Note: Intro -- Preface to "Egypt's Strategy to Meet the Sustainable Development Goals and Agenda 2030" -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- 1 Introduction to "Insights into Egypt's Strategy to Meet the Sustainable Development Goals and Agenda 2030: Researchers' Contributions" -- Abstract -- 1 Background/Overview -- 2 Themes of the Book -- 3 Chapter's Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Overview of the Poverty, Food Security and Nutrition Situation in Egypt -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Poverty and Food Security -- 3 Poverty in Egypt -- 4 Study Results -- 4.1 Economic Reform in Egypt -- 4.2 Poverty Rate -- 4.3 Poverty and Deprivation in Rural Upper Egypt -- 4.4 Poverty in the Poorest Villages of Egypt -- 4.5 Egypt's Poverty Rate -- 4.6 Economic Reform Programme -- 4.6.1 National Reform Following the 2013 Revolution -- 4.6.2 Development of the Suez Canal Hub -- 4.6.3 National Sinai Development Project -- 4.6.4 The Million and a Half Million Acres Project -- 4.6.5 National Energy Project -- 5 Conclusions and Future Direction -- References -- 3 Long-Term Control of Desertification: Is Organic Farming Superior to Conventional? Soil and Established Arid Cultivation Practices at SEKEM, Egypt -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 SEKEM Agricultural Site -- 3 Organic-Biodynamic Cultivation Practices -- 3.1 Compost, Natural Fertilizing -- 3.2 Crop Rotation and Co-cultivation -- 3.3 Manual Tillage -- 4 Soil Properties in Organic Farming -- 4.1 Organic Carbon Content, Water Storage Capacity -- 4.2 Soil Parameters Related to Tilth -- 4.3 Soil Microbiology -- 4.4 Pesticides, Fertilizers and Soil Parameters -- 5 Farming System and Risk of Erosion -- 6 Synopsis: Organic and Conventional Farming in Desertification Control -- 7 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- 4 The Effect of COVID-19 on the Egyptian Education System and the Role of Digitalization. , Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Education and Sustainable Development -- 3 Resilience in Education: Lessons Learnt from COVID-19 -- 4 The Impact of the Coronavirus on the Educational Systems: Some Global Experiences and Egypt -- 5 An Overview of the Egyptian Policy Responses: The Education System Perspective -- 6 Matrix of Proposed Resilience Pillars and Execution Mechanisms -- 7 Conclusion and Policy Recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Culture and Principles of Equity and Gender Equality as a Basis of Holistic Sustainable Development at SEKEM, Egypt -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 SEKEM Founder Developing His Vision of Society and Culture -- 1.2 Initiative for Holistic Sustainable Development -- 2 REVIEW: The Four Sustainability Dimensions at SEKEM -- 2.1 Economic Dimension of Sustainability -- 2.2 Ecological Dimension of Sustainability -- 2.3 Societal Dimension of Sustainability -- 2.3.1 Equal Society, Empowerment of Women -- 2.3.2 Partnerships, Financial Structure -- 2.4 Cultural Dimension: Equity in Education and Development -- 2.4.1 Cultural Core Program -- 2.4.2 Health Care Activities -- 2.4.3 Educational Programs -- 2.4.4 Nursery and Kindergarten -- 2.4.5 SEKEM School and School for Special Needs -- 2.4.6 Adult Education Program -- 2.4.7 Vocational Training Centre (VTC) -- 2.4.8 Research -- 2.4.9 Heliopolis University for Sustainable Development (HUSD) -- 3 SYNOPSIS: SEKEM-Status of Sustainability, Vision Until 2057 -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Integrated Hydrological Modeling and Geoinformatics for Harvesting and Simulating Mountain Torrents on the Area Stretching Between Port Sudan and Ras Bennas, Red Sea -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Study Area and Its Problem -- 2.2 Research Approaches and Techniques -- 2.3 Integrated Methodology -- 2.3.1 Overall