Note: Intro -- Contents -- 1 Biomass-Derived Polyurethanes for Sustainable Future -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Chemicals for Preparation of Polyurethanes -- 1.2 Importance of Green Chemicals and Synthesis Methods -- 1.3 Characteristics of Biomaterials for Polyurethanes -- 2 Bio-Oils as a Renewable Resource for Polyurethanes -- 2.1 Epoxidation and Ring-Opening Reactions -- 2.2 Hydroformation and Hydrogenation Reactions -- 2.3 Ozonolysis -- 2.4 Thiol-Ene Reaction -- 2.5 Transesterification Reaction -- 3 Terpenes as Green Starting Chemicals for Polyurethanes -- 4 Lignin for Green Polymers -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Mechanochemistry: A Power Tool for Green Synthesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 History of Mechanochemistry -- 3 Principles of Mechanochemistry -- 3.1 Mechanisms and Kinetics of Mechanochemistry -- 3.2 Effects of Reaction Parameters -- 4 Mechanochemical Synthesis of Materials -- 4.1 Mechanochemical Synthesis of Co-crystals -- 4.2 Mechanochemistry in Inorganic Synthesis -- 4.3 Mechanochemistry in Organic Synthesis -- 4.4 Mechanochemistry in Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) -- 4.5 Mechanochemistry in Porous Organic Materials (POMs) -- 4.6 Mechanochemical Synthesis of Polymers -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Future Trends in Green Synthesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Green Chemistry Metrics -- 2.1 Atom Economy (AE) -- 2.2 Environmental Factor (E Factor) -- 2.3 Process Mass Intensity (PMI) -- 2.4 Reaction Mass Efficiency (RME) -- 3 Application of Green Concept in Synthesis -- 3.1 Solvent-Based Organic Synthesis -- 3.2 Aqueous Medium -- 3.2.1 Micellar Media -- 3.2.2 Different Non-Aqueous Media -- Ionic Liquids -- Fluorous Media -- Supercritical Fluid -- Solvent-Free Synthesis -- 4 Future Trends -- References -- 4 Plant-Mediated Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Methods for Metallic Nanoparticle Biosynthesis -- 3 Green Biosynthesis of Metallic NPs -- 3.1 Gold Nanoparticles -- 3.2 Platinum Nanoparticles -- 3.3 Silver Nanoparticles -- 3.4 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles -- 3.5 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles -- 4 Different Parts Used for the Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles -- 4.1 Fruit -- 4.2 Stem -- 4.3 Seeds -- 4.4 Flowers -- 4.5 Leaves -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Green Synthesis of Hierarchically Structured Metal and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Advantages of Green Synthesis Methods -- 3 Green Synthesis Methods for Hierarchically Structured Metal and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials -- 3.1 Biological Methods -- 3.1.1 Using Microorganism -- Microorganisms as Reactant -- Microorganism as Template -- 3.1.2 Using Plant -- Plant as Reactant -- Plant as Template -- 3.1.3 Using Other Green Templates -- 3.2 Physical and Chemical Methods -- 3.2.1 Green Techniques -- 3.2.2 Green Reagents -- 3.2.3 Green Solvents -- 4 Growth Mechanism of Metal and Metal Oxide HSNs -- 4.1 Biological Method -- 4.1.1 Biomolecules as Reagents -- 4.1.2 Biomolecules as Templates -- 4.2 Physical and Chemical Methods -- 5 Applications of Hierarchically Structured Metal and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials -- 5.1 Biomedical Application -- 5.2 Environmental Remediation -- 5.2.1 Wastewater Treatment -- 5.2.2 Energy Storage -- 5.2.3 Sensing -- 6 Present Challenges and Future Prospect -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Bioprivileged Molecules -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Four Carbon 1,4-Diacids -- 2.1 Succinic Acid -- 2.2 Fumaric Acid -- 2.3 Malic Acid -- 3 Furan 2,5-Dicarboxylic Acid (FDCA) -- 4 3-Hydroxypropionic Acid (3-HPA) -- 5 Glucaric Acid -- 6 Glycerol -- 7 Aspartic Acid -- 8 Itaconic Acid -- 9 3-Hydroxybutyrolactone -- 10 Sorbitol -- 11 Xylitol -- 12 Glutamic Acid -- 13 Levulinic Acid. , 14 Emerging Molecules -- 15 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Membrane Reactors for Green Synthesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Chemical Reaction Enzymatic MR Using Supercritical CO2-IL -- 2.1 Ionic Liquid Media Effect on Free CLAB -- 2.2 Butyl Propionate Synthesis Using Active Membranes SC-CO2 and SC-CO2/IL -- 2.3 Butyl Propionate Synthesis Using Active Membranes in Hexane/IL -- 3 Mixed Ionic Electronic MR -- 3.1 Methane Flow Rate and Concentration Effects on Side II of Membrane -- 3.2 Steam Flow Effect on Side I of Membrane -- 3.3 Temperature Effect -- 4 Green Synthesis of Methanol in a Membrane Reactor -- 5 Green Fuel Energy -- 5.1 Green H2 Energy -- 5.2 Biofuel Energy -- 5.3 Green Fuel Additive -- 6 Biocatalyst Membrane Reactors -- 7 Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Application of Membrane in Reaction Engineering for Green Synthesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Applications of Membrane Reactors in Reaction Engineering -- 2.1 Syngas Production -- 2.2 Hydrogen Production -- 2.3 CO2 Thermal Decomposition -- 2.4 Higher Hydrocarbon Production -- 2.5 Methane Production -- 2.6 Ammonia Production -- 3 Environmental Impacts -- 4 Conclusions and Future Recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Photo-Enzymatic Green Synthesis: The Potential of Combining Photo-Catalysis and Enzymes -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Principle -- 3 Enzymes Involved in Light-Driven Catalysis -- 3.1 Heme-Containing Enzymes -- 3.1.1 Cytochrome P450 -- 3.1.2 Peroxidases -- 3.2 Flavin-Based Enzyme -- 3.2.1 Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenases -- 3.2.2 Old Yellow Enzymes -- 3.3 Metal Cluster-Centered Enzyme -- 3.3.1 Hydrogenases -- 3.3.2 Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenases -- 4 Nanoparticle-Based Activation of Enzyme -- 5 Applications in Photo-Biocatalysis -- 5.1 Isolated Enzymes/Cell Lysates -- 6 Summary and Future Scope -- References. , 10 Biomass-Derived Carbons and Their Energy Applications -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Types of Biomass Materials -- 2.1 Plant-Based Carbons -- 2.2 Fruit-Based Carbons -- 2.3 Animal-Based Carbons -- 2.4 Microorganism-Based Carbons -- 3 Activation of Biomass-Derived Carbons -- 3.1 Activation of Carbons -- 3.1.1 Chemical Activation of Carbons -- 3.1.2 Carbon Activation Through Physical Method -- 3.1.3 Self-activation of Carbons -- 3.2 Pyrolysis Techniques -- 3.2.1 Effect of Temperature -- 3.2.2 Effect of Residence Time -- 3.2.3 Heating Rate Effect -- 3.2.4 Size of the Particle -- 3.3 Microwave-Assisted Technique -- 3.4 Carbonization by Hydrothermal -- 3.5 Ionothermal Carbonization -- 3.6 Template Method -- 4 Energy Storage Applications of Biomass Carbons -- 4.1 Supercapacitors -- 4.2 Li/Na-Ion Batteries -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials via Electrochemical Method -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Green Synthesis -- 2.1 Application of Biology in Green Synthesis -- 2.2 Green Synthesis Based on the Application of Solvent -- 3 Computational Data and Analysis -- 4 Electrochemical Method -- 5 Electrodeposition Method -- 5.1 Experimental Setup for Electrodeposition -- 6 Research Work: Using Green Electrochemical Methods for Nanomaterials Synthesis -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Microwave-Irradiated Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine Class of Bio-heterocycles: Green Avenues and Sustainable Developments -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of 2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines [Abbreviated as 2-Aryl-IPs]. -- 2.1 Synthesis of Fused Bicyclic Heteroaryl Boronates and Imidazopyridine-Quinazoline Hybrids Under MW-irradiations -- 2.2 MW-Irradiated Synthesis of IPs Using Multi-Component Strategy Under Neat Conditions. , 2.3 One-Pot, Three-Component Synthesis of 2-Phenyl-H-Imidazo[1,2-α]pyridine Under MW-Irradiations -- 2.4 Microwave-Assisted Amine-Triggered Benzannulation Strategy for the Preparation of 2,8-Diaryl-6-Aminoimidazo-[1,2-a]pyridines -- 2.5 MW-Assisted NaHCO3-catalyzed Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines in PEG400 Media and Its Practical Application in the Synthesis of 2,3-Diaryl-IP Class of Bio-Heterocycles -- 2.6 