Publication Date:
2022-05-26
Description:
© The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Earth System Science Data 6 (2014): 235-263, doi:10.5194/essd-6-235-2014.
Description:
Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and a methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. We discuss changes compared to previous estimates, consistency within and among components, alongside methodology and data limitations. CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel combustion and cement production (EFF) are based on energy statistics, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land-cover change data, fire activity associated with deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The mean ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. The variability in SOCEAN is evaluated for the first time in this budget with data products based on surveys of ocean CO2 measurements. The global residual terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated by the difference of the other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results of independent dynamic global vegetation models forced by observed climate, CO2 and land cover change (some including nitrogen–carbon interactions). All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ, reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. For the last decade available (2003–2012), EFF was 8.6 ± 0.4 GtC yr−1, ELUC 0.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, GATM 4.3 ± 0.1 GtC yr−1, SOCEAN 2.5 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, and SLAND 2.8 ± 0.8 GtC yr−1. For year 2012 alone, EFF grew to 9.7 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, 2.2% above 2011, reflecting a continued growing trend in these emissions, GATM was 5.1 ± 0.2 GtC yr−1, SOCEAN was 2.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, and assuming an ELUC of 1.0 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 (based on the 2001–2010 average), SLAND was 2.7 ± 0.9 GtC yr−1. GATM was high in 2012 compared to the 2003–2012 average, almost entirely reflecting the high EFF. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 392.52 ± 0.10 ppm averaged over 2012. We estimate that EFF will increase by 2.1% (1.1–3.1%) to 9.9 ± 0.5 GtC in 2013, 61% above emissions in 1990, based on projections of world gross domestic product and recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy. With this projection, cumulative emissions of CO2 will reach about 535 ± 55 GtC for 1870–2013, about 70% from EFF (390 ± 20 GtC) and 30% from ELUC (145 ± 50 GtC).
Description:
We thank the many
researchers and funding agencies responsible for the collection and
quality control of the data included in SOCAT, and the support of
the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP),
the Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS), and the
Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research program
(IMBER). The UK Natural Environment Research Council
(NERC) provided funding to C. Le Quéré, R. Moriarty and the
GCP though their International Opportunities Fund specifically
to support this publication (project NE/103002X/1). R. J. Andres
and T. A. Boden were supported by the US Department of Energy,
Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research (BER)
programs under US Department of Energy contract DE-AC05-
00OR22725. G. P. Peters and R. M. Andrews were supported by
the Norwegian Research Council (221355). A. Arneth, A. Omar,
C. Le Quéré, J. Schwinger, P. Ciais, P. Friedlingstein, P. Regnier,
J. Segschneider, S. Sitch and S. Zaehle were supported by the
EU FP7 for funding through projects GEOCarbon (283080),
COMBINE (226520), CARBOCHANGE (264879), EMBRACE
(GA282672), and LUC4C (GA603542). A. Harper was supported
by the NERC Joint Weather and Climate Research Programme.
A. K. Jain was supported by the US National Science Foundation
(NSF AGS 12-43071) the US Department of Energy, Office of
Science and BER programs (DOE DE-SC0006706) and NASA
LCLUC program (NASA NNX14AD94G). B. D. Stocker was
supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation. A. Wiltshire
was supported by the Joint UK DECC/Defra Met Office Hadley
Centre Climate Programme (GA01101). E. Kato was supported
by the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund
(S-10) of the Ministry of Environment of Japan. J. G. Canadell and
M. R. Raupach were supported by the Australian Climate Change
Science Program. J. I. House was supported by a Leverhulme
Research Fellowship. S. C. Doney was supported by the US
National Science Foundation (NSF AGS-1048827).
Repository Name:
Woods Hole Open Access Server
Type:
Article
Format:
application/pdf
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