Resources and Data Processing. , 2.3.2 Climatic Characteristics -- 2.3.3 Topographic Characteristics -- 2.3.4 Geological Characteristics -- 2.3.5 Soil Characteristics -- 2.3.6 Land-Use Data -- 2.3.7 Hydrological Modeling -- 2.4 Rain Probability for 100 Years -- 2.5 Rainwater Loss Estimation -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Morphometric Characteristics of the Basins -- 3.1.1 Area of the Basins -- 3.1.2 Drainage Network -- 3.2 Hydrological Characteristics of the Drainage Basins -- 3.2.1 Time of Concentration -- 3.2.2 Slowdown -- 3.2.3 Volume of Shallow Drainage of the Basins -- 3.3 Harvest of the Water Torrents -- 3.3.1 Dam Position Selection -- 3.3.2 Spatial Distribution and Characteristics of Dams -- 4 Priorities for Dam Creation -- 5 Discussion and Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- 8 Resources of the Renewable Energy in Egypt -- Abstract -- 1 General Background -- 2 Energy Sources in Egypt -- 3 Renewable Energies Resources in Egypt -- 3.1 Small Hydropower Resources -- 3.1.1 Small Hydropower Engineering and the Technical Aspects -- 3.1.2 Small Hydropower Estimation -- 3.1.3 Site Characteristics -- 3.1.4 Existing of Hydropower Generation in Egypt -- 3.2 Solar Energy Resources -- 3.2.1 Solar Energy Engineering and the Technical Aspects -- 3.2.2 Solar Energy Estimation for Both -- CSP and PV -- 3.2.3 Site Characteristics -- 3.2.4 Projects of Solar Energy Generation in Egypt -- 3.3 Wind Energy Resources -- 3.3.1 Wind Energy Engineering and the Technical Aspects -- 3.3.2 Wind Power Estimation -- 3.3.3 Site Characteristics -- 3.3.4 Projects of Wind Energy Generation in Egypt -- 3.4 Bio Energy (Biomass) Resources -- 3.4.1 Biomass in Egypt -- 3.5 Geothermal Energy Resources -- 4 Geographic Information System and the Potential of Renewable Energies in Egypt -- 4.1 Potential of Small Hydropower -- 4.2 Potential of Solar Energy in Egypt -- 4.3 Potential of Wind Energy in Egypt -- References. , 9 Utilizing Renewable Energy as a Mean to Achieve SDGs -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Renewable Sources of Energy and Concentrated Solar Thermal (CST) -- 3 On the Concept of Levelised Cost of Electricity LCOE -- 4 Energy Storage Is the Key to Increasing Efficiency and Lowering Value (LCOE) -- 5 The Need for Energy in the Form of Heat in the Industry -- 6 How Can Heat Helps Implantation of SDGs -- 7 Financing Issue-Toward Constructing of a Business Model -- 8 Energy Use and Its Relationship to SDG -- 9 Electricity Generation Plant as Financing Tool for SDG -- 10 Conclusions -- 11 Recommendations/Future Prespectives -- References -- 10 Economic Growth, Employment and Decent Work as a Sustainable Development Policy for All -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Economic Growth -- 2.1 Promoting Sustained, Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth in Egypt -- 2.2 Promoting Egyptian Economic Growth -- 2.3 Measuring Economic Growth -- 2.3.1 Income Criteria -- Gross National Income (GNI) -- Expected Gross National Income (EGNI) -- Average Income (AI) -- 2.3.2 Social Criteria for Growth and Economic Development -- Health Standards -- Educational Standards -- Nutrition Standards -- 2.3.3 The Physical Quality of Life Index -- 2.3.4 Structural Standards -- 2.4 Economic Growth as a Sustainable Development Policy -- 3 Employment as a Sustainable Development Policy -- 3.1 Full Employment -- 3.2 The Ability of Economic Systems to Achieve a State of Full Employment -- 4 Decent Work as a Sustainable Development Policy -- 4.1 Empowering People Through Decent Work and Full Employment -- 4.1.1 Decent Work in Egypt -- 4.2 Creating Opportunities for All, Reducing Inequality and Ending Discrimination -- 4.3 Enhancing Productivity and Building Productive Capacity to Achieve Sustainable Development -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References. , 