 PEDOT aerogels. , 9.1.2 Polypyrrole (Ppy) aerogels -- 9.1.3 Polyaniline (PANi) aerogels -- 10. Sonogels -- 11. Graphene aerogel -- 11.1 Preparation of reduced graphene oxide aerogels -- 12. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) aerogel -- 13. Hybrid aerogel -- 13.1 Class-I hybrid composites -- 13.2 Class-II hybrid composite -- 14. Application of porous aerogel -- 14.1 Thermal insulation -- 14.2 Removal of pollutants -- 14.3 Elimination of solid particle from gases -- 14.4 CO2 capture -- 14.5 Volatile organic compounds/catalysis -- 14.6 Water treatment -- 14.6.1 Oils in water -- 14.6.2 Wastewater and brackish water treatment -- 14.7 Biomedical applications -- 14.7.1 Aerogels for the administration of medicines -- 14.7.2 Tissue engineering -- 14.7.3 Biosensing -- References -- 3 -- Hybrid Silica Aerogel -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Hybrid silica aerogel -- 2.1 Polymer-silica aerogel -- 2.2 Biomolecules-silica aerogel -- 2.3 Graphene-silica aerogel -- 3. Final remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 -- Silica Aerogel -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Synthesis methodology -- 2.1 Bare silica aerogels -- 2.2 Modified silica aerogels -- 3. Physico-chemical properties and applications -- 3.1 Thermal insulating application -- 3.2 Optical property application -- 3.3 Electronic application -- 3.4 Acoustic insulation applications -- 3.5 Biomedical applications -- 3.6 Environmental applications -- 3.7 Others applications -- 3.7.1 Space and detector -- 3.7.2 Oil spill clean-up -- 3.7.3 Aerospace -- Conclusions and future prospects -- References -- 5 -- Carbon Aerogels -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Types of carbon aerogels -- 2.1 Low flexible-carbon aerogel -- 2.2 Super flexible-carbon aerogel -- 2.3 Carbon nano tube aerogels -- 2.4 Graphene nano aerogel -- 2.5 Nano-diamond aerogel -- 2.6 Ni-doped carbon aerogel -- 2.7 Pt, Pd, Ag and Ru-doped carbon aerogel -- 2.8 Ce, Zr-based carbon aerogel. , 3. General characteristics and properties -- 3.1 Bulk density and porosity -- 3.2 Backbone density -- 3.3 Backbone connectivity -- 3.4 Pore connectivity -- 3.5 Pore size -- 3.6 Thermal properties -- 3.7 Electrical properties -- 3.8 Electrochemical properties -- 3.9 Mechanical properties -- 3.10 Gas-transport properties -- 3.11 Optical properties -- 4. Applications -- 4.1 Electrochemical field -- 4.2 Hydrogen storage -- 4.3 Catalyst support -- 4.4 Thermal insulation -- 4.5 Adsorbent for waste water treatment -- 4.6 Photocatalyst for waste water treatment -- 4.7 Sensor application -- Conclusions -- References -- 6 -- Magnetic Aerogels -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Cellulose magnetic aerogels -- 3. Magnetic graphene aerogel -- 4. Carbon magnetic aerogel -- 5. Magnetic silica aerogels -- 6. Magnetic pectin aerogel -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7 -- Properties of Aerogels -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Structure -- 3. Thermal properties -- 3.1 Silica aerogels -- 3.2 Organic and polymeric aerogels -- 3.3 Carbon aerogels -- 4. Electrical properties -- 4.1 Aerogels with low conductivity -- 4.2 Low dielectric constant materials -- 4.3 Aerogels with high conductivity -- 5. Optical properties -- 5.1 Radiators in Cherenkov counters -- 5.2 Fiber optics -- 5.3 Non reflective materials -- 6. Mechanical properties -- 7. Acoustic properties -- 8. Biocompatibility -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 -- Tailor-Made Aerogels -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Existing and potential applications of aerogels -- 2.1 Pore engineering -- 2.2 Customizable surface and coating -- 2.3 Hybrid aerogels (HAgs): Influence of the sol-gel process on final properties -- 3. Applications of Tailor-made aerogels -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 -- Aerogels Envisioning Future Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Future applications of bioaerogels. , 