Anmerkung: Intro -- Contents -- 1 Biomass-Derived Polyurethanes for Sustainable Future -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Chemicals for Preparation of Polyurethanes -- 1.2 Importance of Green Chemicals and Synthesis Methods -- 1.3 Characteristics of Biomaterials for Polyurethanes -- 2 Bio-Oils as a Renewable Resource for Polyurethanes -- 2.1 Epoxidation and Ring-Opening Reactions -- 2.2 Hydroformation and Hydrogenation Reactions -- 2.3 Ozonolysis -- 2.4 Thiol-Ene Reaction -- 2.5 Transesterification Reaction -- 3 Terpenes as Green Starting Chemicals for Polyurethanes -- 4 Lignin for Green Polymers -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Mechanochemistry: A Power Tool for Green Synthesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 History of Mechanochemistry -- 3 Principles of Mechanochemistry -- 3.1 Mechanisms and Kinetics of Mechanochemistry -- 3.2 Effects of Reaction Parameters -- 4 Mechanochemical Synthesis of Materials -- 4.1 Mechanochemical Synthesis of Co-crystals -- 4.2 Mechanochemistry in Inorganic Synthesis -- 4.3 Mechanochemistry in Organic Synthesis -- 4.4 Mechanochemistry in Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) -- 4.5 Mechanochemistry in Porous Organic Materials (POMs) -- 4.6 Mechanochemical Synthesis of Polymers -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Future Trends in Green Synthesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Green Chemistry Metrics -- 2.1 Atom Economy (AE) -- 2.2 Environmental Factor (E Factor) -- 2.3 Process Mass Intensity (PMI) -- 2.4 Reaction Mass Efficiency (RME) -- 3 Application of Green Concept in Synthesis -- 3.1 Solvent-Based Organic Synthesis -- 3.2 Aqueous Medium -- 3.2.1 Micellar Media -- 3.2.2 Different Non-Aqueous Media -- Ionic Liquids -- Fluorous Media -- Supercritical Fluid -- Solvent-Free Synthesis -- 4 Future Trends -- References -- 4 Plant-Mediated Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Methods for Metallic Nanoparticle Biosynthesis -- 3 Green Biosynthesis of Metallic NPs -- 3.1 Gold Nanoparticles -- 3.2 Platinum Nanoparticles -- 3.3 Silver Nanoparticles -- 3.4 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles -- 3.5 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles -- 4 Different Parts Used for the Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles -- 4.1 Fruit -- 4.2 Stem -- 4.3 Seeds -- 4.4 Flowers -- 4.5 Leaves -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Green Synthesis of Hierarchically Structured Metal and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Advantages of Green Synthesis Methods -- 3 Green Synthesis Methods for Hierarchically Structured Metal and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials -- 3.1 Biological Methods -- 3.1.1 Using Microorganism -- Microorganisms as Reactant -- Microorganism as Template -- 3.1.2 Using Plant -- Plant as Reactant -- Plant as Template -- 3.1.3 Using Other Green Templates -- 3.2 Physical and Chemical Methods -- 3.2.1 Green Techniques -- 3.2.2 Green Reagents -- 3.2.3 Green Solvents -- 4 Growth Mechanism of Metal and Metal Oxide HSNs -- 4.1 Biological Method -- 4.1.1 Biomolecules as Reagents -- 4.1.2 Biomolecules as Templates -- 4.2 Physical and Chemical Methods -- 5 Applications of Hierarchically Structured Metal and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials -- 5.1 Biomedical Application -- 5.2 Environmental Remediation -- 5.2.1 Wastewater Treatment -- 5.2.2 Energy Storage -- 5.2.3 Sensing -- 6 Present Challenges and Future Prospect -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Bioprivileged Molecules -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Four Carbon 1,4-Diacids -- 2.1 Succinic Acid -- 2.2 Fumaric Acid -- 2.3 Malic Acid -- 3 Furan 2,5-Dicarboxylic Acid (FDCA) -- 4 3-Hydroxypropionic Acid (3-HPA) -- 5 Glucaric Acid -- 6 Glycerol -- 7 Aspartic Acid -- 8 Itaconic Acid -- 9 3-Hydroxybutyrolactone -- 10 Sorbitol -- 11 Xylitol -- 12 Glutamic Acid -- 13 Levulinic Acid. , 14 Emerging Molecules -- 15 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Membrane Reactors for Green Synthesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Chemical Reaction Enzymatic MR Using Supercritical CO2-IL -- 2.1 Ionic Liquid Media Effect on Free CLAB -- 2.2 Butyl Propionate Synthesis Using Active Membranes SC-CO2 and SC-CO2/IL -- 2.3 Butyl Propionate Synthesis Using Active Membranes in Hexane/IL -- 3 Mixed Ionic Electronic MR -- 3.1 Methane Flow Rate and Concentration Effects on Side II of Membrane -- 3.2 Steam Flow Effect on Side I of Membrane -- 3.3 Temperature Effect -- 4 Green Synthesis of Methanol in a Membrane Reactor -- 5 Green Fuel Energy -- 5.1 Green H2 Energy -- 5.2 Biofuel Energy -- 5.3 Green Fuel Additive -- 6 Biocatalyst Membrane Reactors -- 7 Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Application of Membrane in Reaction Engineering for Green Synthesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Applications of Membrane Reactors in Reaction Engineering -- 2.1 Syngas Production -- 2.2 Hydrogen Production -- 2.3 CO2 Thermal Decomposition -- 2.4 Higher Hydrocarbon Production -- 2.5 Methane Production -- 2.6 Ammonia Production -- 3 Environmental Impacts -- 4 Conclusions and Future Recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Photo-Enzymatic Green Synthesis: The Potential of Combining Photo-Catalysis and Enzymes -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Principle -- 3 Enzymes Involved in Light-Driven Catalysis -- 3.1 Heme-Containing Enzymes -- 3.1.1 Cytochrome P450 -- 3.1.2 Peroxidases -- 3.2 Flavin-Based Enzyme -- 3.2.1 Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenases -- 3.2.2 Old Yellow Enzymes -- 3.3 Metal Cluster-Centered Enzyme -- 3.3.1 Hydrogenases -- 3.3.2 Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenases -- 4 Nanoparticle-Based Activation of Enzyme -- 5 Applications in Photo-Biocatalysis -- 5.1 Isolated Enzymes/Cell Lysates -- 6 Summary and Future Scope -- References. , 10 Biomass-Derived Carbons and Their Energy Applications -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Types of Biomass Materials -- 2.1 Plant-Based Carbons -- 2.2 Fruit-Based Carbons -- 2.3 Animal-Based Carbons -- 2.4 Microorganism-Based Carbons -- 3 Activation of Biomass-Derived Carbons -- 3.1 Activation of Carbons -- 3.1.1 Chemical Activation of Carbons -- 3.1.2 Carbon Activation Through Physical Method -- 3.1.3 Self-activation of Carbons -- 3.2 Pyrolysis Techniques -- 3.2.1 Effect of Temperature -- 3.2.2 Effect of Residence Time -- 3.2.3 Heating Rate Effect -- 3.2.4 Size of the Particle -- 3.3 Microwave-Assisted Technique -- 3.4 Carbonization by Hydrothermal -- 3.5 Ionothermal Carbonization -- 3.6 Template Method -- 4 Energy Storage Applications of Biomass Carbons -- 4.1 Supercapacitors -- 4.2 Li/Na-Ion Batteries -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials via Electrochemical Method -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Green Synthesis -- 2.1 Application of Biology in Green Synthesis -- 2.2 Green Synthesis Based on the Application of Solvent -- 3 Computational Data and Analysis -- 4 Electrochemical Method -- 5 Electrodeposition Method -- 5.1 Experimental Setup for Electrodeposition -- 6 Research Work: Using Green Electrochemical Methods for Nanomaterials Synthesis -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Microwave-Irradiated Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine Class of Bio-heterocycles: Green Avenues and Sustainable Developments -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of 2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines [Abbreviated as 2-Aryl-IPs]. -- 2.1 Synthesis of Fused Bicyclic Heteroaryl Boronates and Imidazopyridine-Quinazoline Hybrids Under MW-irradiations -- 2.2 MW-Irradiated Synthesis of IPs Using Multi-Component Strategy Under Neat Conditions. , 2.3 One-Pot, Three-Component Synthesis of 2-Phenyl-H-Imidazo[1,2-α]pyridine