11 Proposed Guidelines for Planning of Egyptian Fishing Ports -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Egypt 2030 Strategy Vision Towards Coastal Fisheries -- 3 Review of Fishing Port Planning Studies -- 4 Proposed Guidelines for Planning of Egyptian Fishing Ports -- 4.1 Basic Planning Concepts -- 4.1.1 General Consideration -- 4.1.2 Planning Process and Elements -- 4.1.3 Site Selection and Alternative Plans -- 4.2 Fishing Ports Planning -- 4.2.1 Water Area Planning -- 4.2.2 Land Area Planning (Facilities and Services) -- 4.2.3 Environmental Aspects for the Planning of Fishing Ports -- 4.3 Port Management -- 4.3.1 Environmental Management Practices -- 5 Conclusion and Recommendation -- References -- 12 The Impact of Human-Induced in Mining Operations on the Increased Risk of Torrents in the Wadi Allaqi Basin -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Study Area and Its Problem -- 2.2 Natural Characteristics of the Study Area -- 2.2.1 Identification of Study Area -- 2.2.2 Climate Characteristics -- 2.2.3 Geological Characteristics -- 2.2.4 Terrain Characteristics: -- 2.3 Hydrological Properties -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Random Mining Operation Deposits -- 3.2 Water Depth and Speed in the Stream -- 3.3 Ways to Cope with Torrential Hazards -- 4 Conclusions and Future Direction -- References -- 13 Climate Considerations in the Planning and Sustainability of Egyptian Cities -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Astronomical and Geographic Location -- 2.2 Egypt's Location -- 2.3 Land Forms -- 2.3.1 Delta and Nile Valley -- 2.3.2 Western Desert -- 2.3.3 Eastern Desert -- 2.3.4 Sinai Peninsula -- 2.4 City's Functional Structure -- 2.5 Egyptian City Categories -- 2.6 Population Functions -- 2.7 Urban Planning -- 2.8 Morphology of the City -- 2.9 The Physical State of the Buildings. , 2.10 Historical and Civilizational Buildings.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part IIntroduction -- 1 Introduction to "Mitigating Environmental Stresses for Agricultural Sustainability in Egypt" -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Purpose of the Book -- 1.3 Themes of the Book and Contribution of the Chapters -- 1.3.1 Improve Crop Tolerance for Abiotic Stresses -- 1.3.2 Recent Approaches to Biotic Stress Tolerance -- 1.3.3 Advanced Procedures in Improving Crop Productivity -- 1.3.4 Sustainability of Environmental Resources from a Crop Production Perspective -- References -- Part IIImprove Crop Tolerance for Abiotic Stresses -- 2 Drought Tolerance in Some Field Crops: State of the Art Review -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Rice -- 2.2.1 Economic Importance -- 2.2.2 Mean Performance and Genetic Diversity -- 2.2.3 Related Traits to Drought Tolerance -- 2.2.4 Genetic Behavior -- 2.2.5 Breeding Efforts and Biotechnology -- 2.3 Maize -- 2.3.1 Economic Importance -- 2.3.2 Mean Performance and Genetic Diversity -- 2.3.3 Related Traits to Drought Tolerance -- 2.3.4 Genetic Behavior -- 2.3.5 Breeding Efforts and Biotechnology -- 2.4 Barley -- 2.4.1 Economic Importance -- 2.4.2 Mean Performance and Genetic Diversity -- 2.4.3 Related Traits to Drought Tolerance -- 2.4.4 Genetic Behavior -- 2.4.5 Breeding and Biotechnology Efforts -- 2.5 Sunflower -- 2.5.1 Economic Importance -- 2.5.2 Mean Performance and Genetic Diversity -- 2.5.3 Related Traits to Drought Tolerance -- 2.5.4 Genetic Behavior -- 2.5.5 Breeding Efforts and Biotechnology -- 2.6 Conclusions -- 2.7 Recommendations -- References -- 3 Performance and Genetic Diversity in Water Stress Tolerance and Relation to Wheat Productivity Under Rural Regions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Concept of Water Stress and Its Impact on Wheat Plants -- 3.2.1 Impact of Water Stress on Wheat Plants. , 3.3 Importance of Coordination Between