2.1 Bioaerogels applied as functional foods -- 2.2 Bioaerogels applied as thickeners and stabilizers -- 2.3 Bioaerogels applied as medicines and scaffolding in tissue repair -- 3. Future applications of polymeric aerogel -- 3.1 Polymeric aerogel as impact absorbing materials -- 3.2 Polymeric aerogels used as catalyst supports -- 3.3 Polymeric aerogels can be used as aerospace components -- 4. Future applications of carbon aerogel -- 4.1 Future applications of carbon aerogels as photocatalytic components, electrodes and supercapacitor -- 4.2 Materials against electromagnetic interference, lipid adsorbents and scaffolds for polymers -- 5. Future applications of inorganic aerogels -- 5.1 Inorganic aerogels used as fuel cells -- 5.2 Inorganic aerogels used as catalysts -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- The authors thank the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) and National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) for funding this research. -- References -- 10 -- Recent Patents on Aerogels -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Applications -- 2.1 Patents on aerogel generators(WO 2004/022242 Al) -- 2.2 Aerogel blanket and its production (PCT/US2014/022919) -- 2.3 Cellulose aerogels PCT/GB2010/051542 -- 2.4 Some miscellaneous patents -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 -- State-of-the-Art and Prospective of Aerogels -- 1. Introduction -- 2.1 Synthesis of aerogels -- 3. State-of-the-art of aerogel -- 3.1 State-of-the-art properties of aerogel -- 3.2 State-of-the-art of preparation of aerogel -- 4. Future prospective of aerogel -- 4.1 Thermal insulation -- 4.2 Drug delivery -- 4.3 Energy storage device -- Acknowledgments -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Fabrication of TiO2 Materials for Lithium-ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Synthesis of TiO2 /graphene nanocomposites and metal oxides core-shells SnO2@TiO2 nanotube hybrids -- 2.1 Preparation of TiO2 NRDS -- 2.2 Synthesis of TiO2 NFBS -- 2.3 Synthesis of TiO2 nanocomposites with graphene -- 2.4 Synthesis of coaxial SnO2@TiO2 nanotube hybrids -- 3. Fabrication of cell for electrochemical characterization -- 3.1 Electrochemical measurements for TiO2/graphene nanocomposite -- 3.2 Electrochemical tests for coaxial SnO2@TiO2 nanotube hybrids -- 4. Characterization of TiO2/graphene nanocomposites -- 4.1 TiO2 /graphene nanocomposites -- 4.1.1 SEM -- 4.1.2 TEM -- 4.1.3 XRD -- 4.1.4 Raman -- 4.1.5 BET -- 4.1.6 EDX -- 4.2 Electrochemical Testing -- 5. Characterization of coaxial SnO2@TiO2 nanotube hybrids -- 5.1 Coaxial SnO2@TiO2 nanotube hybrids -- 5.1.1 SEM & -- TEM -- 5.1.2 XRD -- 5.1.4 Electrochemical testing -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 2 -- A Brief History of Conducting Polymers Applied in Lithium-ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Applications on cathode materials -- 2.1 Before 2000: Emergence stage -- 2.2 2000-2006: Preliminary stage -- 2.3 Since 2007: Fast development stage -- 3. Applications on anode materials -- 3.1 Before 2010: Emergence stage -- 3.2 Since 2010: Rising stage -- Conclusions & -- Outlooks -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 3 -- 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides for Lithium-ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. MoS2-based anode materials for LIBs -- 3. WS2-based anode materials for LIBs -- 4. MoSe2 based anode materials for LIBs -- 5. WSe2-based anode materials for LIBs -- 6. Other TMDs for LIBs -- 7. Summary and future outlooks -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 4 -- Metal Sulphides for Lithium-ion Batteries. , 1. Introduction -- 2. Demands on batteries in 21st Century -- 3. Design of a lithium-ion battery (LIB) -- 4. Materials related issues in LIBs in modern era -- 5. Advantages of metal-sulphides for LIBs -- 6. Metal sulphide based nanocomposites for battery applications -- 7. Different types of metal sulphides as anode