Under MW-Irradiations -- 2.4 Microwave-Assisted Amine-Triggered Benzannulation Strategy for the Preparation of 2,8-Diaryl-6-Aminoimidazo-[1,2-a]pyridines -- 2.5 MW-Assisted NaHCO3-catalyzed Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines in PEG400 Media and Its Practical Application in the Synthesis of 2,3-Diaryl-IP Class of Bio-Heterocycles -- 2.6 MW-Irradiated, Ligand-Free, Palladium-Catalyzed, One-Pot 3-component Reaction for an Efficient Preparation of 2,3-Diarylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines -- 2.7 MW-Assisted Water-PEG400-mediated Synthesis of 2-Phenyl-IP via Multi-Component Reaction (MCR) -- 2.8 Microwave-Irradiated Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines Under Neat, Catalyst-Free Conditions -- 2.9 Green Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines in H2O -- 2.10 Microwave-Assisted Neat Synthesis of Substituted 2-Arylimidazo[1,2-a]Pyridines -- 2.11 Microwave-Assisted Nano SiO2 Neat Synthesis of Substituted 2-Arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines -- 2.12 Microwave-Assisted NaHCO3-Catalyzed Synthesis of 2-phenyl-IPs -- 3 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of 3-amino-2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines [3-amino-2-aryl-IPs] -- 3.1 Microwave-Irradiated Synthesis of 3-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines via Fluorous Multi-component Pathway -- 3.2 MW-Irradiated Synthetic Protocol for 3-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines via MCR Pathway -- 3.3 MW-Assisted Sequential Ugi/Strecker Reactions Involving 3-Center-4-Component and 3-Center-5-Component MCR Strategy -- 3.4 One-Pot, 4-component Cyclization/Suzuki Coupling Leading to the Rapid Formation of 2,6-Disubstituted-3-Amino-IPs Under Microwave Irradiations -- 3.5 ZnCl2-catalyzed MCR of 3-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines Using MW Conditions -- 3.6 Microwave-Promoted Preparation of N-(3-arylmethyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-Yl)Benzamides. , 3.7 MW-Assisted Multi-component Neat Synthesis of Benzimidazolyl-Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Green Approach: Microbes for Removal of Dyes and Metals via Ion Binding -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Pollutants in the Environment -- 1.2.1 Toxic Metals -- 1.2.2 Triphenylmethane Dyes -- 1.3 Bioremediation Approaches in Removing Pollutants -- 1.3.1 Non-microbial Strategies -- 1.3.2 Microbial-Based Strategies -- 1.4 Mechanisms for Removal of Pollutant Ions -- 1.4.1 Mechanisms for Removal of Metal Ions -- 1.4.2 Mechanisms for Removal of Dyes -- 1.5 Innovations in the Removal of Pollutant Ions -- 1.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Removal of Heavy Metal from Wastewater Using Ion Exchange Membranes -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Heavy Metal -- 2.2.1 Chromium -- 2.2.2 Nickel -- 2.2.3 Copper -- 2.2.4 Zinc -- 2.2.5 Cadmium -- 2.2.6 Mercury -- 2.2.7 Lead -- 2.3 Physical Treatment Methods -- 2.3.1 Ultrafiltration -- 2.3.2 Nanofiltration -- 2.3.3 Reverse Osmosis -- 2.3.4 Forward Osmosis -- 2.3.5 Adsorption -- 2.4 Chemical Treatment Methods -- 2.4.1 Electrodialysis Method -- 2.4.2 Fuel Cell Method -- 2.5 Remaining Challenges and Perspectives -- 2.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Separation and Purification of Uncharged Molecules -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Separation and Purification of Vitamin B12 -- 3.2.1 Downstream Processing of Vitamin B12 for Measurement -- 3.3 Separation and Purification of Haemoglobin -- 3.4 Separation and Purification of Uncharged Dyes -- 3.4.1 Purification and Separation of Dyes -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Aluminosilicate Inorganic Polymers (Geopolymers): Emerging Ion Exchangers for Removal of Metal Ions -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Methodology and Calculations -- 4.2.1 Terminology: Ion Exchange or Adsorption -- 4.2.2 Evidence for Ion Exchange. , 4.2.3 Modeling of Adsorption of Metal Ions on Geopolymers -- 4.2.4 Geopolymer Preparation -- 4.2.5 Washing of the Geopolymeric Adsorbent -- 4.2.6 Comparison Between Geopolymers and Zeolites -- 4.2.7 Geopolymers as Ion Exchangers -- 4.2.7.1 Geopolymers as Ion Exchangers for Alkali Metal Ions -- 4.2.7.2 Geopolymers as Ion Exchangers for Ammonium Ion -- 4.2.7.3 Geopolymers as Ion Exchangers for Alkaline Earth Metals -- 4.2.7.4 Geopolymers as Ion Exchangers for Heavy Metals -- Metakaolin-Based Geopolymers -- Fly Ash-Based Geopolymers -- Zeolite-Based Geopolymers -- 4.2.7.5 Geopolymers as Ion Exchangers/Adsorbents for Cationic Organic Dyes -- 4.2.8 Comparison of Geopolymers with Zeolites -- 4.2.8.1 Synthesis Conditions -- 4.2.8.2 Crystallinity -- 4.2.8.3 Surface Area and Porosity -- 4.2.8.4 Cation Exchange Capacity -- 4.2.8.5 Selectivity for Metal Ions -- 4.2.8.6 Stability in Acidic Solutions -- 4.2.8.7 Thermal Stability -- 4.2.8.8 Mechanical Strength -- 4.2.8.9 Regeneration -- 4.2.9 Stabilization/Solidification/Encapsulation of Ion Exchangers in Geopolymers -- 4.3 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 5 Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis of Agglomerated Spherical Zirconium Phosphate for Removal of Cs+ and Sr2+ Ions from Aqueous System -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Materials and Methods -- 5.2.1 Preparation of Agglomerated Spherical Zirconium Phosphate -- 5.2.2 Characterization -- 5.2.3 Ion Exchange Properties -- 5.2.4 Elution Behaviour -- 5.2.5 Distribution Studies -- 5.3 Results and Discussion -- 5.3.1 Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Characterization -- 5.3.2 Powder X-ray Diffraction Studies -- 5.3.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive (EDS) Characterization -- 5.3.4 Zeta and Surface Area Analysis -- 5.3.5 Ion Exchange Characteristics -- 5.3.6 Mechanism of Sr2+ Interaction with Zirconium Phosphate -- 5.4 Conclusion. , Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Metal Hexacyanoferrates: Ion Insertion (or Exchange) Capabilities -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Ion Exchange -- 6.2.1 Ion Exchange in MHCF at Work: Potentiometric Ion Sensors -- 6.2.2 An Ion Exchange-Based Approach for the Recovery of Metal Ions: The Case of Cesium and Thallium -- 6.2.3 Electrochemically Driven Ion Exchange -- 6.2.4 Reversible Ion Insertion in Battery Systems -- 6.3 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Biosorbents and Composite Cation Exchanger for the Treatment of Heavy Metals -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Agro-Based Biosorbents for Heavy Metal Removal -- 7.3 Biopolymers -- 7.3.1 Functional Groups -- 7.3.2 Cellulose -- 7.3.3 Chitosan -- 7.3.4 Nanofiber Membranes and Packed-Bed Adsorbers -- 7.4 Composite Ion Exchangers -- 7.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook -- References -- 8 Rare Earth Elements-Separation Methods Yesterday and Today -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Rare Earth Elements -- 8.2.1 General Characteristics -- 8.2.2 The Occurrence of Rare Earth Elements -- 8.2.3 Physicochemical Properties of Rare Earth Elements -- 8.2.4 Application of Rare Earth Metals -- 8.2.5 Production and Consumption of Rare Earth Elements in the World -- 8.3 Rare Earth Element Recovery from Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries -- 8.4 Rare Earth Element Recovery from Permanent Magnets -- 8.5 Separation of High-Purity Rare Earth Elements -- 8.5.1 Separations of Rare Earth Elements of High Purity Using Cation Exchangers -- 8.5.2 Separations of Rare Earth Elements of High Purity Using Anion Exchangers -- 8.5.3 Separations of Rare Earth Elements of High Purity Using Chelating Ion Exchangers -- 8.6 Current Technologies -- 8.7 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Sequestration of Heavy Metals from Industrial Wastewater Using Composite Ion Exchangers -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Ion-Exchange Materials. , 9.2.1 Organic Materials -- 9.2.2 Inorganic Materials -- 9.2.3 Composite Materials -- 9.2.3.1 Hybrid Materials -- 9.2.3.2 Nanocomposite -- 9.3 Mechanism of Ion-Exchange Process -- 9.