MW-Irradiated, Ligand-Free, Palladium-Catalyzed, One-Pot 3-component Reaction for an Efficient Preparation of 2,3-Diarylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines -- 2.7 MW-Assisted Water-PEG400-mediated Synthesis of 2-Phenyl-IP via Multi-Component Reaction (MCR) -- 2.8 Microwave-Irradiated Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines Under Neat, Catalyst-Free Conditions -- 2.9 Green Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines in H2O -- 2.10 Microwave-Assisted Neat Synthesis of Substituted 2-Arylimidazo[1,2-a]Pyridines -- 2.11 Microwave-Assisted Nano SiO2 Neat Synthesis of Substituted 2-Arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines -- 2.12 Microwave-Assisted NaHCO3-Catalyzed Synthesis of 2-phenyl-IPs -- 3 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of 3-amino-2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines [3-amino-2-aryl-IPs] -- 3.1 Microwave-Irradiated Synthesis of 3-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines via Fluorous Multi-component Pathway -- 3.2 MW-Irradiated Synthetic Protocol for 3-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines via MCR Pathway -- 3.3 MW-Assisted Sequential Ugi/Strecker Reactions Involving 3-Center-4-Component and 3-Center-5-Component MCR Strategy -- 3.4 One-Pot, 4-component Cyclization/Suzuki Coupling Leading to the Rapid Formation of 2,6-Disubstituted-3-Amino-IPs Under Microwave Irradiations -- 3.5 ZnCl2-catalyzed MCR of 3-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines Using MW Conditions -- 3.6 Microwave-Promoted Preparation of N-(3-arylmethyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-Yl)Benzamides. , 3.7 MW-Assisted Multi-component Neat Synthesis of Benzimidazolyl-Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Green Approach: Microbes for Removal of Dyes and Metals via Ion Binding -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Pollutants in the Environment -- 1.2.1 Toxic Metals -- 1.2.2 Triphenylmethane Dyes -- 1.3 Bioremediation Approaches in Removing Pollutants -- 1.3.1 Non-microbial Strategies -- 1.3.2 Microbial-Based Strategies -- 1.4 Mechanisms for Removal of Pollutant Ions -- 1.4.1 Mechanisms for Removal of Metal Ions -- 1.4.2 Mechanisms for Removal of Dyes -- 1.5 Innovations in the Removal of Pollutant Ions -- 1.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Removal of Heavy Metal from Wastewater Using Ion Exchange Membranes -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Heavy Metal -- 2.2.1 Chromium -- 2.2.2 Nickel -- 2.2.3 Copper -- 2.2.4 Zinc -- 2.2.5 Cadmium -- 2.2.6 Mercury -- 2.2.7 Lead -- 2.3 Physical Treatment Methods -- 2.3.1 Ultrafiltration -- 2.3.2 Nanofiltration -- 2.3.3 Reverse Osmosis -- 2.3.4 Forward Osmosis -- 2.3.5 Adsorption -- 2.4 Chemical Treatment Methods -- 2.4.1 Electrodialysis Method -- 2.4.2 Fuel Cell Method -- 2.5 Remaining Challenges and Perspectives -- 2.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Separation and Purification of Uncharged Molecules -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Separation and Purification of Vitamin B12 -- 3.2.1 Downstream Processing of Vitamin B12 for Measurement -- 3.3 Separation and Purification of Haemoglobin -- 3.4 Separation and Purification of Uncharged Dyes -- 3.4.1 Purification and Separation of Dyes -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Aluminosilicate Inorganic Polymers (Geopolymers): Emerging Ion Exchangers for Removal of Metal Ions -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Methodology and Calculations -- 4.2.1 Terminology: Ion Exchange or Adsorption -- 4.2.2 Evidence for Ion Exchange. , 4.2.3 Modeling of Adsorption of Metal Ions on Geopolymers -- 4.2.4 Geopolymer Preparation -- 4.2.5 Washing of the Geopolymeric Adsorbent -- 4.2.6 Comparison Between Geopolymers and Zeolites -- 4.2.7 Geopolymers as Ion Exchangers -- 4.2.7.1 Geopolymers as Ion Exchangers for Alkali Metal Ions -- 4.2.7.2 Geopolymers as Ion Exchangers for Ammonium Ion -- 4.2.7.3 Geopolymers as Ion Exchangers for Alkaline Earth Metals -- 4.2.7.4 Geopolymers as Ion Exchangers for Heavy Metals -- Metakaolin-Based Geopolymers -- Fly Ash-Based Geopolymers -- Zeolite-Based Geopolymers -- 4.2.7.5 Geopolymers as Ion Exchangers/Adsorbents for Cationic Organic Dyes -- 4.2.8 Comparison of Geopolymers with Zeolites -- 4.2.8.1 Synthesis Conditions -- 4.2.8.2 Crystallinity -- 4.2.8.3 Surface Area and Porosity -- 4.2.8.4 Cation Exchange Capacity -- 4.2.8.5 Selectivity for Metal Ions -- 4.2.8.6 Stability in Acidic Solutions -- 4.2.8.7 Thermal Stability -- 4.2.8.8 Mechanical Strength -- 4.2.8.9 Regeneration -- 4.2.9 Stabilization/Solidification/Encapsulation of Ion Exchangers in Geopolymers -- 4.3 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 5 Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis of Agglomerated Spherical Zirconium Phosphate for Removal of Cs+ and Sr2+ Ions from Aqueous System -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Materials and Methods -- 5.2.1 Preparation of Agglomerated Spherical Zirconium Phosphate -- 5.2.2 Characterization -- 5.2.3 Ion Exchange Properties -- 5.2.4 Elution Behaviour -- 5.2.5 Distribution Studies -- 5.3 Results and Discussion -- 5.3.1 Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Characterization -- 5.3.2 Powder X-ray Diffraction Studies -- 5.3.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive (EDS) Characterization -- 5.3.4 Zeta and Surface Area Analysis -- 5.3.5 Ion Exchange Characteristics -- 5.3.6 Mechanism of Sr2+ Interaction with Zirconium Phosphate -- 5.4 Conclusion. , Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Metal Hexacyanoferrates: Ion Insertion (or Exchange) Capabilities -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Ion Exchange -- 6.2.1 Ion Exchange in MHCF at Work: Potentiometric Ion Sensors -- 6.2.2 An Ion Exchange-Based Approach for the Recovery of Metal Ions: The Case of Cesium and Thallium -- 6.2.3 Electrochemically Driven Ion Exchange -- 6.2.4 Reversible Ion Insertion in Battery Systems -- 6.3 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Biosorbents and Composite Cation Exchanger for the Treatment of Heavy Metals -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Agro-Based Biosorbents for Heavy Metal Removal -- 7.3 Biopolymers -- 7.3.1 Functional Groups -- 7.3.2 Cellulose -- 7.3.3 Chitosan -- 7.3.4 Nanofiber Membranes and Packed-Bed Adsorbers -- 7.4 Composite Ion Exchangers -- 7.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook -- References -- 8 Rare Earth Elements-Separation Methods Yesterday and Today -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Rare Earth Elements -- 8.2.1 General Characteristics -- 8.2.2 The Occurrence of Rare Earth Elements -- 8.2.3 Physicochemical Properties of Rare Earth Elements -- 8.2.4 Application of Rare Earth Metals -- 8.2.5 Production and Consumption of Rare Earth Elements in the World -- 8.3 Rare Earth Element Recovery from Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries -- 8.4 Rare Earth Element Recovery from Permanent Magnets -- 8.5 Separation of High-Purity Rare Earth Elements -- 8.5.1 Separations of Rare Earth Elements of High Purity Using Cation Exchangers -- 8.5.2 Separations of Rare Earth Elements of High Purity Using Anion Exchangers -- 8.5.3 Separations of Rare Earth Elements of High Purity Using Chelating Ion Exchangers -- 8.6 Current Technologies -- 8.7 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Sequestration of Heavy Metals from Industrial Wastewater Using Composite Ion Exchangers -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Ion-Exchange Materials. , 9.2.1 Organic Materials -- 9.2.2 Inorganic Materials -- 9.2.3 Composite Materials -- 9.2.3.1 Hybrid Materials -- 9.2.3.2 Nanocomposite -- 9.3 Mechanism of Ion-Exchange Process -- 9.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Applications of Organic Ion Exchange Resins in Water Treatment -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Removal of Heavy Metals -- 10.3 Removal of Organics -- 10.3.1 Natural Organic Matter (NOM) -- 10.3.2 Disinfection by-Products (DBPs) -- 10.3.3 Surfactants -- 10.3.4 Pharmaceuticals -- 10.3.5 Dyes -- 10.3.6 Small Organic Matter -- 10.4 Desalination -- 10.5 Boron Removal -- 10.6 Removal of Anions -- 10.7 Removal of Cations -- 10.7.1 Hardness -- 10.7.2 Ammonium -- 10.8 Conclusions -- References.