materials in the LIBs applications -- 7.1 Layered metal-sulphides for LIBs. -- 7.2 Copper sulphides -- 7.3 Cobalt sulphides -- 7.4 Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) -- 7.5 Tungsten disulphide (WS2) -- 7.6 Iron disulphide (FeS2) -- 7.7 Tin sulphides -- 7.8 Nickel Sulphides -- 8. Synthesis techniques for metal sulphides -- 8.1 Solid state method -- 8.2 The hydro/solvothermal method -- 8.3 Microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis -- 8.4 Spraying-related methods -- 9. Summary -- References -- 5 -- Magnetic Nanomaterials for Lithium-ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. History of LIBs -- 3. LIB Technology -- 4. LIB working principle -- 5. Nanomaterials -- 6. Nanomaterials in anode for LIBs -- 7. Nanomaterials in cathode for LIBs -- Conclusions -- References -- 6 -- Recent Advances in Nanomaterials for Li-ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Structure and working of Li-ion battery -- 3. Electrochemical behavior of various materials for Li-ion batteries -- Conclusions -- References -- 7 -- Silicon Materials for Lithium-ion Battery Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Overview on lithium battery technology -- 1.2 Silicon as anode for lithium batteries: -- 1.2.1 0D nanostructures -- 1.2.2 1D nanostructures -- 1.2.3 2D nanostructures -- 1.2.4 3D-nanostructures -- 2. Electrochemical performance of silicon based nanostructures -- Conclusion -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- NASICON Electrodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Machinery of SIBs -- 2.1 Storing the progression of NASICON materials -- 2.2 Cathode materials based on NASICON type -- 2.2.1 NASICON-type nanoparticles of Fe2(MoO4)3 wrapped with graphene -- 2.2.2 NASICON-type materials based on Na3V2(PO4)3 -- 2.2.3 NASICON-type materials based on Na3V2(PO4)2F3 and Na3V2(PO4)3 -- 2.2.4 NASICON-type materials of porous Na3V2(PO4)3 and NaTi2(PO4)3 -- 2.2.5 A negative electrode of Mg0.5Ti2(PO4)3 based NASICON materials -- 2.2.6 Numerous other NASICON cathode materials -- 2.3 Anode materials based on NASICON-type -- 2.3.1 NaTi2(PO4)3 (NTP) type anode materials -- 2.3.2 NaZr2(PO4)3 (NZP) type anode materials -- 2.3.3 Numerous other NASICON anode materials -- 2.4 Commercial prospects of NIB technologies -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 2 -- Carbon Anodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Overview of SIBs electrode materials -- 3. Carbon anode materials for advanced SIBs -- 3.1 Graphite as anode for SIBs -- 3.2 Hard carbon as anode for SIBs -- 3.3 Graphene as anode for SIBs -- 3.4 Carbon nanofibers as anode for SIBs -- 3.5 Biomass-derived carbon as anode for SIBs -- 3.6 Heteroatom-doped carbon materials as anode for SIBs -- References -- 3 -- Organic Electrode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Molecular design of electrodes for organic sodium ion batteries -- 2.1 Organic electrodes constituting of C=O based reaction -- 2.1.1 Carbonyl compounds -- 2.1.2 Polyimides -- 2.1.3 Quinones -- 2.1.4 Carboxylates -- 2.1.5 Anhydrides -- 2.2 Organic electrodes based on doping reaction -- 2.2.1 Organic radical polymers -- 2.2.2 Conductive polymers -- 2.2.3 Conjugated microporous polymers -- 2.2.4 Organometallic polymers. , 2.3 Organic electrode constituting of C=N based reaction -- 2.3.1 Schiff bases -- 2.3.2 Pteridine derivatives -- 3. Electrode design for sodium-ion batteries -- 3.1 Molecular engineering -- 3.2 Polymerization -- 3.3 Combining with carbon (carbon hybrid) -- 3.4 Electrolyte modification -- 4 Future challenges -- References -- 4 -- Alloys for Sodium-Ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sodium ion batteries anode materials -- 3. Hard carbon -- 4. Carbon nanostructures -- 5. Carbon and alloy-based material composites -- 6. Alloying reactions-based anode materials -- 6.1 P-based materials -- 6.1.1 Red phosphorous -- 6.1.2 Black phosphorous -- 7. Conversion based material -- 7.1 Metal oxides -- 7.2 