Plant Breeders and Specialists in Other Related Fields of Science -- 3.4 Critical Stages of Water Stress Impact on Wheat -- 3.5 Adaptation Mechanisms for Water Stress Conditions -- 3.6 Foundations of Wheat Crop Tolerance to Water Stress -- 3.6.1 Plant Characteristics and Their Genetic Behavior Relevant to Water Stress Tolerance -- 3.7 Yield Performance in Relation to Water Stress Tolerance -- 3.8 Genetic Diversity and Sources of Water Stress Tolerant Genotypes -- 3.9 Breeding Efforts -- 3.9.1 Breeding Strategies -- 3.9.2 Mutations -- 3.10 Role of Biotechnology in Improving Water Stress Tolerance -- 3.10.1 Molecular Markers -- 3.10.2 Gene Transfer Technology -- 3.11 Agricultural Procedures to Support Wheat Productivity Under Water Stress Conditions -- 3.11.1 Land Leveling -- 3.11.2 Raised Bed Method -- 3.11.3 Cultivate Tolerant Varieties -- 3.11.4 Sowing Date -- 3.11.5 Plant Density -- 3.11.6 Fertilization -- 3.11.7 Irrigation System -- 3.11.8 Humic and Amino Acids Treatment -- 3.12 Conclusions -- 3.13 Recommendations -- References -- 4 Heat Stress Tolerance, Challenges and Solutions -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Concepts Related to Heat Stress -- 4.2.1 Heat Stress -- 4.2.2 Vant Hoff Concept (Q10 Coefficient) -- 4.2.3 The Concept of Thermal Units -- 4.2.4 Daily Thermoperiodicity Concept -- 4.2.5 Seasonal Thermoperiodicity Concept -- 4.3 Heat Stress Impact on the Egyptian Agriculture Sector -- 4.4 Physiological and Biochemical Impacts of Heat Stress -- 4.5 Critical Periods of Crop Plants to Heat Stress -- 4.6 Nature of Resistance to Heat Stress -- 4.6.1 Heat Avoidance -- 4.6.2 Heat Tolerance (Thermotolerance) -- 4.7 Classification of Crop Plants According to Temperature -- 4.7.1 Cold Season Crops -- 4.7.2 Hot Season Crops. , 4.8 Is It Possible to Mitigate Extreme Heat Stress on Crop Plants? How Crop Plants Can Deal with Heat Stress? -- 4.8.1 Traits Relevant to Heat Stress Tolerance -- 4.8.2 Breeding Achievements -- 4.9 Biotechnology -- 4.9.1 Molecular Markers -- 4.9.2 Gene Transfer and Tissue Culture Technology -- 4.10 Agronomic Practices -- 4.10.1 Sowing Date -- 4.10.2 Fertigation -- 4.10.3 Intercropping -- 4.11 Conclusions -- 4.12 Recommendations -- References -- 5 Environmental Pollution Tolerance in Crop Plants -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Source of Pollutants -- 5.2.1 Natural Resources -- 5.2.2 An Unnatural Source -- 5.3 Tolerance to Air Pollutants -- 5.4 Tolerance to Heavy Metals Pollutants -- 5.5 Damage Mechanisms of Heavy Metals and Effects on Crop Plants -- 5.6 Water Pollution -- 5.7 Stress-Sensing in Plants -- 5.8 Resistance Mechanisms of Crop Pants to Environmental Pollutants -- 5.9 Morpho-Physiological and Biochemical Characters Related to Environmental Pollutants Tolerance -- 5.9.1 Morphological Characters -- 5.9.2 Physiological Characters -- 5.9.3 Biochemical Characters -- 5.10 Genetic System and Nature of Gene Action Controlling Inheritance of Environmental Pollutants Tolerance -- 5.11 Role of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology in the Development of Cultivars Tolerant to Environmental Pollutants -- 5.11.1 Breeding Methods -- 5.11.2 Biotechnology -- 5.12 Procedures for Pollution Control -- 5.12.1 Air Pollutants -- 5.12.2 Heavy Metals -- 5.13 Conclusions -- 5.14 Recommendations -- References -- 6 Rapid Screening Wheat Genotypes for Tolerance to Heavy Metals -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Materials and Methods -- 6.3 Results -- 6.3.1 Influence of Heavy Metals on Germination -- 6.3.2 Influence of Heavy Metals on Root Characteristics -- 6.3.3 Influence of Heavy Metals on Shoot Characteristics -- 6.3.4 Phytotoxicity Index -- 6.3.5 Tolerance Index -- 6.4 Conclusions. , 6.5 Recommendation -- References -- 7 Performance, Adaptability and Stability of Promising Bread Wheat Lines Across Different