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- 1 Chemical Valorization of CO2 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 CO2-Derived Fuels and Chemicals -- 2.1 Methane -- 2.2 Methanol -- 2.3 Dimethyl Ether -- 2.4 Formic Acid -- 2.5 Ethanol -- 2.6 CO2-Fischer-Tropsch Liquid Fuels -- 2.7 Carbon Monoxide-Syngas -- 3 CO2 Chemically Derived Materials -- 3.1 Polymers -- 3.2 CO2-Derived Building Materials -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Progress in Catalysts for CO2 Reforming -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Technologies for Capturing and Storing Carbon Dioxide -- 3 Technologies for Using Carbon Dioxide -- 4 Methane Dry Reforming Process -- 4.1 Progress in Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming (1928-1989) -- 4.2 Progress in Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming (1990-1999) -- 4.3 Progress in Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming (2000-2009) -- 4.4 Progress in Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming (2010-2019) -- 4.5 Current Status in the Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming -- 5 Dry Reforming of Other Compounds -- 6 Use of Steam or Oxygen in Dry Reforming of Methane and Other Compounds -- 7 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Fueled with Biogas -- 8 Commercialization of Dry Reforming Process -- 9 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Fuel Generation from CO2 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Approaches for Directly Converting CO2 to Fuels -- 2.1 Pure CO2 Decomposition Technology -- 2.2 Reagent-Based CO2 Conversion Technology -- 2.2.1 Dry Deformation of Methane Technology -- 2.2.2 Catalytic Hydrogenation of CO2 -- 3 Biological CO2 Fixation for Fuels -- 3.1 Thermochemical Conversion -- 3.1.1 Torrefaction -- 3.1.2 Pyrolysis -- 3.1.3 Thermochemical Liquefaction -- 3.1.4 Gasification -- 3.1.5 Direct Combustion -- 3.2 Biochemical Conversion -- 3.2.1 Biodiesel -- 3.2.2 Bioethanol -- 3.2.3 Biomethane -- 3.2.4 Biohydrogen -- 3.2.5 Bioelectricity -- 3.2.6 Volatile Organic Compounds. , 4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- 4 Thermodynamics of CO2 Conversion -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Carbon Dioxide Capture -- 3 Carbon Dioxide Utilisations -- 4 Thermodynamic Considerations -- 5 Thermodynamics of CO2 -- 5.1 The Thermodynamic Attainable Region (AR) -- 5.2 Using Hess's Law to Transform the Extents to G-H AR @ 25˚C -- 5.3 Increasing Temperature on G-H AR -- 6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Enzymatic CO2 Conversion -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 CO2 as a Greenhouse Gas -- 1.2 Carbon Capture, Storage, and Utilization -- 1.3 CO2 as a Chemical Feedstock -- 1.4 CO2 Conversion with Enzymes -- 2 Natural Conversion of CO2 in Cells -- 3 Enzymatic Conversion of CO2 in Cells -- 3.1 Conversion of CO2 by a Single Enzyme (in vitro) -- 3.1.1 Formate Dehydrogenase -- 3.1.2 Carbonic Anhydrase -- 3.1.3 Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenase -- 3.1.4 Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase (RuBisCO) -- 3.2 Conversion of CO2 by a Multi-Enzyme Cascade in vitro -- 3.3 Other Ways (Photocatalytic CO2 Methanation) -- 4 Industrial Applications -- 4.1 Alcohols -- 4.2 Organic Acids -- 4.3 Terpenoids -- 4.4 Fatty Acids -- 4.5 Polyhydroxyalkanoates -- 4.6 Calcium Carbonate -- 5 Summary and Future Prospects -- References -- 6 Electrochemical CO2 Conversion -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Electrochemical CO2 Conversion -- 2.1 Fundamentals of the Process -- 2.2 Variants of Electrochemical Conversion of CO2 -- 2.2.1 Aqueous Electrolytes -- 2.2.2 Non-Aqueous Electrolytes -- 2.2.3 Solid Oxide Electrolytes -- 2.2.4 Molten Salt Electrolytes -- 3 Electrochemical CO2 Conversion from Molten Salts -- 3.1 Present State of Electrochemical Reduction of CO2in Molten Salts for the Production of Solid-Phase Carbonaceous Nanomaterials -- 3.2 Direct Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 in Chloride Melts. , 3.3 Indirect Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 in Molten Salts -- 3.4 The Mechanisms of Electrode Reactions Occurring at the Cathode and Anode -- 3.5 Prospects for CO2 Conversion in Molten Salts -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Mediated Organic Transformations -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Applications of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide -- 2.1 Hydrogenation Reactions -- 2.2 Asymmetric Hydrogenation Reactions -- 2.3 Diels-Alder Reaction -- 2.4 Coupling Reaction -- 2.5 Oxidation Reaction -- 2.6 Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation Reaction -- 2.7 Iodination Reaction -- 2.8 Polymerization Reaction -- 2.9 Carbonylation Reaction -- 2.9.1 Acetalization Reaction -- 2.9.2 Olefin Metathesis Reaction -- 2.9.3 Synthesis of heterocycles -- Synthesis of α-alkylidene Cyclic Carbonates -- Synthesis of 4-Methyleneoxazolidin-2-Ones -- Synthesis of 5-Alkylidene-1, 3-Oxazolidin-2-Ones -- Synthesis of 6-Phenyl-3a, 4-Dihydro-1H-Cyclopenta[C]furan-5(3H)-One -- Synthesis of 3, 4, 5, 6-Tetraethyl-2H-Pyran-2-One -- 3 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Theoretical Approaches to CO2 Transformations -- Abstract -- 1 Carbon Dioxide Properties -- 2 CO2 Transformation as an Undeniable Necessity -- 3 CO2 Activation -- 3.1 Methodologies of CO2 Activation -- 4 Theoretical Insight of CO2 Transformation -- 4.1 The Theoretical Approach in CO2 Conversion to Value-Added Chemicals -- 4.1.1 Carbon Monoxide -- 4.1.2 Methane -- 4.1.3 Methanol -- 4.1.4 Formic Acid -- 4.1.5 Heterocycles -- Cyclic Carbonates -- Cyclic Carbamate -- Quiznazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-Dione -- 4.1.6 Summary and Outlook -- 5 Theoretical Designing of Novel Catalysts Based on DFT Studies -- 5.1 Theoretical Designing: Problems and Opportunities -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Carbon Dioxide Conversion Methods -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Molecular Structure of CO2. , 3 Thermo-Kinetics of CO2 Conversion -- 4 CO2 Conversion Methods and Products -- 4.1 Fischer-Tropsch Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) -- 4.2 Mineralization -- 4.3 Chemical Looping Dry Reforming -- 4.4 Enzymatic Conversion -- 4.5 Photocatalytic and Photo-Electrochemical Conversion -- 4.6 Thermo-Chemical Conversion -- 4.7 Hydrogenation -- 4.8 Reforming -- 5 Economic Assessment of CO2Alteration to Valuable Products -- 5.1 Syngas -- 5.2 Methanol -- 5.3 Formic Acid -- 5.4 Urea -- 5.5 Dimethyl Carbonate (DMC) -- 6 Conclusions and Future Perspective -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Closing the Carbon Cycle -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods to Capture CO2 -- 3 CO2 Capture Technologies -- 4 CO2 Capture from the Air -- 5 Biomass and Waste-Based Chemicals -- 6 Advantages of Biomass-Based Chemicals -- 7 Replacement of Carbon-Based Energy Resources -- 8 Biomass Energy -- 9 Wind Energy -- 10 Solar Energy -- 11 Ocean Energy -- 12 Geothermal Energy -- 13 Hydrothermal Energy -- 14 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Carbon Dioxide Utilization to Energy and Fuel: Hydrothermal CO2 Conversion -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Hydrothermal CO2 Conversion -- 2.1 Metals and Catalysts as Reductant -- 2.2 Organic Wastes as Reductant -- 2.3 Inorganic Wastes as Reductant -- 2.4 Biomass as Reductant -- 3 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Ethylenediamine-Carbonic Anhydrase Complex for CO2 Sequestration -- 1 Introduction -- 2 An Overview of Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) -- 3 Mechanism of Action for Biocarbonate Formation -- 4 Historical Background of Carbonic Anhydrase -- 5 Sources of Carbonic Anhydrase -- 6 Carbonic Anhydrase in Microorganism -- 6.1 Micrococcus Lylae, Micrococcus Luteus, and Pseudomonas Fragi -- 6.2 Bacillus Subtilis and Citrobacter Freundii -- 6.3 Neisseria Gonorrhoeae -- 6.4 Helicobacter Pylori -- 7 Plant Carbonic Anhydrase -- 8 Overview of CO2. , 9 Sources of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) -- 10 Effect of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) -- 11 Carbon Dioxide Capturing -- 12 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Sequestration -- 13 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Sequestration by Carbonic Anhydrase -- 14 Separation System for CO2 Sequestration -- 15 Cryogenic Separation -- 16 Membrane Separation -- 17 Absorption -- 18 Adsorption -- 19 Bioreactors for CO2 Sequestration -- 20 Carbonic Anhydrase Immobilization -- 21 Ethylenediamine for Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Capturing -- 22 CO2 Capturing and Sequestration with Ethylenediamine-Carbonic Anhydrase Complex -- 23 CO2 Capturing and Sequestration Design and Optimization: Challenges and Future Prospects -- 24 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Green Pathway of CO2 Capture -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Molecular Structure of Carbon Dioxide -- 3 CO2 Capture System -- 3.1 Post-Combustion System -- 3.2 Pre-Combustion System -- 3.3 Oxy-Fuel Combustion System -- 4 Absorption Technology -- 4.1 Green Absorption with Ionic Liquids -- 4.1.1 Properties and Uses of Ionic Liquids -- 4.1.2 CO2 Solubility in PILs -- 4.1.3 CO2 Absorption in PILs with Carboxylate Anion -- 4.2 Reaction Mechanism Involved in CO2-Absorption -- 5 Adsorption Technology -- 5.1 Organic Adsorbents -- 5.1.1 Activated Charcoal -- 5.1.2 Biochar -- 5.1.3 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) -- 5.2 Other CO2 Adsorbents -- 5.2.1 Metal Oxide-Based Absorbents -- 5.2.2 Zeolites -- 5.3 Biological Processes of CO2Sequestration -- 5.3.1 Carbon Utilization by Forest and Agricultural Management -- 5.3.2 Ocean Fertilization -- 5.3.3 CO2 Capture by Microalgae -- 5.4 Electrochemical Ways for CO2 Capture -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Carbon Derivatives from CO2 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Artificial Photoreduction -- 3 Electrochemical Reduction -- 4 Hydrogenation -- 5 Synthesis of Organic Carbonates -- 6 Reforming. , 7 Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 with Water.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Role of Nano-photocatalysis in Heavy Metal Detoxification -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Heavy Metals and Their Toxicological Effects -- 1.2.1 Cadmium -- 1.2.2 Chromium -- 1.2.3 Copper -- 1.2.4 Lead -- 1.2.5 Mercury -- 1.2.6 Nickel -- 1.2.7 Zinc -- 1.3 Overview of Photocatalysis -- 1.4 Mechanism of Photocatalysis -- 1.5 Types of Photocatalysis -- 1.5.1 Homogeneous Photocatalysis -- 1.5.2 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis -- 1.6 Overview and Mechanism of Nano-photocatalysis -- 1.7 Photocatalytic Nanoparticle Synthesis -- 1.7.1 Organic Synthesis -- 1.7.1.1 Plant Extracts Aqueous Solutions -- 1.7.1.2 Microorganisms -- 1.7.2 Chemical Synthesis -- 1.7.2.1 Sol-Gel Method -- 1.7.2.2 Hydrothermal Method -- 1.7.2.3 Polyol Synthesis -- 1.7.2.4 Precipitation Method -- 1.7.3 Physical Synthesis -- 1.7.3.1 Ball Milling -- 1.7.3.2 Melt Mixing -- 1.7.3.3 Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD) -- 1.7.3.4 Laser Ablation -- 1.7.3.5 Sputter Deposition -- 1.8 Mode of Operation on Nano-photocatalysis -- 1.9 Parameters Affecting the Photocatalytic Efficiency -- 1.9.1 Effect of pH of the Reaction Solution -- 1.9.2 Effect of Photocatalyst Concentration -- 1.9.3 Effect of Substrate Adsorption -- 1.9.4 Effect of Dissolved Oxygen -- 1.10 Application -- 1.10.1 Chromium -- 1.10.1.1 pH -- 1.10.1.2 Light Intensity -- 1.10.1.3 Photocatalyst Dosage -- 1.10.1.4 Presence of Organic Compounds -- 1.10.2 Mercury -- 1.10.3 Arsenic -- 1.10.4 Uranium -- 1.11 Disadvantages of Photocatalysis -- 1.12 Photocatalyst Modifications -- 1.12.1 Dye Sensitization -- 1.12.2 Ion Doping -- 1.12.3 Composite Semiconductor -- 1.13 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Solar Photocatalysis Applications to Antibiotic Degradation in Aquatic Systems -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Solar Photocatalysis Process. , 2.3 Solar Photocatalysis Treatment for Antibiotic Degradation -- 2.3.1 Trimethoprim -- 2.3.2 Sulfamethoxazole -- 2.3.3 Erythromycin -- 2.3.4 Ciprofloxacin -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Biomass-Based Photocatalysts for Environmental Applications -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Background of Biomass-Derived Carbon -- 3.2.1 Biochar -- 3.2.2 Activated Carbon (AC) -- 3.3 Synthesis Methods of Biomass-Derived Carbon -- 3.3.1 Pyrolysis -- 3.3.2 Hydrothermal Carbonization -- 3.3.3 Physical and Chemical Activation -- 3.4 Photocatalysts and Photocatalysis Reactions -- 3.5 Functionalized AC and Applications -- 3.5.1 Types of Functionalized AC -- 3.5.2 Functionalized AC Photocatalysts and Its Application -- 3.6 Future Challenges and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Application of Bismuth-Based Photocatalysts in Environmental Protection -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Photocatalytic Oxidation of Pharmaceuticals in Water -- 4.2.1 Tetracycline -- 4.2.2 Ciprofloxacin and Other Antibiotics -- 4.2.3 Carbamazepine -- 4.2.4 Ibuprofen and Diclofenac -- 4.2.5 Other Pharmaceuticals -- 4.3 Photocatalytic Oxidation of Industrial Micropollutants -- 4.3.1 Bisphenol A -- 4.3.2 Oxidation of Other Industrial Pollutants -- 4.4 Oxidation of the Indoor Air Pollutant NOx -- 4.5 Photocatalytic Reduction of Pollutants in Water and Air -- 4.5.1 Reduction of Cr(VI) in Water -- 4.5.2 Reduction of CO2 in Air -- 4.6 Water Splitting -- 4.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Phosphors-Based Photocatalysts for Wastewater Treatment -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Phosphor Materials: A Historical Background -- 5.3 Inorganic Phosphors in Photocatalysis -- 5.3.1 Types of Inorganic Phosphor Materials -- 5.3.2 Down-Conversion Phosphors in Photocatalysis -- 5.3.3 Up-Conversion Phosphors in Photocatalysis -- 5.3.4 Long-Persistent Phosphors in Photocatalysis. , 5.4 Organic Up-Conversion Phosphors in Photocatalysis -- References -- Chapter 6: Nanocarbons-Supported and Polymers-Supported Titanium Dioxide Nanostructures as Efficient Photocatalysts for Remedi... -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Heterogeneous Semiconductor Photocatalysis -- 6.1.2 Potential TiO2-Based Photocatalysts -- 6.1.3 Limitations of the Fine Powder Form of TiO2-Based Photocatalysts -- 6.1.3.1 Comparison of Synthesis Methods -- 6.1.3.2 Improvements in TiO2 Performance by Structural Change, Doping, and Hybridization -- 6.2 TiO2 Photocatalysts with Polymer-Based Hybrid Photocatalysts for Wastewater Treatment -- 6.2.1 Need for Immobilization of TiO2-Based Photocatalysts -- 6.2.1.1 Features of a Stable Substrate, and Available Substrates -- 6.2.1.2 Comparison of Polymeric Supports for Wastewater Treatment -- 6.3 TiO2 Photocatalysts Supported with Nanocarbons for Wastewater Treatment -- 6.3.1 TiO2-Functionalized Nanocarbon-Based Photocatalysts -- 6.3.1.1 Potential Photocatalytic Improvements with Carbon Nanostructures for Wastewater Treatment -- 6.4 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 7: Investigation in Sono-photocatalysis Process Using Doped Catalyst and Ferrite Nanoparticles for Wastewater Treatment -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Dependency of Catalytic Activity -- 7.2.1 Size-Dependent Catalytic Activity -- 7.2.2 Shape-Dependent Catalytic Effect -- 7.2.3 Interparticle Distance-Dependent Catalytic Effect -- 7.2.4 Support Interaction and Charge Transfer-Dependent Reactivity -- 7.3 Type of Nanoparticles -- 7.3.1 Non-metallic Nanoparticles -- 7.3.2 Metallic Nanoparticles -- 7.3.3 Semiconductor Nanoparticles -- 7.3.4 Ceramic Nanoparticles -- 7.3.5 Polymer Nanoparticles -- 7.3.6 Lipid-Based Nanoparticles -- 7.4 Types of Nanoparticles Based on Structure -- 7.5 Synthesis and Applications -- 7.5.1 Discussions -- 7.6 Synergetic Effect. , 7.7 Conclusion and Overview -- References -- Chapter 8: Magnetic-Based Photocatalyst for Antibacterial Application and Catalytic Performance -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Magnetic-Based Photocatalysts in Inactivation of the Microorganism -- 8.3 Factors Affecting the Photocatalytic Bacterial Inactivation -- 8.3.1 Effect of Magnetic-Based Photocatalyst Concentration and Light Intensity -- 8.3.2 Nature of Microorganism -- 8.3.3 Solution pH of Magnetic-Based Photocatalyst Suspension -- 8.3.4 Initial Bacterial Concentration -- 8.3.5 Physiological State of Bacteria -- 8.4 Proposed Mechanism for Bacteria Disinfection by the Magnetic-Based Photocatalyst -- 8.5 Using Magnetic-Based Catalyst in Photocatalytic Abatement of Organics -- 8.6 Photocatalysis for the Simultaneous Treatment of Bacteria and Organics -- 8.