Metal sulfides -- 8. Graphene -- Conclusion and challenges -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 -- Mn-Based Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. History -- 3. Types -- 4. Sodium-ion batteries -- 5. Mn-based sodium-ion batteries -- References -- 6 -- Tin-Based Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Types of Sn-based anodes -- 3. Electrochemical performance -- 4. Structure and design -- 5. Performance -- 6. Thermal stability -- 7. Mechanism -- 8. Drawbacks -- 9. Factors affecting the capacity of Sn based sodium ion batteries -- Conclusion -- References -- 7 -- Conducting Polymer Electrodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Types of Energy depository technologies in static application -- 2.1 Pump hydroelectric depository (PHD) -- 2.2 Compressed air energy depository (CAED) -- 2.3 Electrochemical energy storage (EED) -- 3. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) -- 4. Beginning of new technology in the field of energy storage -- 4.1 Electrode material for SIBs -- 5. Polymer electrode material for the SIBs -- 5.1 Polyimides -- 6. Conducting polymers. , 6.1 Conducting polymer can provide electromagnetic shielding of electronic devices -- 6.2 It absorbs microwaves by using stealth technology -- 6.3 It can be used as a hole injecting electrode for OLEDs -- 6.4 Some conducting polymers are promising for field effect transistor (FET) -- 6.5 It can be used in display technology due to their electroluminescent property -- 7. Types of conductive polymer -- 7.1 Electrically conducting polymer -- 7.2 Doping in conductive polymer -- 7.3 Polyacetylene and polyphenylene as electrode material for the SIBs -- 7.4 Conjugated conductive polymer and charge storage mechanism -- 7.5 Non-conjugated conductive radical polymer -- 7.6 Inorganic nanoparticles-conducting polymer composite based battery electrodes -- 8. Why conducting polymer? -- 9. Functions of CPs -- 9.1 Merits and demerits of the conducting polymer -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 8 -- Recent Progress in Electrode Materials for Sodium Ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. History and working principal of SIB -- 3. Anode Materials for SIB -- 3.1 Metal Oxide Anode Materials -- 3.2 Alloy Anode Materials -- 4. Cathode Materials for SIBs -- 4.1 Layered Oxide Cathode Materials -- 4.2 Polyanionic Cathode Materials -- Conclusion -- References -- 9 -- Electrolytes for Na-O2 Batteries: Towards a Rational Design -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Na-O2 Batteries -- 3. Instability of electrolyte -- 4. The use of additives -- 5. Outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 -- State-of-the-Art, Future Prospects and Challenges in Sodium-Ion Battery Technology -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Background -- 3. State-of-the-art or current status of SIBs -- 4. Hurdles in SIBs -- 5. Next-generation battery research -- 5.1 SexSy-based negative electrode materials (NEMs) -- 5.2 Na3M2(PO4)2F3 [M¼Ti, Fe, V] based NEMs. , 5.3 Inclusion of fluorinated ethylene carbonate (FEC) in the electrolyte -- 5.4 Efficient cycling process by Sb in SIBs -- 5.5 SnSb as NEMs -- 6. Economic perspective of SIBs -- 6.1 Battery Performance and Cost model (BatPaC model) -- 6.2 Cost of cathode -- 6.3 Cost of anode -- 6.4 Cost of electrolyte -- 6.5 Fluctuations or variation in price -- 6.6 Limitation of BatPaC model -- 7. A materialistic outlook of SIBs -- 8. Challenges of SIBs -- 8.1 Limitations and materialistic barriers -- 8.2 Challenges of NEMs -- 9. Future opportunities -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 11 -- Conducting Polymers for Sodium-Ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Applications on cathode materials -- 2.1 Doped and pure conducting polymer cathodes -- 2.2 Conducting polymer-based composite cathode -- 3. Applications on anode materials -- 3.1 Doped and pure conducting polymer anodes -- 3.2 Conducting polymer-based composite anode -- Conclusions & -- Outlooks -- Acknowledgment -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.