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Applications of Organic Ion Exchange Resins in Water Treatment -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Removal of Heavy Metals -- 10.3 Removal of Organics -- 10.3.1 Natural Organic Matter (NOM) -- 10.3.2 Disinfection by-Products (DBPs) -- 10.3.3 Surfactants -- 10.3.4 Pharmaceuticals -- 10.3.5 Dyes -- 10.3.6 Small Organic Matter -- 10.4 Desalination -- 10.5 Boron Removal -- 10.6 Removal of Anions -- 10.7 Removal of Cations -- 10.7.1 Hardness -- 10.7.2 Ammonium -- 10.8 Conclusions -- References.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1: Application of Microbial Biosurfactants in the Food Industry -- 1.1 Surfactants in the Food Industry -- 1.1.1 Food Additives -- 1.1.2 Biosurfactants as Food Preservatives -- 1.1.2.1 Emulsifying Agents -- 1.1.2.2 Antibiofilm Agents -- 1.1.2.3 Antimicrobial Agents -- 1.1.2.4 Antioxidant Agents -- 1.1.3 Industrial Prospects -- References -- 2: Microbial Biosurfactants for Contamination of Food Processing -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Food Contamination -- 2.1.2 Contamination in Food Processing -- 2.2 Microbial Biosurfactants Use in Food Processing -- 2.2.1 Glycolipids -- 2.2.2 Lipopeptides -- 2.3 Application of Microbial Surfactants in Food Processing -- 2.3.1 Biofilm Control -- 2.3.2 Food Preservatives -- 2.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 3: Antioxidant Biosurfactants -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Sources of Biosurfactants -- 3.2.1 Plant-Based Biosurfactants -- 3.2.1.1 Saponins -- Structure, Properties, and Types of Saponins -- Saponins as a Biosurfactants -- 3.2.2 Microbe-Based Biosurfactants -- 3.2.2.1 Types of Microbial Surfactants -- Glycolipids -- Rhamnolipids -- Sophorolipids -- Trehalolipids -- Succinoyl Trehalolipids -- Cellobiose Lipids -- Mannosylerythritol Lipids -- Xylolipids -- Mannose Lipids -- Lipopeptides or Lipoprotein -- Bacillus-Related Lipopeptides -- Surfactin -- Fengycin -- Iturin -- Kurstakins -- Lichenysins -- Pseudomonas-Related Lipopeptides -- Actinomycetes-Related lipopeptides -- Fungal-Related Lipopeptides -- Phospholipids, Fatty Acids (Mycolic Acids), and Neutral Lipids -- Polymeric Surfactants -- Particulate Surfactants -- 3.3 Factors Affecting Biosurfactant Production -- 3.3.1 pH and Temperature -- 3.3.2 Aeration and Agitation -- 3.3.3 Effect of Salt Salinity -- 3.3.4 Optimization of Cultivation Medium -- 3.3.4.1 Effect of Carbon Source -- 3.3.4.2 Effect of Nitrogen Source. , 3.3.4.3 Effect of Carbon to Nitrogen (C/N) Ratio -- 3.4 Screening of Microorganisms for Biosurfactant Production -- 3.4.1 Oil Spreading Assay -- 3.4.2 Drop Collapse Assay -- 3.4.3 Blood Agar Method/Hemolysis Assay -- 3.4.4 Hydrocarbon Overlay Agar -- 3.4.5 Bacterial Adhesion to Hydrocarbon (BATH) Assay -- 3.4.6 CTAB Agar Plate Method/Blue Agar Assay -- 3.4.7 Phenol: Sulfuric Acid Method -- 3.4.8 Microplate Assay -- 3.4.9 Penetration Assay -- 3.4.10 Surface/Interface Activity -- 3.4.11 Emulsification Activity -- 3.5 Antioxidant Properties of Biosurfactant -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References -- 4: Classification and Production of Microbial Surfactants -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Global Biosurfactant Market -- 4.2 Types of Biosurfactants -- 4.2.1 Glycolipids -- 4.2.1.1 Rhamnolipids -- 4.2.1.2 Sophorolipids -- 4.2.1.3 Trehalolipids -- 4.2.2 Lipoproteins and Lipopeptides -- 4.2.3 Fatty Acids -- 4.2.4 Phospholipids -- 4.2.5 Polymeric Biosurfactants -- 4.3 Factors Influencing Biosurfactant Productivity -- 4.3.1 Nutritional Factors -- 4.3.1.1 Carbon Source -- 4.3.1.2 Low-Cost and Waste Substrates -- 4.3.1.3 Nitrogen Source -- 4.3.1.4 Minerals -- 4.3.2 Environmental Factors -- 4.3.3 Cultivation Strategy -- 4.3.3.1 Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) -- 4.3.3.2 Submerged Fermentations (SmF) -- References -- 5: Microbial Biosurfactants and Their Potential Applications: An Overview -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Classes of Biosurfactants -- 5.2.1 Glycolipids -- 5.2.2 Lipopolysaccharides -- 5.2.3 Lipopeptides and Lipoproteins -- 5.2.4 Phospholipids -- 5.2.5 Fatty Acids -- 5.3 Microbial Production of Biosurfactants -- 5.4 Genes Involved in the Production of Microbial Biosurfactants -- 5.5 Applications -- 5.5.1 In Petroleum Industry -- 5.5.1.1 Mechanism of MEOR -- 5.5.2 Biosurfactant-Mediated Bioremediation -- 5.5.3 In Food Industry -- 5.5.4 In Agriculture. , 5.5.5 In Cosmetics -- 5.5.6 Biosurfactant in Nanotechnology -- 5.5.7 Biosurfactants as Drug Delivery Agents -- 5.5.8 Antimicrobial Activity of Biosurfactants -- 5.5.9 Biosurfactant as Anti-Adhesive Agent -- 5.5.10 In Fabric Washing -- 5.6 Conclusions -- References -- 6: Biodegradation of Hydrophobic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Health Related to PAHs -- 6.2.1 Consequences of Consistent of PAH Exposure by Human -- 6.2.2 Problems Associated with PAHs Via Cytochrome P450 -- 6.3 Biodegradation of PAHs -- 6.3.1 Challenges of Limited Aqueous Solubility in Water -- 6.3.2 Biodegradation Pathway of PAHs -- 6.3.2.1 Naphthalene -- 6.3.2.2 Pyrene -- 6.3.2.3 Fluoranthene -- 6.4 Biosurfactants -- 6.4.1 Biosurfactants -- 6.4.1.1 Glycolipid -- Rhamnolipids -- Cellobiose Lipids -- Sophorolipids -- Trehalolipids -- Mannosylerythritol Lipid -- 6.4.1.2 Lipopeptides -- 6.4.1.3 Phospholipids -- 6.4.2 Polymeric Biosurfactants -- 6.5 Enhanced Biodegradation of PAHs by Biosurfactant -- 6.5.1 Biodegradation in Micelles -- 6.5.2 Biosurfactant Acting as Bioemulsifier -- 6.6 Conclusions -- References -- 7: Surfactin: A Biosurfactant Against Breast Cancer -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Biosurfactants and Its Types -- 7.2.1 Glycolipids -- 7.2.1.1 Rhamnolipids -- 7.2.1.2 Sophorolipids -- 7.2.1.3 Trehalolipids -- 7.2.2 Lipopeptides -- 7.2.3 Fatty Acids -- 7.2.4 Phospholipids -- 7.2.5 Polymeric Biosurfactant -- 7.3 Surfactin: Structure, Membrane Interaction, Biosynthesis, and Regulation -- 7.3.1 Structure -- 7.3.2 Membrane Interaction -- 7.3.3 Biosynthesis -- 7.3.4 Regulation -- 7.4 Surfactin and Breast Cancer -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- 8: Anti-Cancer Biosurfactants -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Biosurfactants Classification and Structure -- 8.2.1 Mannosylerythritol Lipids (MELs) -- 8.2.2 Succinoyl Trehalose Lipids (STLs) -- 8.2.3 Sophorolipids. , 8.2.4 Rhamnolipids (RLs) -- 8.2.5 Myrmekiosides -- 8.2.6 Cyclic Lipopeptides (CLPs) -- 8.2.6.1 Amphisin, Tolaasin, and Syringomycin CLPs -- 8.2.6.2 Iturin and fengycin CLPs -- 8.2.6.3 Surfactin CLP -- 8.2.7 Rakicidns and Apratoxins -- 8.2.8 Serrawettins -- 8.2.9 Monoolein -- 8.2.10 Fellutamides -- 8.3 Biosurfactants Production -- 8.3.1 Factors Involved in Biosurfactants Production -- 8.3.1.1 Source of Carbon -- 8.3.1.2 Source of Nitrogen -- 8.3.1.3 Effect of Ions -- 8.3.1.4 Physical Factors -- 8.4 Anti-Cancer Activity of Biosurfactants -- 8.4.1 Breast Cancer -- 8.4.2 Lung Cancer -- 8.4.3 Leukemia -- 8.4.4 Melanoma -- 8.4.5 Colon Cancer -- 8.5 Biosurfactants as Drug Delivery System (DDS) -- 8.5.1 Liposomes -- 8.5.2 Niosomes -- 8.5.3 Nanoparticles -- 8.6 Conclusions and Future Challenges -- References -- 9: Biosurfactants for Oil Pollution Remediation -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Oil Pollution and Its Remediation -- 9.2.1 Oil Pollution -- 9.2.2 Oil Remediation in Polluted Environments -- 9.3 Biosurfactants -- 9.3.1 Synthesis of Biosurfactants -- 9.3.2 Biosurfactant Role in Oil Degradation -- 9.4 Application of Biosurfactants Used for Oil Remediation -- 9.4.1 Oil-Polluted Soil Bioremediation -- 9.4.2 Bioremediation of Marine Oil Spills and Petroleum Contamination -- 9.4.3 Cleaning of Oil Tanks and Pipelines -- 9.4.4 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals and Toxic Pollutants -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- 10: Potential Applications of Anti-Adhesive Biosurfactants -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Biosurfactants That Display Anti-Adhesive Activity -- 10.3 Biofilms and the Adhesion Process: Mechanisms and Effects -- 10.4 Applications of Biosurfactants as Anti-Adhesive Agents -- 10.4.1 Anti-Adhesive Applications in the Biomedical Field -- 10.4.2 Anti-Adhesive Applications in the Food Industry Surfaces -- 10.5 Future Trends and Conclusions -- References. , 11: Applications of Biosurfactant for Microbial Bioenergy/Value-Added Bio-Metabolite Recovery from Waste Activated Sludge -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Applications of Surfactants for Value-Added Bio-Metabolites Recovery from WAS -- 11.3 Applications of Surfactants for Energy Recovery from WAS -- 11.4 Applications of Surfactants for Refractory Organic Decontamination from WAS -- 11.4.1 PAHs Decontamination -- 11.4.2 Dye Decontamination -- 11.4.3 PCB Decontamination -- 11.5 Applications of Surfactants for WAS Dewatering -- 11.6 Applications of Surfactants for Heavy Metal Removal from WAS -- 11.7 State-of-the-Art Processes to Promote Organics Biotransformation from WAS -- 11.7.1 Co-Pretreatment -- 11.7.2 Interfacing AD with Bioelectrochemical Systems -- 11.7.3 Optimizing Process Conditions -- 11.8 Conclusion -- References -- 12: Application of Microbial Biosurfactants in the Pharmaceutical Industry -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Mechanism of Interaction of Biosurfactants -- 12.3 Physiochemical Properties -- 12.3.1 Surface Tension -- 12.3.2 Biosurfactant and Self-Assembly -- 12.3.3 Emulsification Activity -- 12.4 Application of Biosurfactants in Pharmaceutical Industry -- 12.4.1 Biosurfactant as an Antitumor/AntiCancer Agent -- 12.4.2 Biosurfactants as Drug Delivery Agents -- 12.4.3 Wound Healing and Dermatological Applications -- 12.4.4 Potential Antimicrobial Application -- 12.4.5 Other Applications in the Pharmaceutical Field -- 12.5 Applications of Surfactin in Pharmaceutical Industry -- 12.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 13: Antibacterial Biosurfactants -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Glycolipids -- 13.2.1 Rhamnolipids -- 13.2.2 Sophorolipids -- 13.2.3 Trehalose Lipids -- 13.3 Lipopeptides -- 13.4 Phospholipids -- 13.5 Antibacterial Activity -- 13.6 Polymeric Surfactants -- 13.7 Fatty Acids -- 13.7.1 Bio-Sources of Fatty Acids. , 13.7.2 Role of Fatty Acids as Antimicrobials.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Contents -- 1 Chemical Valorization of CO2 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 CO2-Derived Fuels and Chemicals -- 2.1 Methane -- 2.2 Methanol -- 2.3 Dimethyl Ether -- 2.4 Formic Acid -- 2.5 Ethanol -- 2.6 CO2-Fischer-Tropsch Liquid Fuels -- 2.7 Carbon Monoxide-Syngas -- 3 CO2 Chemically Derived Materials -- 3.1 Polymers -- 3.2 CO2-Derived Building Materials -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Progress in Catalysts for CO2 Reforming -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Technologies for Capturing and Storing Carbon Dioxide -- 3 Technologies for Using Carbon Dioxide -- 4 Methane Dry Reforming Process -- 4.1 Progress in Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming (1928-1989) -- 4.2 Progress in Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming (1990-1999) -- 4.3 Progress in Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming (2000-2009) -- 4.4 Progress in Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming (2010-2019) -- 4.5 Current Status in the Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming -- 5 Dry Reforming of Other Compounds -- 6 Use of Steam or Oxygen in Dry Reforming of Methane and Other Compounds -- 7 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Fueled with Biogas -- 8 Commercialization of Dry Reforming Process -- 9 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Fuel Generation from CO2 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Approaches for Directly Converting CO2 to Fuels -- 2.1 Pure CO2 Decomposition Technology -- 2.2 Reagent-Based CO2 Conversion Technology -- 2.2.1 Dry Deformation of Methane Technology -- 2.2.2 Catalytic Hydrogenation of CO2 -- 3 Biological CO2 Fixation for Fuels -- 3.1 Thermochemical Conversion -- 3.1.1 Torrefaction -- 3.1.2 Pyrolysis -- 3.1.3 Thermochemical Liquefaction -- 3.1.4 Gasification -- 3.1.5 Direct Combustion -- 3.2 Biochemical Conversion -- 3.2.1 Biodiesel -- 3.2.2 Bioethanol -- 3.2.3 Biomethane -- 3.2.4 Biohydrogen -- 3.2.5 Bioelectricity -- 3.2.6 Volatile Organic Compounds. , 4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- 4 Thermodynamics of CO2 Conversion -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Carbon Dioxide Capture -- 3 Carbon Dioxide Utilisations -- 4 Thermodynamic Considerations -- 5 Thermodynamics of CO2 -- 5.1 The Thermodynamic Attainable Region (AR) -- 5.2 Using Hess's Law to Transform the Extents to G-H AR @ 25˚C -- 5.3 Increasing Temperature on G-H AR -- 6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Enzymatic CO2 Conversion -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 CO2 as a Greenhouse Gas -- 1.2 Carbon Capture, Storage, and Utilization -- 1.3 CO2 as a Chemical Feedstock -- 1.4 CO2 Conversion with Enzymes -- 2 Natural Conversion of CO2 in Cells -- 3 Enzymatic Conversion of CO2 in Cells -- 3.1 Conversion of CO2 by a Single Enzyme (in vitro) -- 3.1.1 Formate Dehydrogenase -- 3.1.2 Carbonic Anhydrase -- 3.1.3 Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenase -- 3.1.4 Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase (RuBisCO) -- 3.2 Conversion of CO2 by a Multi-Enzyme Cascade in vitro -- 3.3 Other Ways (Photocatalytic CO2 Methanation) -- 4 Industrial Applications -- 4.1 Alcohols -- 4.2 Organic Acids -- 4.3 Terpenoids -- 4.4 Fatty Acids -- 4.5 Polyhydroxyalkanoates -- 4.6 Calcium Carbonate -- 5 Summary and Future Prospects -- References -- 6 Electrochemical CO2 Conversion -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Electrochemical CO2 Conversion -- 2.1 Fundamentals of the Process -- 2.2 Variants of Electrochemical Conversion of CO2 -- 2.2.1 Aqueous Electrolytes -- 2.2.2 Non-Aqueous Electrolytes -- 2.2.3 Solid Oxide Electrolytes -- 2.2.4 Molten Salt Electrolytes -- 3 Electrochemical CO2 Conversion from Molten Salts -- 3.1 Present State of Electrochemical Reduction of CO2in Molten Salts for the Production of Solid-Phase Carbonaceous Nanomaterials -- 3.2 Direct Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 in Chloride Melts. , 3.3 Indirect Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 in Molten Salts -- 3.4 The Mechanisms of Electrode Reactions Occurring at the Cathode and Anode -- 3.5 Prospects for CO2 Conversion in Molten Salts -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Mediated Organic Transformations -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Applications of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide -- 2.1 Hydrogenation Reactions -- 2.2 Asymmetric Hydrogenation Reactions -- 2.3 Diels-Alder Reaction -- 2.4 Coupling Reaction -- 2.5 Oxidation Reaction -- 2.6 Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation Reaction -- 2.7 Iodination Reaction -- 2.8 Polymerization Reaction -- 2.9 Carbonylation Reaction -- 2.9.1 Acetalization Reaction -- 2.9.2 Olefin Metathesis Reaction -- 2.9.3 Synthesis of heterocycles -- Synthesis of α-alkylidene Cyclic Carbonates -- Synthesis of 4-Methyleneoxazolidin-2-Ones -- Synthesis of 5-Alkylidene-1, 3-Oxazolidin-2-Ones -- Synthesis of 6-Phenyl-3a, 4-Dihydro-1H-Cyclopenta[C]furan-5(3H)-One -- Synthesis of 3, 4, 5, 6-Tetraethyl-2H-Pyran-2-One -- 3 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Theoretical Approaches to CO2 Transformations -- Abstract -- 1 Carbon Dioxide Properties -- 2 CO2 Transformation as an Undeniable Necessity -- 3 CO2 Activation -- 3.1 Methodologies of CO2 Activation -- 4 Theoretical Insight of CO2 Transformation -- 4.1 The Theoretical Approach in CO2 Conversion to Value-Added Chemicals -- 4.1.1 Carbon Monoxide -- 4.1.2 Methane -- 4.1.3 Methanol -- 4.1.4 Formic Acid -- 4.1.5 Heterocycles -- Cyclic Carbonates -- Cyclic Carbamate -- Quiznazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-Dione -- 4.1.6 Summary and Outlook -- 5 Theoretical Designing of Novel Catalysts Based on DFT Studies -- 5.1 Theoretical Designing: Problems and Opportunities -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Carbon Dioxide Conversion Methods -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Molecular Structure of CO2. , 3 Thermo-Kinetics of CO2 Conversion -- 4 CO2 Conversion Methods and Products -- 4.1 Fischer-Tropsch Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) -- 4.2 Mineralization -- 4.3 Chemical Looping Dry Reforming -- 4.4 Enzymatic Conversion -- 4.5 Photocatalytic and Photo-Electrochemical Conversion -- 4.6 Thermo-Chemical Conversion -- 4.7 Hydrogenation -- 4.8 Reforming -- 5 Economic Assessment of CO2Alteration to Valuable Products -- 5.1 Syngas -- 5.2 Methanol -- 5.3 Formic Acid -- 5.4 Urea -- 5.5 Dimethyl Carbonate (DMC) -- 6 Conclusions and Future Perspective -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Closing the Carbon Cycle -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods to Capture CO2 -- 3 CO2 Capture Technologies -- 4 CO2 Capture from the Air -- 5 Biomass and Waste-Based Chemicals -- 6 Advantages of Biomass-Based Chemicals -- 7 Replacement of Carbon-Based Energy Resources -- 8 Biomass Energy -- 9 Wind Energy -- 10 Solar Energy -- 11 Ocean Energy -- 12 Geothermal Energy -- 13 Hydrothermal Energy -- 14 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Carbon Dioxide Utilization to Energy and Fuel: Hydrothermal CO2 Conversion -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Hydrothermal CO2 Conversion -- 2.1 Metals and Catalysts as Reductant -- 2.2 Organic Wastes as Reductant -- 2.3 Inorganic Wastes as Reductant -- 2.4 Biomass as Reductant -- 3 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Ethylenediamine-Carbonic Anhydrase Complex for CO2 Sequestration -- 1 Introduction -- 2 An Overview of Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) -- 3 Mechanism of Action for Biocarbonate Formation -- 4 Historical Background of Carbonic Anhydrase -- 5 Sources of Carbonic Anhydrase -- 6 Carbonic Anhydrase in Microorganism -- 6.1 Micrococcus Lylae, Micrococcus Luteus, and Pseudomonas Fragi -- 6.2 Bacillus Subtilis and Citrobacter Freundii -- 6.3 Neisseria Gonorrhoeae -- 6.4 Helicobacter Pylori -- 7 Plant Carbonic Anhydrase -- 8 Overview of CO2. , 9 Sources of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) -- 10 Effect of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) -- 11 Carbon Dioxide Capturing -- 12 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Sequestration -- 13 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Sequestration by Carbonic Anhydrase -- 14 Separation System for CO2 Sequestration -- 15 Cryogenic Separation -- 16 Membrane Separation -- 17 Absorption -- 18 Adsorption -- 19 Bioreactors for CO2 Sequestration -- 20 Carbonic Anhydrase Immobilization -- 21 Ethylenediamine for Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Capturing -- 22 CO2 Capturing and Sequestration with Ethylenediamine-Carbonic Anhydrase Complex -- 23 CO2 Capturing and Sequestration Design and Optimization: Challenges and Future Prospects -- 24 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Green Pathway of CO2 Capture -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Molecular Structure of Carbon Dioxide -- 3 CO2 Capture System -- 3.1 Post-Combustion System -- 3.2 Pre-Combustion System -- 3.3 Oxy-Fuel Combustion System -- 4 Absorption Technology -- 4.1 Green Absorption with Ionic Liquids -- 4.1.1 Properties and Uses of Ionic Liquids -- 4.1.2 CO2 Solubility in PILs -- 4.1.3 CO2 Absorption in PILs with Carboxylate Anion -- 4.2 Reaction Mechanism Involved in CO2-Absorption -- 5 Adsorption Technology -- 5.1 Organic Adsorbents -- 5.1.1 Activated Charcoal -- 5.1.2 Biochar -- 5.1.3 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) -- 5.2 Other CO2 Adsorbents -- 5.2.1 Metal Oxide-Based Absorbents -- 5.2.2 Zeolites -- 5.3 Biological Processes of CO2Sequestration -- 5.3.1 Carbon Utilization by Forest and Agricultural Management -- 5.3.2 Ocean Fertilization -- 5.3.3 CO2 Capture by Microalgae -- 5.4 Electrochemical Ways for CO2 Capture -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Carbon Derivatives from CO2 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Artificial Photoreduction -- 3 Electrochemical Reduction -- 4 Hydrogenation -- 5 Synthesis of Organic Carbonates -- 6 Reforming. , 7 Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 with Water.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Nanophotocatalysts for Fuel Production -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Quantum Dot Semiconductors -- 1.3 Synthesis of Quantum Dots -- 1.4 Application of Quantum Dots for Fuel Production -- 1.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Highly Stable Metal Oxide-Based Heterostructured Photocatalysts for an Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production -- 2.1 Photocatalysis -- 2.1.1 Photocatalytic Mechanism -- 2.1.2 Band Edge Positions -- 2.2 Semiconducting Metal Oxides for Photocatalytic Water Splitting -- 2.2.1 Metal Oxide-Based Heterostructured Photocatalysts -- 2.2.1.1 Energy Structure of TiO2 -- 2.2.1.2 Lattice Structure of TiO2 -- 2.3 The Challenges in Photocatalytic H2 Production Using TiO2 Particulate Systems -- 2.4 Strategies for Improving TiO2 Photocatalytic Activity -- 2.4.1 Addition of Sacrificial Reagents -- 2.4.2 TiO2-Based Semiconductors Under UV Light Irradiation -- 2.4.3 Photocatalytic Performance of TiO2 Under Visible Irradiation -- 2.4.4 Functionalization of TiO2 with Carbon Nanomaterials -- 2.4.4.1 Carbon Nanotubes -- 2.4.4.2 Graphene Oxide/Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) -- 2.5 Future Scope/Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Novelty in Designing of Photocatalysts for Water Splitting and CO2 Reduction -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 CO2 Reduction -- 3.2.1 Principles of CO2 Reduction -- 3.2.2 By-Products of CO2 Reduction -- 3.2.3 Synthesis of Nanoparticles -- 3.2.3.1 Doping of Photocatalyst -- 3.2.4 Commercial Challenges of CO2 Reduction -- 3.3 Water Splitting -- 3.3.1 The Basic Principle of Water Splitting -- 3.3.2 Photocatalyst for Water Splitting -- 3.3.2.1 Oxide-Based Photocatalyst -- 3.3.2.2 Nitride-Based Photocatalyst -- 3.3.3 Commercial Challenges of Water Splitting -- 3.4 Conclusion and Way Forward -- References. , Chapter 4: Z-Scheme Photocatalysts for the Reduction of Carbon Dioxide: Recent Advances and Perspectives -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Basic Principles of the Z-Scheme Reduction of CO2 -- 4.3 Advances in Z-Scheme Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 -- 4.3.1 Z-Scheme Systems with Aqueous Shuttle Redox Mediator -- 4.3.2 All-Solid-State Z-Scheme Systems -- 4.3.3 Semiconductor/Metal-Complex Hybrid Z-Scheme Systems -- 4.3.4 Light Harvesting of Photocatalysts Utilized for the Z-Scheme CO2 Reduction -- 4.3.5 Cocatalyst Strategies for Z-Scheme CO2 Reduction -- 4.4 Summary and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 5: Photocatalysts for Artificial Photosynthesis -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 General Photosynthesis Mechanism -- 5.3 Covalently Linked Molecular Systems for Artificial Photosynthesis -- 5.3.1 Porphyrin-Based Donor-Acceptor Molecular Systems -- 5.3.2 Subphthalocyanine-Based Light-Harvesting Complexes -- 5.3.3 BODIPY-Based Light-Harvesting