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 9: Antimicrobial Activities of Photocatalysts for Water Disinfection -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Mechanisms of Photocatalytic Disinfection -- 9.3 Pure and Modified Photocatalysts -- 9.4 Photocatalytic Films and Biofilms -- 9.5 Photocatalytic Composites and Nanocomposites -- 9.6 Materials with Antimicrobial Activity in the Absence of Light -- 9.7 Case Study: Application of Supported Photocatalysts in Disinfection of Whey-Processing Water -- 9.8 Final Considerations -- References -- Chapter 10: Medicinal Applications of Photocatalysts -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Background -- 10.2 Antifungal Activity -- 10.3 Virucidal Activity -- 10.4 Antimicrobial Activity -- 10.5 Anticancer Activity -- 10.6 Conclusion -- References -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Anti-Adhesive Coatings: A Technique for Prevention of Bacterial Surface Fouling -- 1.1 Bacterial Surface Fouling (Biofouling) -- 1.2 Negative Effects of Biofouling by Bacteria on Practical Applications -- 1.3 Anti-Adhesive Coatings for Preventing Bacterial Surface Fouling -- 1.3.1 Hydrophilic Polymers -- 1.3.2 Zwitterionic Polymers -- 1.3.3 Super-Hydrophobic Polymers -- 1.3.4 Slippery Liquid Infused Porous Surfaces (SLIPS) -- 1.3.5 Protein and Glycoprotein-Based Coatings -- 1.4 Bifunctional Coatings With Anti-Adhesive and Antibacterial Properties -- 1.5 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 Lignin-Based Adhesives -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Native Lignin and Source of Technical Lignin -- 2.2.1 Native Lignin -- 2.2.2 Technical Lignins -- 2.3 Limitations of Technical Lignins -- 2.3.1 Heterogeneity of Technical Lignins -- 2.3.2 Reactivity of Technical Lignins -- 2.4 Lignin Pre-Treatment/Modification for Adhesive Application -- 2.4.1 Physical Pre-Treatment -- 2.4.2 Chemical Modification -- 2.5 Challenges and Prospects -- 2.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Green Adhesive for Industrial Applications -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Advanced Green Adhesives Categories- Industrial Applications -- 3.2.1 Keta Spire Poly Etherether Ketone Powder Coating -- 3.2.2 Bio-Inspired Adhesive in Robotics Field Application -- 3.2.3 Bio-Inspired Synthetic Adhesive in Space Application -- 3.2.3.1 Micro Structured Dry Adhesive Fabrication for Space Application -- 3.2.4 Natural Polymer Adhesive for Wood Panel Industry -- 3.2.5 Tannin Based Bio-Adhesive for Leather Tanning Industry -- 3.2.6 Conductive Adhesives in Microelectronics Industry -- 3.2.7 Bio-Resin Adhesive in Dental Industry -- 3.2.8 Green Adhesive in Fiberboard Industry -- 3.3 Conclusions and Future Scope. , References -- Chapter 4 Green Adhesives for Biomedical Applications -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Main Raw Materials of Green Adhesives: Structure, Composition, and Properties -- 4.2.1 Chitosan -- 4.2.2 Alginate -- 4.2.3 Lignin -- 4.2.4 Lactic Acid PLA -- 4.3 Properties Characterization of Green Adhesives for Biomedical Applications -- 4.3.1 Diffraction X-Rays (DRX) -- 4.3.2 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) -- 4.3.3 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM Images) -- 4.3.4 Wettability or Contact Angle (CA) -- 4.3.5 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) -- 4.3.6 Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) -- 4.3.7 Thermal Analysis (TG/DTG/DTA and DSC Curves) -- 4.3.8 Surface Area and Porosimetry Analyzer (ASAP) -- 4.3.9 Mechanical Properties of Green Adhesives -- 4.4 Biomedical Applications of Natural Polymers -- 4.4.1 Alginate -- 4.4.1.1 Biomedical Applications of Alginate -- 4.4.2 Chitosan -- 4.4.2.1 Biomedical Applications of Chitosan -- 4.4.3 Lignin -- 4.4.3.1 Biomedical Applications of Lignin -- 4.4.4 Polylactide (PLA) -- 4.4.4.1 Biomedical Applications of PLA -- 4.5 Final Considerations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 5 Waterborne Adhesives -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Motivation for the Use of Waterborne Adhesives -- 5.1.1.1 Sustainability and Environment Regulations -- 5.1.1.2 Circular Economy -- 5.1.1.3 Avoid Harmful Emissions -- 5.1.1.4 Development of Novel and Sustainable End Products -- 5.1.2 Environmental Effects and Mankind Toxicity Analysis -- 5.2 Performance of Waterborne Adhesives: An Overview -- 5.2.1 Waterborne Polyurethane (WBPU) Adhesives -- 5.2.1.1 Chemical Structure of Waterborne PU -- 5.2.1.2 Performances of WBPU Adhesives -- 5.2.2 Waterborne Epoxy Adhesive -- 5.3 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6 Using Polyfurfuryl Alcohol as Thermoset Adhesive/Sealant -- 6.1 Introduction. , 6.2 Furfuryl Alcohol as Adhesives -- 6.3 Polyfurfuryl Alcohol as Sealants -- 6.3.1 Effect of Different Parameters on the Curing of PFA-Based Sealants -- 6.4 Applications -- 6.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 7 Bioadhesives -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 History of Bioadhesives -- 7.3 Classification of Bioadhesives -- 7.4 Mechanism of Bioadhesion -- 7.4.1 Mechanical Interlocking -- 7.4.2 Chain Entanglement -- 7.4.3 Intermolecular Bonding -- 7.4.4 Electrostatic Bonding -- 7.5 Testing of Bioadhesives -- 7.5.1 In Vitro Methods -- 7.5.1.1 Shear Stress Measurements -- 7.5.1.2 Peel Strength Evaluation -- 7.5.1.3 Flow Through Experiment and Plate Method -- 7.5.2 Ex Vitro Methods -- 7.5.2.1 Adhesion Weight Method -- 7.5.2.2 Fluorescent Probe Methods -- 7.5.2.3 Falling Liquid Film Method -- 7.6 Application of Bioadhesives -- 7.6.1 Bioadhesives as Drug Delivery Systems -- 7.6.2 Bioadhesives as Fibrin Sealants -- 7.6.3 Bioadhesives as Protein-Based Adhesives -- 7.6.4 Bioadhesives in Tissue Engineering -- 7.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 Polysaccharide-Based Adhesives -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Cellulose-Derived Adhesive -- 8.2.1 Esterification -- 8.2.1.1 Cellulose Nitrate -- 8.2.1.2 Cellulose Acetate -- 8.2.1.3 Cellulose Acetate Butyrate -- 8.2.2 Etherification -- 8.2.2.1 Methyl Cellulose -- 8.2.2.2 Ethyl Cellulose -- 8.2.2.3 Carboxymethyl Cellulose -- 8.3 Starch-Derived Adhesives -- 8.3.1 Alkali Treatment -- 8.3.2 Acid Treatment -- 8.3.3 Heating -- 8.3.4 Oxidation -- 8.4 Natural Gums Derived-Adhesives -- 8.5 Fermentation-Based Adhesives -- 8.6 Enzyme Cross-Linked-Based Adhesives -- 8.7 Micro-Biopolysaccharide-Based Adhesives -- 8.8 Mechanism of Adhesion -- 8.9 Tests for Adhesion Strength -- 8.10 Applications -- 8.10.1 Biomedical Applications -- 8.10.2 Food Stuffs Applications -- 8.10.3 Pharmaceutical Applications. , 8.10.4 Agricultural Applications -- 8.10.5 Cigarette Manufacturing -- 8.10.6 Skin Cleansing Applications -- 8.11 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 Wound Healing Adhesives -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Wound -- 9.2.1 Types of Wounds -- 9.2.1.1 Acute Wounds -- 9.2.1.2 Chronic Wounds -- 9.3 Structure and Function of the Skin -- 9.4 Mechanism of Wound Healing -- 9.5 Wound Closing Techniques -- 9.6 Wound Healing Adhesives -- 9.7 Types of Wound Healing Adhesives Based Upon Site of Application -- 9.7.1 External Use Wound Adhesives -- 9.7.1.1 Steps for Applying External Wound Healing Adhesives on Skin [30] -- 9.7.2 Internal Use Wound Adhesives -- 9.8 Types of Wound Healing Adhesives Based Upon Chemistry -- 9.8.1 Natural Wound Healing Adhesives -- 9.8.1.1 Fibrin Sealants/Fibrin-Based Tissue Adhesives -- 9.8.1.2 Albumin-Based Adhesives -- 9.8.1.3 Collagen and Gelatin-Based Wound Healing Adhesives -- 9.8.1.4 Starch -- 9.8.1.5 Chitosan -- 9.8.1.6 Dextran -- 9.8.2 Synthetic Wound Healing Adhesives -- 9.8.2.1 Cyanoacrylate -- 9.8.2.2 Poly Ethylene Glycol-Based Wound Adhesives (PEG) -- 9.8.2.3 Hydrogels -- 9.8.2.4 Polyurethane -- 9.9 Summary -- References -- Chapter 10 Green-Wood Flooring Adhesives -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Wood Flooring -- 10.2.1 Softwood Flooring -- 10.2.2 Hardwood Flooring -- 10.2.3 Engineered Wood Flooring -- 