Note: Intro -- frontpages -- 1 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The preparation of graphene -- 3. Graphene-metal compound composites -- 3.1 Graphene-MnO2 composites -- 3.2 Graphene-Mn3O4 composites -- 3.3 Graphene-ZnO composites -- 3.4 Graphene-CeO2 composites -- 3.5 Graphene-Co3O4 composites -- 3.6 Graphene-NiO composites -- 4. Graphene-polymer composites -- 4.1 Graphene-PPY based composites -- 4.2 Graphene-PAN based composites -- 4.3 Graphene-biopolymer composite materials -- 5. 3D graphene-based composites -- 6. Multifunctional graphene-based electrode materials -- 6.1 Ternary graphene-polymer-nanocarbon composites -- 6.2 Ternary graphene-polymer-metal oxide composites -- 6.3 Ternary graphene-polymer-polymer composites -- 7. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 -- 1. Biomass-derived carbon -- 2. Use of biomass based activated carbon in electrochemical capacitor -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 2.1. Materials and instrumentation -- 2.2 Preparation of electrode and electrochemical characterization -- 2.3 Sonochemical synthesis of RuO2 nanogranules -- 2.4 Sonochemical synthesis of conducting polymer/RuO2 composite -- 3. Results and discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- 4 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fundamentals of supercapacitors -- 2.1 Types of supercapacitors -- 2.2 Parameters for supercapacitors -- 3. Synthesis methods -- 4. Electrode materials of transition metal oxides/hydroxides -- 4.1 Ruthenium oxide -- 4.2 Manganese oxide -- 4.3 Nickel oxide/Nickel hydroxide (NiO/Ni(OH)2) -- 4.4 Cobalt oxide/hydroxide (Co3O4/Co(OH)2) -- 4.5 Iron oxides (Fe2O3 and Fe3O4) -- 4.6 Molybdenum oxides -- 4.7 Vanadium pentoxide -- 4.8 Tin oxide -- 4.9 Indium oxide (In2O3) -- 4.10 Bismuth oxide -- 4.11 Binary metal oxides -- 5. Application of supercapacitors -- Conclusions -- References -- 5 -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Experimental -- 2.1 Materials and instrumentation -- 2.2 Preparation PANI-ZrO2 composite (PZA) by aqueous polymerization pathway -- 2.3 Preparation of PANI-ZrO2 composite (PZE) by emulsion polymerization pathway -- 2.4 Preparation of PANI-ZrO2 composite (PZI) by interfacial polymerization pathway -- 2.5 Ion exchange capacity (IEC) of PANI-ZrO2 composites -- 3. Results and discussion -- 3.1 Synthesis and physical properties of hybrid PANI-ZrO2 composites -- 3.2 Spectral properties of hybrid PANI-ZrO2 composites -- 3.3 Thermal behavior of hybrid PANI-ZrO2 composites -- 3.4 Electrochemical performances of hybrid PANI-ZrO2 composites -- Conclusion -- References -- 6 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Carbonaceous-CQDs composites -- 3. Inorganic-CQDs composites -- 4. Conducting polymer-CQDs composites -- 5. Summary and outlook -- References -- 7 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Supercapacitors -- 3.1 Classification of supercapacitors -- 3.1 Electrostatic capacitors -- 3.2 Pseudocapacitors -- 3.3 Hybrid electrochemical capacitors -- 4. Charge storage mechanism -- 5. Electrode materials -- 6. Transition metal oxides as pseudocapacitor electrodes -- 7. Synthesis of transition metal oxides based electrode material -- 8 Sol-Gel synthesis -- 9. Sol-gel synthesis of transition metal oxides based electrode materials -- 10. Metal oxide /carbon composites as pseudocapacitors electrode material -- 11. Binary metal oxide as electrode material -- Conclusion -- References -- 8 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 2.1 Sample preparation -- 2.2 Characterization techniques -- 3. Results and discussion -- 4. Conclusions -- References -- keywords_editors.