Systems -- 5.4 Supramolecular Artificial Photosynthetic Systems -- 5.4.1 Metal-Ligand Interactions of Porphyrins/Naphthalocyanines with Electron Acceptors -- 5.4.2 Supramolecular Photosynthetic Complexes Via Crown Ether-Ammonium Cation Interactions -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Polymeric Semiconductors as Efficient Photocatalysts for Water Purification and Solar Hydrogen Production -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Photocatalysis -- 6.2.1 Basic Principles of Photocatalytic Reaction -- 6.2.2 Photocatalytic Properties -- 6.2.3 Photocatalytic Mechanism -- 6.3 Photocatalytic Functional Materials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications -- 6.3.1 Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4) -- 6.3.1.1 Synthesis of Polymeric g-C3N4 -- 6.3.1.2 Photocatalytic Mechanism of g-C3N4 -- 6.3.1.3 Photodegradation of Chemical Pollutants Using g-C3N4 -- 6.3.1.4 Graphene Oxide-Based Hybrid Photocatalysts. , 6.3.2 Metal-Organic Framework (MOF)-Based Photocatalysts -- 6.3.2.1 Principles -- 6.3.2.2 Photocatalytic Applications of MOFs -- 6.3.3 TiO2-Based Hybrid Photocatalysts -- 6.3.3.1 Principles -- 6.3.3.2 Different Forms of TiO2 and Its Physicochemical Properties -- 6.3.3.3 Structure of TiO2 -- 6.3.3.4 Photocatalytic Mechanism of TiO2 -- 6.3.3.5 Hybrid Photocatalysts Based on TiO2 and Organic Conjugated Polymers -- 6.3.3.5.1 Properties of Polythiophene -- 6.3.3.5.2 Properties of Polyaniline -- 6.3.3.5.3 Properties of Polypyrrole -- 6.3.3.5.4 Synthesis of TiO2-Based Hybrid Photocatalysts with Different Organic Conjugated Polymers -- 6.3.3.5.5 Characterization of TiO2/Conjugated Polymer-Based Hybrid Catalysts -- 6.3.3.5.6 Antibacterial Activity of Photocatalysts -- 6.3.3.6 Environmental Application of Different Photocatalysts -- 6.3.3.6.1 Water Purification -- 6.3.4 Graphene Oxide (GO)-Based Photocatalyst for Dye Degradation and H2 Evolution -- 6.3.4.1 Photodegradation of Chemical Pollutants -- 6.3.4.2 Hydrogen (H2) Evolution Reaction by g-C3N4-Based Functional Photocatalysts -- 6.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Advances and Innovations in Photocatalysis -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Production -- 7.2.1 Nature of Different Sacrificial Agents and Typical Mechanism of Photoreforming -- 7.2.1.1 Methanol as a Sacrificial Agent -- 7.2.1.2 Ethanol as a Sacrificial Agent -- 7.2.1.3 Glycerol as a Sacrificial Agent -- 7.2.1.4 Glucose as a Sacrificial Agent -- 7.2.2 Hydrogen Production from Photocatalytic Wastewater Treatment -- 7.3 Photocatalysts Developed for the Synthesis of Organic Compounds in Mild Conditions -- 7.3.1 The Starting Point -- 7.3.2 The Effect of Supporting Metal Oxides on Titania on Selectivity -- 7.3.3 The Effect of Titania Dopant -- 7.3.4 The Effect of Titania Surface Area. , 7.3.5 The Effect of Substituting Titania -- 7.3.6 The Effect of Reactor and Illumination -- 7.3.7 Cyclohexanol and Cyclohexanone by Gas-Phase Photocatalytic Oxidation? -- 7.4 Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors -- 7.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 8: Solar Light Active Nano-photocatalysts -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Mechanism of Semiconductor-Mediated Photocatalysis -- 8.2.1 Nano-TiO2 as Photocatalysts -- 8.2.2 Nano-ZnO as Photocatalysts -- 8.2.3 Graphitic Carbon Nitride as Photocatalysts -- 8.2.4 Titanates as Photocatalysts -- 8.2.5 Nano-metal Sulphides as Photocatalysts -- 8.3 Strategies for Making Solar/Visible Light Active Photocatalysts -- 8.3.1 Metal/Non-metal Doping -- 8.3.2 Addition of Photosensitive Materials -- 8.3.3 Construction of Heterojunctions/Composites -- 8.3.4 Construction of Nanohybrid Materials -- 8.3.5 Surface Modification -- 8.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: High-Performance Photocatalysts for Organic Reactions -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Photocatalytic Oxidation of Alcohols -- 9.3 Selective Oxidation and Oxidative Coupling of Amines -- 9.4 Photocatalytic Cyanation -- 9.5 Photocatalytic Cycloaddition and C-C Bond Formation Reactions -- 9.6 Miscellaneous Reactions -- 9.7 Outlook -- 9.8 Conclusion -- References -- Index.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1: Application of Endophyte Microbes for Production of Secondary Metabolites -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Origin and Evolution of Endophytes -- 1.3 Endophyte Diversity -- 1.4 Close Relationship Between Endophytes and Medicinal Herbs -- 1.5 Endophytes and Secondary Metabolites -- 1.6 Terpenoids -- 1.7 Phenolics -- 1.8 Flavonoids -- 1.9 Alkaloids -- 1.10 Glycosides -- 1.11 Saponins -- 1.12 Polyketides -- 1.13 Coumarins -- 1.14 Steroids -- 1.15 Conclusion and Perspectives -- References -- 2: Application of Microbes in Synthesis of Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Basics of Supercapacitors -- 2.1.2 Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors -- 2.1.3 Why Microbes in Energy Storage Devices? -- 2.2 Different Microbes Commonly Used in EES -- 2.2.1 Bacteria -- What so Special About Bacterial Cellulose? -- 2.2.2 Viruses -- 2.2.3 Fungi -- 2.3 Microbes as Bio-templates for Energy Storage Materials -- 2.3.1 Bacteria as Bio-templates -- 2.3.2 Fungi as Bio-templates -- 2.3.3 Viruses as Bio-templates -- 2.4 Microbe-Based Carbon Materials as Supporting Matrix -- 2.5 Microbe-Derived Carbons for Energy Storage Applications -- 2.5.1 Bacteria-Derived Carbons for Energy storage applications -- 2.5.2 Fungi-Derived Carbons for Energy Storage Applications -- 2.5.3 Microbe-Derived Carbon-Based Nanocomposites as Energy Storage Materials -- 2.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- 3: Application of Microbes in Climate-Resilient Crops -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Heat Stress Tolerance -- 3.3 Cold Stress Tolerance -- 3.4 Submergence Stress Tolerance -- 3.5 Salinity and Drought Stress Tolerance -- 3.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- 4: Application of Microbes in Biotechnology, Industry, and Medical Field -- 4.1 Overview of Microorganisms -- 4.1.1 Prokaryotic Microorganisms. , Bacteria -- Archaea -- 4.1.2 Eukaryotic Microorganisms -- Protist -- Fungi -- Virus -- 4.2 Principles -- 4.2.1 Screening for Microbial Products -- Screening Methods -- 4.2.2 Microbial Bioprocess -- Optimization -- Sustainable Technologies -- 4.2.3 Enzymology -- 4.2.4 Gene Manipulation -- Recombinant DNA Technology -- 4.3 Applications -- 4.3.1 Industry -- Food-Fermented Foods -- Improvement of Food Quality -- Improvement Efficiency and Productivity of Process -- Food Additives -- Agroindustry -- Pest in Crops -- Crop Yield and Product Quality -- Construction -- Chemical Industry -- Cleaning -- Bioremediation -- Chemical-Based Cleaning Products -- 4.3.2 Environment -- Wastewater Treatment -- Solid Hazardous Treatment -- Composting -- Anaerobic Digestion -- Metal Recovery -- Microbial Biofuels -- Biomethanol -- Bioethanol -- Butanol -- Biodiesel -- Medical Biotechnology -- 4.4 Conclusions -- References -- 5: Applications of Microbes for Energy -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Microbes for Energy Applications -- 5.2.1 Microbes for Fuel Cells -- 5.2.2 Microbes for Hydrogen Production -- 5.2.3 Microbes for Methane Production -- 5.2.4 Microbes for Ethanol Production -- 5.2.5 Microbes for Biodiesel Production -- 5.2.6 Microbes for Electrosynthesis -- 5.2.7 Microbes for Energy Storage -- 5.3 Conclusion and Future Remarks -- References -- 6: Applications of Microbes in Electric Generation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Different BFC Types -- 6.2.1 DET-BFC -- 6.2.2 MET-BFC -- 6.2.3 EBFC -- 6.2.4 MFC -- 6.3 Electrocatalytic Nanomaterials for EBFC -- 6.3.1 Carbon Materials -- 6.3.2 Metal Nanoparticles -- 6.3.3 Composite Materials -- 6.4 Electrocatalytic Nanomaterials for MFC -- 6.4.1 Electrocatalytic Nanomaterials for MFC Anode -- Carbon