10.2.4 Laminate Flooring -- 10.2.5 Vinyl Flooring -- 10.2.6 Agricultural Residue Wood Flooring Panels -- 10.3 Recent Advances About Green Wood-Flooring Adhesives -- 10.3.1 Xylan -- 10.3.2 Modified Cassava Starch Bioadhesives -- 10.3.3 High-Efficiency Bioadhesive -- 10.3.4 Bioadhesive Made From Soy Protein and Polysaccharide -- 10.3.5 Green Cross-Linked Soy Protein Wood Flooring Adhesive -- 10.3.6 "Green" Bio-Thermoset Resins Derived From Soy Protein Isolate and Condensed Tannins. , 10.3.7 Development of Green Adhesives Using Tannins and Lignin for Fiberboard Manufacturing -- 10.3.8 Cottonseed Protein as Wood Adhesives -- 10.3.9 Chitosan as an Adhesive -- 10.3.10 PE-cg-MAH Green Wood Flooring Adhesive -- References -- Chapter 11 Synthetic Binders for Polymer Division -- List of Abbreviations -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Classification of Adhesives Based on Its Chemical Properties -- 11.2.1 Thermoset Adhesives -- 11.2.2 Thermoplastic Adhesives -- 11.2.3 Adhesive Blends -- 11.3 Adhesives Characteristics -- 11.4 Adhesives Classification Based on Its Function -- 11.4.1 Permanent Adhesives -- 11.4.2 Removable Adhesives -- 11.4.3 Repositionable Adhesives -- 11.4.4 Blended Adhesives -- 11.4.5 Anaerobic Adhesives -- 11.4.6 Aromatic Polymer Adhesives -- 11.4.7 Asphalt -- 11.4.8 Adhesives Based on Butyl Rubber -- 11.4.9 Cellulose Ester Adhesives -- 11.4.10 Adhesives Based on Cellulose Ether -- 11.4.11 Conductive Adhesives -- 11.4.12 Electrically Conductive Adhesive Materials -- 11.4.13 Thermally Conductive Adhesives -- 11.5 Resin -- 11.5.1 Unsaturated Polyester Resin -- 11.5.2 Monomers -- 11.5.2.1 Unsaturated Polyester -- 11.5.2.2 Alcohol Constituents -- 11.5.2.3 Constituents Like Anhydride and Acid -- 11.5.3 Vinyl Monomers of Unsaturated Polyester Resins -- 11.5.4 Styrenes -- 11.5.5 Acrylates and Methacrylates -- 11.5.6 Vinyl Ethers -- 11.5.7 Fillers -- 11.6 Polyurethanes -- 11.6.1 Monomers -- 11.6.1.1 Diisocyanates -- 11.6.1.2 Phosgene Route -- 11.6.1.3 Phosgene-Free Route -- 11.6.1.4 Polyols -- 11.6.1.5 Vinyl Functionalized Polyols -- 11.6.1.6 Polyols Based on Modified Polyurea -- 11.6.1.7 Polyols Based on Polyester -- 11.6.1.8 Acid and Alcohols-Based Polyesters -- 11.6.2 Rectorite Nanocomposites -- 11.6.3 Zeolite -- 11.7 Epoxy Resins -- 11.7.1 Monomers -- 11.7.1.1 Epoxides -- 11.7.1.2 Hyper Branched Polymers. , 11.7.2 Epoxide Resins Based on Liquid Crystalline Structure.

Note: Cover -- Half-Title Page -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Natural Polysaccharides From Aloe vera L. Gel (Aloe barbadensis Miller): Processing Techniques and Analytical Methods -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Gel Composition from A. vera -- 1.2 Applications of A. vera Mucilaginous Gel or Fractions -- 1.3 Aloe vera Gel Processing -- 1.3.1 Obtaining Polysaccharide Fraction or Acemannan -- 1.4 Analytical Methods Applied -- 1.4.1 Total Carbohydrates, Oligosaccharides, Acemannan and Free Sugars -- 1.4.2 Analytical Techniques -- 1.4.2.1 Chromatography Analysis -- 1.4.2.2 Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) -- 1.4.2.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- 1.4.2.4 Mass Spectrometry -- 1.4.2.5 Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy -- 1.4.2.6 Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling -- 1.5 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Cell Wall Polysaccharides -- 2.1 Introduction to Cell Wall -- 2.2 Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides -- 2.2.1 Cellulose -- 2.2.2 Hemicellulose -- 2.2.2.1 Xyloglucan -- 2.2.2.2 Xylans -- 2.2.2.3 Mannans -- 2.2.3 Callose -- 2.2.4 Pectic Polysaccharides -- 2.2.4.1 Homogalacturonan (HG) -- 2.2.4.2 Arabinan -- 2.3 Algal Cell Wall Polysaccharides -- 2.3.1 Alginates -- 2.3.2 Sulfated Galactans -- 2.3.3 Fucoidans -- 2.4 Fungal Cell Wall Polysaccharides -- 2.4.1 Glucan -- 2.4.2 Chitin and Chitosan -- 2.5 Bacterial Cell Wall Polysaccharides -- 2.5.1 Peptidoglycan -- 2.5.2 Lipopolysaccharides -- References -- 3 Marine Polysaccharides: Properties and Applications -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Polysaccharide Origins -- 3.3 Properties -- 3.3.1 Cellulose -- 3.3.2 Chitosan -- 3.3.3 Alginate -- 3.3.4 Carrageenan -- 3.3.5 Agar -- 3.3.6 Porphyran -- 3.3.7 Fucoidan -- 3.3.8 Ulvan -- 3.3.9 Exopolysaccharides From Microalgae -- 3.4 Applications of Polysaccharides -- 3.4.1 Biomedical Applications -- 3.4.1.1 Cellulose -- 3.4.1.2 Chitosan. , 3.4.1.3 Alginate -- 3.4.2 Food Applications -- 3.4.2.1 Cellulose -- 3.4.2.2 Chitosan -- 3.4.2.3 Alginates -- 3.4.2.4 Carrageenan -- 3.4.2.5 Agar -- 3.4.3 Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Applications -- 3.4.3.1 Cellulose -- 3.4.3.2 Chitosan -- 3.4.3.3 Alginate -- 3.4.3.4 Carrageenan -- 3.4.3.5 Porphyran -- 3.4.3.6 Fucoidan -- 3.4.4 Agriculture -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Seaweed Polysaccharides: Structure, Extraction and Applications -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Agar -- 4.1.2 Carrageenan -- 4.1.3 Alginate (Alginic Acid, Algin) -- 4.1.4 Fucoidan -- 4.1.5 Laminaran -- 4.1.6 Ulvan -- 4.2 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Agars: Properties and Applications -- 5.1 History and Origin of Agar -- 5.1.1 Agarophytes Used in Agar Manufacturing -- 5.2 Physical Properties of Agar Producing Seaweeds -- 5.3 Agar Manufacturing -- 5.3.1 Types of Agar Manufacturing -- 5.3.1.1 Freeze-Thaw Method -- 5.3.1.2 Syneresis Method -- 5.4 Structure of Agar -- 5.5 Heterogeneity of Agar -- 5.6 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Agar -- 5.7 Chemical Characteristics of Agar -- 5.8 Factors Influencing the Characteristics of Agar -- 5.8.1 Techniques to Analyze the Fine Chemical Structure of Agar -- 5.8.2 Synergies and Antagonisms of Agar Gels -- 5.9 Uses of Agar in Various Sectors -- 5.9.1 Applications of Agar in Food Industry -- 5.9.2 Application of Agar in Harvesting Insects and Worms -- 5.9.3 Vegetable Tissue Culture Formulations -- 5.9.4 Culture Media for Microbes -- 5.9.5 Industrial Applications of Agar -- 5.10 Conclusion and Discussion -- References -- 6 Biopolysaccharides: Properties and Applications -- 6.1 Structure and Classification of Biopolysaccharides -- 6.1.1 Structure -- 6.1.2 Classification -- 6.1.3 Structural Characterization Techniques -- 6.2 Uses and Applications of Biopolysaccharides -- 6.2.1 Functional Fibers -- 6.2.2 Biomedicine. , 6.2.2.1 Tissue Engineering -- 6.2.2.2 Wound Healing -- 6.2.2.3 Drug Loading and Delivery -- 6.2.2.4 Therapeutics -- 6.2.3 Cosmetics -- 6.2.4 Foods and Food Ingredients -- 6.2.5 Biofuels -- 6.2.6 Wastewater Treatment -- 6.2.7 Textiles -- 6.3 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Chitosan Derivatives: Properties and Applications -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Properties of Chitosan Derivatives -- 7.2.1 Physiochemical Properties -- 7.2.2 Functional Properties -- 7.2.3 Biological Properties of Chitosan -- 7.3 Applications of Chitosan Derivatives -- 7.3.1 Anticancer Agents -- 7.3.2 Bone Tissue Material Formation -- 7.3.3 Wound Healing, Tissue Regeneration and Antimicrobial Resistance -- 7.3.4 Drug Delivery -- 7.3.5 Chromatographic Separations -- 7.3.6 Waste Management -- 7.3.7 Food Industry -- 7.3.8 In Cosmetics -- 7.3.9 In Paint as Antifouling Coatings -- 7.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 8 Green Seaweed Polysaccharides Inventory of Nador Lagoon in North East Morocco -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Nador Lagoon: Situation and Characteristics -- 8.3 Seaweed -- 8.4 Polysaccharides in Seaweed -- 8.5 Algae Polysaccharides in Nador Lagoon's Seaweed -- 8.5.1 C. prolifera -- 8.5.1.1 Sulfated Galactans -- 8.5.2 U. rigida & -- E. intestinalis -- 8.5.2.1 Ulvan -- 8.5.3 C. adhaerens, C. bursa, C. tomentosum -- 8.5.3.1 Sulfated Arabinans -- 8.5.3.2 Sulfated Arabinogalactans -- 8.5.3.3 Mannans -- 8.6 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Salep Glucomannan: Properties and Applications -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Production -- 9.3 Composition and Physicochemical Structure -- 9.4 Rheological Properties -- 9.5 Purification and Deacetylation -- 9.6 Food Applications -- 9.6.1 Beverage -- 9.6.2 Ice Cream and Emulsion Stabilizing -- 9.6.3 Edible Film/Coating -- 9.6.4 Gelation -- 9.7 Health Benefits -- 9.8 Conclusions and Future Trends -- References. , 10 Exudate Tree Gums: Properties and Applications -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Gum Arabic -- 10.1.2 Gum Karaya -- 10.1.3 Gum Kondagogu -- 10.1.4 Gum Ghatti -- 10.1.5 Gum Tragacanth -- 10.1.6 Gum Olibanum -- 10.2 Nanobiotechnology Applications -- 10.3 Minor Tree Gums -- 10.