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Summary -- 1 -- Polymer Aerogels: Preparation and Potential for Biomedical Application -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Polysaccharides as a basis for aerogels production -- 2.1 Cellulose as the world's most abundant organic resource -- 2.2 Plant polysaccharide main starch -- 2.3 Other polysaccharides -- 3. Preparation of polymeric aerogels -- 3.1 Polymeric aerogels can be designed to have defined pores -- 4. Drying of polymeric aerogel -- 4.1 Supercritical drying -- 4.2 Freeze-drying -- 5. Biomedical applications -- 5.1 Chitosan aerogels may accelerate blood coagulation -- 5.2 Pectin aerogel can carry pharmaceuticals -- 5.3 Cellulose aerogel is used for wound healing -- 5.4 Alginate aerogel is thermogenic intelligent and pH sensitive -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 2 -- Aerogels for Biomedical Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Aerogels in biomedicine -- 2.1 Aerogels in drug delivery -- 2.2 Aerogels in biomedical implantable devices -- 2.3 Aerogels in tissue engineering and bone regeneration -- 2.4 Aerogels in biosensing -- 3. Future prospects and conclusions -- References -- 3 -- Bioaerogels: Synthesis Approaches, Biomedical Applications and Cell Uptake -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Bioaerogels synthesis -- 2.1 Chitin bioaerogels -- 2.2 Chitosan bioaerogels -- 2.3 Alginate and agar bioaerogels -- 2.4 Cellulose bioaerogels -- 3. Biomedical applications of bioaerogels -- 3.1 Bioaerogels can be used to support drug administration -- 3.2 Bioaerogels can be used as tissue engineering scaffolding -- 4. Biocompatibility, toxicity, biodegradability and intracellular absorption -- 4.1 Bioaerogels have biocompatibility and low toxicity -- 4.2 Bioaerogels are biodegradable and are absorbed via intracellular -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 4. , Aerogels for Insulation Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Aerogel as insulating material -- 3. Processing of insulation aerogel -- 4. Thermal insulation properties -- 4.1 Insulation of aerogel as composite material -- 4.1.1 Solid phase -- 4.1.2 Liquid phase -- 5. Applications of insulation aerogels -- Conclusions -- References -- 5 -- Aerogels as Catalyst Support for Fuel Cells -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Carbon based aerogels -- 2.1 Carbon aerogels -- 2.2 Graphene aerogels -- 2.3 Doped aerogels -- 2.4 Mesoporous carbon -- 3. Non-precious catalyst using aerogels as support for DMFC applications -- Conclusionand outlook -- References -- 6 -- Aerogels Utilizations in Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Types of batteries -- 2.1 Lead - acid battery -- 2.2 Metal - ion battery -- 2.3 Metal air battery -- 3.1 Carbon aerogel -- 3.2 Graphene Aerogel -- 3.3 Silicon aerogel -- 3.4 Metallic aerogel -- 3.5 Composite electrodes -- Conclusions -- References -- 7 -- Aerogels Materials for Applications in Thermal Energy Storage -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Current status of the aerogel in thermal storage -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8 -- Aerogels for Sensor Application -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Classification and physicochemical properties of aerogels -- 2.1 Inorganic aerogels -- 2.2 Oxide-based aerogels -- 2.3 Metallic aerogels (MAgs) -- 2.4 Carbon aerogels (CAgs) -- 2.5 Chalcogenide aerogels -- 2.6 Organic aerogels (OAgs) -- 2.7 Hybrid aerogels (HAgs) -- 3. Sensors application -- 3.1 Gas sensors -- 3.2 Gas-phase sensing -- 3.3 Water vapor sensor -- 3.4 Oxygen sensor -- 3.5 Pressure sensor -- 3.6 Strain sensor -- 3.7 Stress sensors -- 3.8 Hydrogen peroxide sensor -- 3.9 Electrochemical sensor -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 -- Aerogels as Pesticides -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Uses in agriculture -- 3. Aerogels as acaricides. , 4. Aerogels as insecticides -- Conclusion -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Transition Metal Chalcogenides for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Typical structures of transition metal chalcogenides -- 3. Binary chalcogenides