Nanomaterials -- Metal Nanomaterials -- Conductive Polymers -- 6.4.2 Electrocatalytic Nanomaterials for MFC Cathode. , Noble Metal-Based Materials -- Non-noble Metal-Based Materials -- 6.5 Summary and Prospect -- References -- 7: Application of Microbes in Household Products -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Household Products -- 7.2.1 Cleaning Product -- 7.2.2 Cosmeceutical -- 7.2.3 Textiles -- 7.2.4 Others -- 7.3 Benefits and Challenges -- 7.4 Conclusion -- References -- 8: Electricity Generation and Wastewater Treatment with Membrane-Less Microbial Fuel Cell -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Electricity Generation -- 8.2.1 Anode and Cathode Electrodes -- Cathode Electrode -- Anode Electrode -- 8.2.2 Effect of Operating Temperature -- 8.2.3 Effect of pH -- 8.2.4 Effect of Substrate Pretreatment -- 8.2.5 Effect of Reactor Design -- 8.2.6 Effect of Electrode Surface Area and Electrode Spacing -- 8.2.7 Effect of Substrate Conductivity -- 8.3 Water Treatment (Substrate) -- 8.4 Conclusion -- References -- 9: Microbes: Applications for Power Generation -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Reduction of the Environmental and Air Pollution -- 9.2.1 Natural Aerosols from Vegetation -- 9.2.2 Landfill Gas -- 9.2.3 Biogas -- Using Leachate of the Waste -- 9.2.4 Biodiesel -- 9.2.5 Bioethanol -- Using Celluloses -- Using Starch -- Using Sugar -- 9.2.6 Sewer -- 9.3 Energy Efficiency -- 9.3.1 Microorganisms -- 9.3.2 Microbial Fuel Cells -- Using Natural Fermentation -- Using Biomass -- Using Domestic Wastewater -- Using Industrial Wastewater -- Using Sewage -- Using Crop Residue -- Using Mud -- Using Biogas Slurry -- 9.3.3 Newer Microbial Fuel Cells -- Using Electronophore (Traditional) -- Using Biochar (Latest) -- 9.3.4 Biogas -- Using Sewage -- Using Animal Waste -- Using Animal Manure -- 9.3.5 Biohydrogen -- 9.4 Availability -- 9.4.1 Biomass -- 9.5 Clean Energy -- 9.5.1 Algae -- 9.5.2 Microbial Biophotovoltaic Cells -- Using Algae -- Using Cyanobacteria -- Using Plant Rhizodeposition. , 9.6 Sustainability -- 9.6.1 Biomass -- Crop Residue -- 9.6.2 Camphor -- 9.7 Conclusion -- 9.8 Future Approach -- References -- 10: Applications of Microbes in Food Industry -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Applications of Microorganisms in Food Industry -- 10.2.1 Baking Industry Applications -- 10.2.2 Alcohol and Beverage Industry Applications -- 10.2.3 Enzyme Production and Its Applications -- 10.2.4 Production of Amino Acids -- 10.2.5 Microbial Detergents as Food Stain Removers -- 10.2.6 Dairy Industry Applications -- 10.2.7 Pigment Production -- 10.2.8 Organic Acid Production -- 10.2.9 Aroma and Flavouring Agents Production -- 10.2.10 Miscellaneous Applications -- Xanthan Gum Production -- Ripening Process -- Food Grade Paper Production -- Single-Cell Protein -- Applications in Other Foods -- 10.3 Summary -- References -- 11: Applications of Microbes in Human Health -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Human Microbiome -- 11.3 Probiotics -- 11.4 Properties of Probiotics -- 11.5 Probiotics Mechanism of Action -- 11.6 Oral Probiotics -- 11.6.1 Probiotics in Preventing Dental Caries Progression -- 11.6.2 Probiotics in Prevention of Gingival Inflammation -- 11.6.3 Probiotics in Prevention of Periodontal Diseases -- 11.7 Probiotics in Halitosis -- 11.7.1 Probiotics in Oral Mucositis -- 11.7.2 Benefits of Probiotics in General Health -- 11.7.3 Anti-Inflammatory Property -- 11.8 Antimicrobial Properties -- 11.9 Antioxidant Properties -- 11.10 Anticancer Properties -- 11.10.1 Probiotics in Treatment of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections -- 11.10.2 Probiotics in Treatment of Urogenital Infections -- 11.10.3 Probiotics in Improvement of Intestinal Health -- 11.10.4 Probiotics in Treatment of Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy Induced Diarrhea -- 11.10.5 Probiotics in Treatment of Anemia -- 11.11 Treatment and Prevention of Obesity -- 11.12 Probiotics as Immunomodulator. , 11.13 Conclusion -- References -- 12: Applications of Microbes in Soil Health Maintenance for Agricultural Applications -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Microbial Sources -- 12.2.1 Microalgae and Cyanobacteria -- 12.2.2 Fungi -- 12.2.3 Bacteria -- 12.3 Applications of Microbes -- 12.3.1 Plant Growth Regulators -- 12.3.2 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) -- 12.3.3 Biotic Elicitors -- 12.3.4 Bioremediation -- 12.3.5 Biocontrol -- 12.3.6 Different Types of Microbes -- 12.4 Healthy Soil and Eco-Friendly Environment -- 12.4.1 Biofertilizers -- 12.4.2 Biopesticides -- 12.4.3 Bioherbicides -- 12.4.4 Bioinsecticides -- 12.5 Microbiome and Sustainable Agriculture -- 12.5.1 Benefits of Mycorrhizal Fungi -- 12.5.2 Soil and Environmental Health -- 12.6 Conclusion -- References -- 13: Co-functional Activity of Microalgae: Biological Wastewater Treatment and Bio-fuel Production -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Wastewater Treatment Using Microalgae -- 13.2.1 Wastewater Composition -- 13.2.2 Nutrient Removal -- Influence of Additives in Wastewater on Nutrient Removal by Microalgae -- 13.2.3 Heavy Metal Removal -- 13.3 Microalgae Cultivation and Harvesting -- 13.3.1 Open Ponds -- 13.3.2 Closed System (Photobioreactor PBRs) -- 13.3.3 Hybrid System -- 13.3.4 Harvesting Techniques -- 13.4 Bio-refinery -- 13.5 Bio-fuel Production Using Microalgae -- 13.5.1 Thermochemical Conversion -- 13.5.2 Biochemical Conversion/Fermentation -- 13.5.3 Chemical Reaction/Transesterification -- 13.5.4 Direct Combustion -- 13.6 Sustainability of Energy from Microalgae -- 13.7 Conclusions -- References -- 14: Microalgae Application in Chemicals, Enzymes, and Bioactive Molecules -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Microalgae-Based Products -- 14.2.1 Chemical Products -- 14.2.2 Bioactive Molecules -- 14.3 Microalgae Enzymes -- 14.4 Industrial Applications of Microalgae. , 14.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Foreword -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: Analytical Methods for the Determination of Heavy Metals in Water -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Total Concentration and Speciation Analysis -- 1.3 Health and Legislation -- 1.4 Sample Preparation for Elemental Analysis of Heavy Metals -- 1.4.1 Solid-Phase Extraction -- 1.4.1.1 Classic Solid-Phase Extraction -- 1.4.1.1.1 Modern Sorbents for Classic Solid-Phase Extraction -- 1.4.1.1.2 Micro Solid-Phase Extraction -- 1.4.1.2 Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction -- 1.4.1.2.1 Dispersion Techniques -- 1.4.1.2.2 Modern Sorbents for Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction and Dispersive Micro-Solid Phase Extraction -- Nanostructured Materials -- Hybrid Materials -- 1.4.1.3 Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction -- 1.4.1.3.1 Advanced Magnetic Sorbents -- 1.4.2 Liquid-Liquid Extraction -- 1.4.2.1 Modern Solvents Used in Liquid-Liquid Extraction -- 1.4.2.1.1 Non-ionic or Zwitterionic Surfactants -- 1.4.2.1.2 Ionic Liquids -- 1.4.2.1.3 Deep Eutectic Solvents -- 1.4.2.2 Novel Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Techniques -- 1.4.2.2.1 Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Techniques -- 1.4.2.2.2 In-Situ Phase Separation Techniques -- 1.4.2.2.3 Cloud Point Extraction -- 1.4.2.2.4 Non-dispersive Microextraction Techniques -- 1.4.2.3 Liquid-Liquid Extraction in Flow Analysis -- 1.5 Analytical Techniques for Heavy Metal Detection -- 1.5.1 Spectroscopic Techniques -- 1.5.1.1 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy -- 1.5.1.2 Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry -- 1.5.1.3 Atomic Emission Spectrometry -- 1.5.1.4 Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry -- 1.5.1.4.1 Single Particle Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry -- 1.5.1.5 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy -- 1.5.1.6 X-Ray Fluorescence -- 1.5.1.7 UV-Vis Spectrophotometry -- 1.5.2 Electrochemical Techniques -- 1.5.2.1 Potentiostatic Techniques. , 1.5.2.1.1 Amperometry -- 1.5.2.1.2 Chronocoulometry -- 1.5.2.1.3 Voltammetric Techniques -- 1.5.2.2 Galvanostatic Stripping Chronopotentiometry -- 1.5.2.3 Electrochemiluminescence -- 1.5.3 Other Methods -- 1.5.3.1 Ion Chromatography -- 1.5.3.2 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy -- 1.5.3.3 Bio Methods -- 1.