Environments -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Materials and Methods -- 7.2.1 Plant Materials and Experimental Layout -- 7.2.2 Statistical Analysis -- 7.3 Results and Discussion -- 7.3.1 Analysis of Variance -- 7.3.2 Mean Performance of Wheat Genotypes Under Different Environments -- 7.3.3 Tolerance Index (TOL) -- 7.3.4 Phenotypic Stability Analysis -- 7.3.5 Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction Method (AMMI) -- 7.4 Conclusions -- 7.5 Recommendations -- References -- 8 Effect of Salt Stress on Physiological and Biochemical Parameters of African Locust Bean {Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth.} Cell Suspension Culture -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Materials and Methods -- 8.2.1 Plant Material -- 8.2.2 Establishment of Cell Suspension Culture Under Salt Stress Conditions -- 8.2.3 Effect of Salt Stress on Ions Uptake of Parkia biglobosa Cell Suspension Culture -- 8.2.4 Effect of Salt Stress on Proline Content of Parkia biglobosa Cell Suspension Culture -- 8.2.5 Electrophoretic Analysis: (Biochemical Markers) -- 8.2.6 Chemical Analysis -- 8.2.7 Statistical Analysis -- 8.3 Results and Discussions -- 8.3.1 Establishment of Parkia biglobosa Cell Suspension Culture Under Salt Stress Conditions (NaCl) -- 8.3.2 Effect of Different Concentrations of NaCl on Ions Uptake (Na+, K+, Ca2+, P3+ and N3+) of P. biglobosa Cell Suspension Culture -- 8.3.3 Effect of Different Concentration of NaCl on Proline Content of Parkia biglobosa Cell Suspension Culture -- 8.3.4 Electrophoretic Analysis -- 8.3.5 Chemical Analysis -- 8.4 Conclusions -- 8.5 Recommendations -- 8.6 Acknowledgments -- References -- Part IIIRecent Approaches for Biotic Stress Tolerance -- 9 Varietal Differences and Their Relation to Brown Rot Disease Resistance in Potato. , 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Survey the Causal Organism of Potato Brown Rot Disease Ralstonia solanacearum in Weeds -- 9.3 Isolation of R. solanacearum from Different Potato, Weeds and Irrigation Water -- 9.4 Identification of R. solanacearum -- 9.4.1 Traditional Methods -- 9.4.2 Molecular Biology Techniques -- 9.4.3 Pathogenicity Test -- 9.5 Varietal Differences in Relation to Brown Rot Disease Resistance -- 9.6 Effect of Plant Extracts on R. solanacearum Growth in Vitro -- 9.7 Conclusions -- 9.8 Recommendations -- References -- 10 Effect of Soil Type and Crop Rotation on the Causal Agent of Potato Brown Rot Disease Under Egyptian Condition -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Effect of Soil Type on Potato Brown Rot Disease Caused by Ralstonia solanacearum -- 10.3 Effect of Soil PH on Persistence of Potato Brown Rot Disease Caused by Ralstonia solanacearum -- 10.4 Effect of Crop Rotation on Potato Brown Rot Disease -- 10.5 Influence the Persistence of Ralstonia solanacearum by Different Plant Species and Habitats -- 10.6 Conclusions -- 10.7 Recommendations -- References -- 11 Advanced Methods in Controlling Late Blight Disease in Potatoes -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Backgrounds Economic -- 11.3 The Late Blight Disease -- 11.4 The Pathogen -- 11.5 Diagnose the Disease -- 11.5.1 Traditional Methods -- 11.5.2 DNA Markers -- 11.5.3 Diagnosis Remotely -- 11.5.4 Bioinformatics -- 11.6 Control Methods -- 11.6.1 Chemical Methods -- 11.6.2 Resistant Cultivars -- 11.6.3 Alternatives of Fungicides -- 11.7 Conclusions -- 11.8 Recommendations -- References -- 12 Developing Rust Resistance of Wheat Genotypes Under Egyptian Conditions -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Types of Wheat Rusts -- 12.3 Economic Importance -- 12.3.1 Losses in Yield and Grain Quality -- 12.4 Race Analyses -- 12.4.1 Yellow Rust -- 12.4.2 Leaf Rust -- 12.4.3 Stem Rust -- 12.5 Genetic Variability. , 12.6 Genetic System and Genes Responsible Resistance.