applied to photoelectrochemical water splitting -- 4. Transition metal-based ternary and multinary chalcogenides for photoelectrochemical water splitting -- 4.1 P-type copper-based chalcogenides -- 4.2. Silver-based chalcogenides for water splitting -- Conclusions -- References -- 2 -- Selection of Materials and Cell Design for Photoelectrochemical Decomposition of Water -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Principle and theory of water decomposition -- 3. Challenges in designing of a photoelectrochemical cell -- 4. Design configurations of PEC -- 4.1 Type 1 photo anodes -- 4.2 Type II heterojunction photomaterials -- 4.3 Type III wired type PEC tandem cells -- 4.4 Type IV wireless type PEC -- 4.5 Type V PV−EC systems -- Conclusions -- References -- 3 -- Interfacial Layer/Overlayer Effects in Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting -- 1. Introduction -- 2. PEC cell photoelectrode: Required characteristics and recent trends -- 3. Interface layering/over-layering: An effective strategy -- 4. Interface layering/over-layering of metal oxide semiconductors -- 4.1 Interface layering with BiVO4 -- 4.2 Interface layering with CuO/Cu2O -- 4.3 Interface layering with hematite (α-Fe2O3) -- 4.4 Interface layering with WO3 -- 4.5 Interface layering with TiO2 -- 5. Interface layering with carbon materials -- 6. Interface layering with low-cost non-metallic semiconductors -- 7. Interface layering/integration with metal nanoparticles -- Conclusion and future directions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 -- Narrow Bandgap Semiconductors for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Narrow band gap materials as a strategy to improve photoresponse of the material -- 2.1 Bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3) -- 2.2 CuO -- 2.3 Fe2O3 -- 2.4 BiOI -- Spray Pyrolysis -- BiOI/BiOBr -- BiOI/TiO2 -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 -- Ti-based Materials for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Basic principle of PEC water splitting -- 3. Material selection for PEC water splitting -- 4. TiO2 photocatalyst for PEC water splitting -- 5. Tuning the photocatalytic of TiO2 into the visible light region -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 -- BiVO4 Photoanodes for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Crystal and electronic band structure of BiVO4 -- 3. The band gap of monoclinic BiVO4 -- 3.1 BiVO4 photoanode band alignment at a liquid interface -- 4. Influence of crystal facet -- 5. Carrier dynamics in BiVO4 -- 6. Intrinsic defects/Oxygen vacancies in BiVO4 -- 7. Polarons in BiVO4 -- 8. Doping BiVO4 -- 8.1 W doping into BiVO4 -- 8.2 Mo doping into BiVO4 -- 8.3 Other dopants in BiVO4 -- 8.4 Lanthanide ion doping into BiVO4 -- 8.5 Codoping in BiVO4 (multiple ion doping) -- 9. The side of illumination on BiVO4 photoanode -- 10. Photo-charged BiVO4 -- 11. Hole blocking layer for BiVO4 -- 12. Catalyst coatings on BiVO4 photoanode -- 13. Plasmon-induced resonant energy transfer -- Conclusions and future perspective -- References -- 7 -- Noble Materials for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fundamental properties of noble metals for photocatalytic activity -- 2.1 Fundamentals of the Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) -- 2.2 Schottky junction -- 3. Photoelectrodes materials -- 3.1 Titania (TiO2) -- 3.2 Haematite (Fe2O3) -- 3.3 Zinc oxide (ZnO) -- 4. Fundamental role of noble materials in PEC water splitting -- 4.1 Platinum (Pt) -- 4.2 Gold (Au) -- 4.3 Silver (Ag). , 4.4 Palladium (Pd) -- 4.5 Copper (Cu) -- 5. Noble bimetallic nanocomposites for PEC water splitting -- 5.1 Au-Pt bimetallic nanocomposites -- 5.2 Au-Pd bimetallic nanocomposites -- 5.3 Au-Ag bimetallic nanocomposites -- 5.4 Ag-Cu bimetallic nanocomposites -- 6. A brief note on bimetallic non-noble NPs for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting -- Conclusion -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.