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 2: Olive-Oil Waste for the Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Olive Tree Pruning as Biosorbent of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solutions -- 2.2.1 Characterization -- 2.2.2 Biosorption Tests -- 2.3 Olive Stone as Biosorbent of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solutions -- 2.3.1 Characterization -- 2.3.2 Biosorption Tests -- 2.4 Olive Pomace and Olive-Cake as Biosorbents of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solutions -- 2.4.1 Characterization -- 2.4.2 Biosorption Tests -- 2.5 Other Valorization Opportunities for Olive-Oil Waste -- 2.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Metal Oxide Composites for Heavy Metal Ions Removal -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Issues in Environmental Remediation -- 3.3 Different Types of Magnetic Sorbents -- 3.3.1 Iron Oxide Modified Nanoparticle -- 3.3.2 Zeolite -- 3.3.3 Silica -- 3.3.4 Polymer Functionalization -- 3.3.5 Chitosan and Alginate -- 3.3.6 Activated Carbon -- 3.3.7 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) and Graphene -- 3.3.8 Agricultural Wastes -- 3.4 Case Studies -- 3.4.1 Characterization -- 3.4.2 Factors Affecting Sorption Processes -- 3.4.3 Agro-Based Magnetic Biosorbents Recovery and Reusability -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Materials for Heavy Metal Removal -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Heavy Metal Ions Removal Mechanism -- 4.2.1 Surface Complexation -- 4.2.2 Van der Waals Interaction -- 4.2.3 Ion Exchange -- 4.3 Different Types of Two-Dimensional Material for Heavy Metal Removal. , 4.3.1 Graphene-Based Two-Dimensional Materials -- 4.3.1.1 Structure -- 4.3.1.2 Graphene-Based Materials for Heavy Metal Removal -- 4.3.2 Dichalcogenides -- 4.3.2.1 Structure -- 4.3.2.2 Molybdenum Disulfide for Heavy Metal Removal -- 4.3.3 MXenes -- 4.3.3.1 Structure -- 4.3.3.2 MXenes for Heavy Metal Removal -- 4.3.4 Clay Minerals -- 4.3.4.1 Structure -- 4.3.4.2 Clay Mineral for Heavy Metal Removal -- 4.3.5 Layered Double Hydroxides -- 4.3.5.1 Structure -- 4.3.5.2 Layered Double Hydroxides for Heavy Metal Removal -- 4.3.6 Layered Zeolites -- 4.3.6.1 Structure -- 4.3.6.2 Layered Zeolites for Heavy Metal Removal -- 4.3.7 Other Two-Dimensional Materials -- 4.4 Heavy Metal Removal Other than Adsorption -- 4.5 Conclusions and Perspectives -- Appendix: List of Two-Dimensional Materials that Mentioned in this Chapter for Heavy Metal Removal and their Removal Capacities -- References -- Chapter 5: Membranes for Heavy Metals Removal -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Electrodialysis -- 5.2.1 Electrodialysis Applied to Metal Removal -- 5.2.2 Principle -- 5.2.3 Evaluation and Control Parameters -- 5.2.4 Use in Electroplating Industry -- 5.2.4.1 Zinc -- 5.2.4.2 Chromium -- 5.2.4.3 Copper -- 5.2.4.4 Nickel -- 5.2.5 Use in Mining and Mineral Processing Industry -- 5.2.6 Final Considerations -- References -- Chapter 6: Metal Oxides for Removal of Heavy Metal Ions -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Adsorption Methods -- 6.3 Metal Oxides for the Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Water -- 6.3.1 Titanium Dioxide -- 6.3.2 Manganese Dioxide -- 6.3.3 Iron Oxide -- 6.3.4 Aluminum Oxide -- 6.3.5 Binary Metal Oxides -- 6.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Organic-Inorganic Ion Exchange Materials for Heavy Metal Removal from Water -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Ion Exchange Process -- 7.3 Ion Exchange Materials -- 7.3.1 Inorganic Ion Exchangers -- 7.3.2 Organic Ion Exchangers. , 7.4 Heavy Metal Removal with Ion Exchange Materials -- 7.4.1 Lead (II) Removal from Wastewater with Organic-Inorganic Ion Exchangers -- 7.4.2 Mercury (II) Removal from Waste Water with Organic-Inorganic Ion Exchangers -- 7.4.3 Cadmium (II) Removal from Wastewater with Organic-Inorganic Ion Exchangers -- 7.4.4 Nickel (II) Removal from Wastewater with Organic-Inorganic Ion Exchangers -- 7.4.5 Chromium (III, VI) Removal from Wastewater with Organic-Inorganic Ion Exchangers -- 7.4.6 Copper (II) Removal from Wastewater with Organic-Inorganic Ion Exchangers -- 7.4.7 Zinc (II) Removal from Wastewater with Organic-Inorganic Ion Exchangers -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Low-Cost Technology for Heavy Metal Cleaning from Water -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Sources and Impact -- 8.3 Different Routes of Contamination -- 8.4 Conventional Water Treatment Methods -- 8.4.1 Preliminary Treatment -- 8.4.2 Secondary Water Treatment -- 8.4.3 Tertiary Water Treatment -- 8.4.4 Membrane Filtration -- 8.5 Advanced Technology for Heavy Metal Ion Removal -- 8.5.1 Nano-Adsorption -- 8.5.2 Molecularly-Imprinted Polymers -- 8.5.3 Layered Double Hydroxides (LDH) and Covalent-Organic Framework (COF) -- 8.5.4 Emerging Membrane Technologies -- 8.6 Low-Cost and Biotechnological Approaches -- 8.6.1 Biosorption -- 8.6.2 Microbial Remediation -- 8.6.3 Biotechnological Strategies -- 8.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Use of Nanomaterials for Heavy Metal Remediation -- 9.1 General Introduction -- 9.2 Heavy Metals in the Environment -- 9.2.1 Characteristics of Selected Heavy Metals -- 9.3 Wastewater Treatment -- 9.4 Nanomaterials -- 9.4.1 Clay Minerals -- 9.4.2 Layered Double Hydroxide and Their Mixed-Oxides Counterparts -- 9.4.3 Zeolites -- 9.4.4 Two-dimensional Early Transition Metal Carbides and Carbonitrides -- 9.4.5 Metal Based Nanoparticles. , 9.4.5.1 Zero-valent Metals -- 9.4.5.2 Metal Oxides -- 9.4.6 Carbon-based Materials -- 9.4.6.1 Carbon Nanotubes -- 9.4.6.2 Fullerenes -- 9.4.6.3 Graphene -- 9.4.6.4 Graphene Oxide -- 9.4.6.5 Reduced Graphene Oxide -- 9.4.6.6 Graphitic Carbon Nitride -- 9.4.7 Metal Organic Frameworks -- 9.5 Disadvantages of Using Nanomaterials -- 9.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Ecoengineered Approaches for the Remediation of Polluted River Ecosystems -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Occurrence of Pollutants, Emerging Contaminants and Their Riverine Fates -- 10.3 Hazardous Effects of Water Contaminants on Aquatic and Terrestrial Biota -- 10.4 Historic Concepts of River Bioremediation -- 10.5 Physico-chemical River Remediation Methods -- 10.6 Eco-engineered River Water Remediation Technologies -- 10.6.1 Plant Based River Remediation Systems -- 10.6.1.1 Constructed Wetlands -- 10.6.1.2 Ecological Floating Wetlands, Beds and Islands -- 10.6.1.3 Eco-tanks -- 10.6.1.4 Bio-racks -- 10.6.2 Microorganisms Based River Remediation Systems -- 10.6.2.1 Biofilm Based Eco-engineered Treatment Systems -- 10.6.2.1.1 Bio-filters in River Bioremediation -- 10.6.2.2 Periphyton Based Technologies -- 10.7 In Situ Emerging Integrated Systems for the River Bioremediation -- 10.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 11: Ballast Water Definition, Components, Aquatic Invasive Species, Control and Management and Treatment Technologies -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Component of Ballast Water -- 11.3 Aquatic Invasive Species -- 11.4 The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments -- 11.5 IMO Standards for Ballast Water Quality -- 11.6 Management Options of Ballast Water -- 11.7 Ballast Water Treatment Technologies -- 11.7.1 Mechanical Treatment -- 11.7.2 Physical Treatment -- 11.7.2.1 Ultrasound and Cavitation. , 11.7.3 Chemical Treatment.