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 11 Cellulose and its Derivatives: Properties and Applications -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Main Raw Materials -- 11.3 Composition and Chemical Structure of Lignocellulosic Materials -- 11.4 Cellulose: Chemical Backbone and Crystalline Formats -- 11.5 Cellulose Extraction -- 11.5.1 Mechanical Methods -- 11.5.2 Chemical Methods -- 11.6 Cellulose Products and its Derivatives -- 11.7 Main Applications -- 11.8 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Starch and its Derivatives: Properties and Applications -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Starch -- 12.2.1 Size, Morphology and Crystallinity of Starch Granules -- 12.2.2 Physical Properties due to Associated Lipids, Proteins and Phosphorus With Starch Granules -- 12.2.3 Solubility and Swelling Capacity of Starch -- 12.2.4 Gelatinization and Retrogradation of Starch -- 12.2.5 Birefringence and Glass Transition Temperature of Starch -- 12.2.6 Rheological and Thermal Properties of Starch -- 12.2.7 Transmittance and Opacity of Starch -- 12.2.8 Melt Processability of Starch -- 12.3 Modification of Starch -- 12.3.1 Physical Modification of Starch -- 12.3.2 Chemical Modification of Starch -- 12.3.3 Dual Modification of Starch -- 12.3.4 Enzymatic Modification of Starch -- 12.3.5 Genetic Modification of Starch -- 12.4 Application of Starch and its Derivatives -- 12.4.1 In Food Industry -- 12.4.2 In Paper Industry -- 12.4.3 Starch as Binders -- 12.4.4 In Detergent Products -- 12.4.5 As Biodegradable Thermoplastic Materials or Bioplastics. , 12.4.6 In Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Industries -- 12.4.7 As Industrial Raw Materials -- 12.4.8 As Adsorbents for Environmental Applications -- 12.4.9 As Food Packaging Materials -- 12.4.10 In Drug Delivery -- 12.4.11 As Antimicrobial Films and Coatings -- 12.4.12 In Advanced Functional Materials -- 12.5 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Crystallization of Polysaccharides -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Principles of Crystallization of Polysaccharides -- 13.3 Techniques for Crystallinity Measurement -- 13.4 Crystallization Behavior of Polysaccharides -- 13.4.1 Cellulose -- 13.4.2 Chitosan and Chitin -- 13.4.3 Starch -- 13.5 Polymer/Polysaccharide Crystalline Nanocomposites -- 13.6 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Polysaccharides as Novel Materials for Tissue Engineering Applications -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Types of Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering -- 14.3 Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering -- 14.4 Polysaccharide-Based Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering -- 14.4.1 Alginate-Based Scaffolds -- 14.4.2 Chitosan-Based Scaffolds -- 14.4.3 Cellulose-Based Scaffolds -- 14.4.4 Dextran and Pullulan-Based Scaffolds -- 14.4.5 Starch-Based Scaffolds -- 14.4.6 Xanthan-Based Scaffolds -- 14.4.7 Glycosaminoglycans-Based Scaffolds -- 14.5 Current Challenges and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 15 Structure and Solubility of Polysaccharides -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Polysaccharide Structure and Solubility in Water -- 15.3 Solubility and Molecular Weight -- 15.4 Solubility and Branching -- 15.5 Polysaccharide Solutions -- 15.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 16 Polysaccharides: An Efficient Tool for Fabrication of Carbon Nanomaterials -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Aerogels -- 16.2.1 Plant and Bacterial Cellulose -- 16.2.2 Carbon Derived From Nanocrystalline Cellulose of Plant Origin. , 16.2.3 Carbon Aerogels Produced From Bacterial Cellulose.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Types, Properties and Characteristics of Piezoelectric Materials -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Single crystals -- 1.2 Ceramics -- 1.3 Composites -- 1.4 Polymers -- 1.5 Sensor configuration based on shape and size -- 1.6 Classification based on dimension -- 2. Properties of piezoelectric materials -- 2.1 Basic equations -- 2.2 Curie temperature -- 2.3 Phase transition -- 2.4 High dielectric constant -- 2.5 Sensitivity -- 2.6 Electromechanical Coupling Factor (k) -- 2.7 Resistivity (R) and time constant (RC) -- 2.7 Quality factors (mechanical and electrical) -- 2.8 Figure of Merit (FOM) and strain coefficient -- 2.9 Piezoelectric resonance frequency -- 2.10 Thermal expansion -- 2.11 Ageing -- 3. Characterization of piezoelectric materials -- 3.1 Measurement of piezoelectric coefficient -- 3.2 Measurement of dielectric constant -- 3.3 Measurement of Curie temperature -- 3.4 Etching and poling -- 3.5 Measurement of hysteresis (PE/SE) loops -- Conclusions -- References -- 2 -- Fabrication Approaches for Piezoelectric Materials -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Preparation techniques for piezoelectric ceramics -- 2.1 Synthesis of ceramic powders -- 2.1 Solid-state reaction -- 2.2 Co-precipitation -- 2.3 Alkoxide hydrolysis -- 2.4 The sintering method -- 2.5 Templated grain growth -- 3. Piezoelectric materials in device fabrication -- 4. Bio-piezoelectric materials -- 4.1 Types bio-piezoelectric materials -- 4.2 Synthesis strategies -- 4.2.1 Thin films -- 4.2.2 Nanoplatforms -- 5. Challenges -- 5.1 Piezoelectric ceramics -- 5.2 Bio-piezoelectric materials -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 -- Piezoelectric Materials-based Nanogenerators -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Piezoelectricity and crystallography -- 3. Maxwell's equations and piezoelectric nanogenerator -- 4. Piezoelectric materials for nanogenerators. , 4.1 Ceramic -- 4.1.1 Zinc oxide -- 4.1.2 Barium titanate -- 4.1.3 Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) -- 4.2 Polymer -- 4.2.1 PVDF and its copolymer -- 4.2.2 Polylactic acid -- 4.2.3 Cellulose -- 4.3 Ferroelectret -- 4.4 PVDF based composite -- 4.4.1 Ceramic filler -- 4.4.2 Carbon-based filler -- 4.4.3 Metal based filler -- 4.4.4 Other fillers -- 5. Applications of piezoelectric nanogenerator -- 5.1 Power source of electronic devices -- 5.2 Sensing application -- 6. Challenges and future scopes -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 4 -- Piezoelectric Materials based Phototronics -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Piezoelectric effect -- 1.2 Piezotronic effect -- 2. Piezo-phototronic effect -- 3. Piezoelectric semiconductor NWs -- 4. Effect on 2D materials -- 5. Effect on 3rd generation semiconductors -- 6. Piezo-phototronic effect on LED -- 7. Piezo-phototronic effect on solar cell -- 8. Piezo-phototronics in luminescence applications -- 9. Piezo-phototronics in other applications -- References -- 5 -- Piezoelectric Composites and their Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The mechanism of piezoelectricity and principle of PZT-polymer composites -- 3. Piezoelectric materials -- 4 Applications of piezoelectric composite materials -- 4.1 Energy harvesting applications -- 4.2 Medical applications of piezoelectric materials -- 4.2.1 Piezoelectric medical devices -- 4.2.2 Piezoelectric sensors -- 4.2.3 Piezoelectric prosthetic skin -- 4.2.4 Cochlear implants -- 4.2.5 Piezoelectric surgery -- 4.2.6 Ultrasonic dental scaling -- 4.2.7 Microdosing -- 4.2.8 Energy harvesting -- 4.2.9 Catheter applications -- 4.2.10 Neural stimulators -- 4.2.11 Healthcare monitoring -- 5. Structural health monitoring and repair -- Conclusion -- References -- 6 -- Piezoelectric Materials for Biomedical and Energy Harvesting Applications -- 1. Introduction. , 1.1 Types of advance piezoelectric functional materials -- 1.1.1 Polymer piezocomposite -- 1.1.2 Ceramics piezocomposite -- 1.1.3 Polymer ceramics piezocomposite -- 2. Applications -- 2.1 Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) devices -- 2.2 MEMS generators for energy harvesting -- 2.3 MEMS sensor -- 2.3.1 Pressure sensor -- 2.3.2 Healthcare sensor -- 2.3.3 Cell and tisusse regenration -- Conclusion -- Reference -- 7 -- Piezoelectric Thin Films and their Applications -- 1. Piezoelectric thin films -- 2. Lead free piezoelectric thin films -- 2.1 AlN thin films -- 2.2 ZnO thin films -- 2.2.1 Synthesis of ZnO thin films -- 2.3 KNN thin films -- 2.3.1 Synthesis of KNN thin films -- 3. Characterization techniques for piezoelectric thin film -- 3.1 Resonance spectrum method -- 3.2 Pneumatic loading method and normal loading method -- 3.3 Characterizations using capacitance measurements -- 4. Applications -- 4.1 Energy harvesting -- 4.2 Actuators -- 4.3 Electronics -- 4.4 Acoustic biosensors -- 4.5 Surface acoustic wave (SAW) biosensors -- 5. Recent developments in piezoelectric thin film devices -- Conclusion -- References -- 8 -- Bulk Lead-Free Piezoelectric Perovskites and their Applications -- 1. Perovskites -- 2. Lead free perovskites -- 3. Processing of lead-free perovskites -- 4. Piezoelectricity in lead free perovskite -- 4.1 Fundamentals of piezoelectricity -- 5. Different lead-free piezoceramics and their applications -- 5.1 KNN based ceramics -- 5.2 Bismuth sodium titanate based piezoceramics and their applications -- 5.3 BaTiO3 (BT) based piezo-ceramics -- 5.3.1 BaTiO3 ceramics phase boundary -- 5.3.2 Factors in phase boundaries -- 5.3.3 Sintering and curie temperature -- 5.4 Bismuth based piezoceramics -- 5.4.1 Phase boundary in BFO-based ceramics -- 5.4.1.1 Ion substitution -- 5.4.1.2 Addition of ABO3. , 5.4.2 Temperature stability of strain properties -- 5.4.3 Relationship between piezoelectricity and phase boundaries -- 6. Requirements for piezoceramic applications -- 6.1 Actuators -- 6.2 Sensors -- 6.3 Transducers -- 6.3.1 Piezoelectric transducers -- 6.4 Resonators -- Conclusion -- References -- 9 -- Piezoelectric Materials for Sensor Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Piezoelectric mechanism -- 3. Types of piezoelectric materials -- 4. Fabrication methods -- 5. Applications of piezoelectric materials -- 5.1 Applications in wearable and implanted biomedical devices -- 5.2 Piezoelectric materials for energy applications -- 5.3 Piezoelectric materials in tissue engineering -- 5.4 Piezoelectric materials in other applications -- Conclusion and outlook -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Thermoelectric Effects -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Thermoelectric effects -- 2.1 Performance parameters of thermoelectric material -- 2.2 Thermoelectric materials -- 2.3 Hybrid thermoelectric materials -- 2.4 Thermoelectric plastics -- Conclusion -- Reference -- 2 -- Fabrication of Polymer and Organic-Inorganic Composites -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Polymers -- 2.1 Organic polymers -- 2.2 Inorganic polymers -- 2.2.1 Thermoplastic -- 2.2.2 Thermoset -- 3. Composite -- 3.1 Filled composites -- 3.2 Reinforced composites -- 4. Organic-Inorganic composites -- 4.1 Synthesis of inorganic-organic composites -- 4.1.1 Electrospinning technique -- 4.1.2 Solution processing -- 4.1.2.1 Hydrothermal synthesis -- 4.1.2.2 Spray coating -- 4.2.3 Inkjet printing -- 4.1.4 Hot pressing -- 4.1.5 Atomic layer deposition technique (ALD) -- 4.1.6 Three-Dimensional (3D) printing -- 4.2 Characterization of organic-inorganic composites -- 4.2.1 Mechanical -- 4.2.2 Thermal -- 4.2.3 Microscopy -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 -- Thermoelectric Properties of Polymer and Organic-Inorganic Composites -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Thermoelectric polymers -- 2.1 Thermoelectric organic-inorganic composites -- 2.2 Thermoelectric properties -- 2.3 Thermoelectric effects -- 2.3.1 Seebeck effect -- 2.3.2 Peltier effect -- 2.3.3 Thomson effect -- 2.4 Joule heating and thermal conduction -- 2.5 Measurement techniques -- 2.5.1 Electrical conductivity measurement -- 2.5.2 Thermal conductivity measurement -- References -- 4 -- Materials used in Thermoelectric Polymers -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Conducting polymers -- 2.1 Preparation and processing of thermoelectric polymers -- 3. P-type thermoelectric polymers -- 3.1 Polyacetylene -- 3.2 Polyaniline -- 3.3 Polypyrrole -- 3.4 (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) -- 3.5 Polythiophenes. , 3.6 Poly(2,7-carbazole) and derivative -- 4. n-type thermoelectric polymers -- 4.1 Factors affecting thermoelectric properties -- 4.1.1 Polymer structure -- 4.1.2 Concentration of polymer -- 4.1.3 Temperature -- 4.1.4 Polymer chain alignment -- References -- 5 -- Cage Structured Compounds -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Classification based on the mode of synthesis -- 3. Biomedical Applications -- 4. Classification based on their mechanism of complexation -- 4.1 Cryptophane cages -- 4.2 Calixarene cages -- 4.3 Upper rostrum alteration -- 4.4 Lower rostrum alteration -- 5-. Polymers designed by covalent bonding of monomers having calixarene moiety -- 6. Calixarene functionalized polymers used for iodine capture -- 7. Sensing and elimination of pollutants. -- Conclusion & -- future challenges -- References -- 6 -- Thermoelectric Conversion Efficiency and Figure of Merit -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Seebeck coefficient and Thermoelectric figure of merit -- 2.1 Seebeck coefficient -- 2.2 Figure of merit -- 2.3 The dimensionless thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) -- 3. Thermoelectric conversion efficiency -- 4. Challenges and their possible solutions -- 4.1 Engineering Dimensionless Figure of Merit (zT)eng -- 4.2 Designing power factor and output power density -- Conclusion -- References -- 7 -- Other New Thermoelectric Compounds -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Organic conjugated polymers as promising TE materials -- 1.2 Power factor (PF) optimization -- 1.3 Design of new potential organic thermoelectric polymers -- 2. p-type TE polymeric compounds -- 2.1 Poly (styrenesulfonate): PEDOT as a promising TE material -- 2.1.1 Nano structuring approach in PEDOT family -- 2.1.2 PEDOT/CNT composites -- 2.1 Semi-crystalline TE polymeric materials -- 2.1.1 Polythiophene (PTP) derivatives -- 2.1.1.1 Electro-chemical polymerization and TE properties of PTP. , 2.2.1.2 PTP derivative: P3HTP (Poly (3-hexyl-thiophene-2,5-diyl) -- 2.2.1.3 PTP/CNT composites -- 3. TE n-type polymeric compounds -- 3.1 Thermoelectric (n-Type) Organic polymeric materials -- 3.2 Transition metals and Organic Hybrid (n-Type) Polymeric materials -- 4. Recent trends of TE polymeric compounds -- 4.1 Self-powered/multi-parameter sensor technology -- 4.2 Conducting polymeric materials application in TE modules -- 4.3 Other incipient uses -- Conclusion and Future Outlook -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Nanosponges for Carbon Dioxide Sequestration -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 General Overview -- 1.1.2 Technologies to Capture CO2 -- 1.1.3 Functionalization -- 1.2 Characterization Techniques -- 1.2.1 N2 Adsorption/Desorption Isotherms at −196.15 °C -- 1.2.2 Transmission Electronic Microscopy -- 1.2.3 X Ray Diffraction -- 1.2.4 Elemental and Thermogravimetric Analysis -- 1.2.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance -- 1.2.6 Infrared Spectroscopy -- 1.2.7 Calorimetry -- 1.3 Amine-Functionalized Adsorbents -- 1.3.1 Amine Functionalized Zeolites -- 1.3.2 Amine Functionalized Activated Carbons -- 1.3.3 Amine Functionalized Metal Organic Frameworks -- 1.3.4 Amine-Functionalized Polymers -- 1.3.5 Amine-Functionalized Pore Expanded Silicas and Silica Nanosponges -- 1.3.6 Amine-Functionalized Modified Clays -- 1.4 Final Remarks -- References -- Chapter 2: Absorbents, Media, and Reagents for Carbon Dioxide Capture and Utilization -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Absorbents for Carbon Dioxide Capture and Subsequent Utilization -- 2.2.1 Amine Solution -- 2.2.2 Metal Hydroxide Solution -- 2.2.3 Ionic Liquid -- 2.2.4 Weak Base -- 2.2.5 Amino Acid Salt -- 2.2.6 Other Types of Absorbent -- 2.2.7 Overview -- 2.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Metal Oxides for Carbon Dioxide Capture -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Adsorption Technology for Carbon Dioxide Capture -- 3.3 High Temperature Solid Looping -- 3.3.1 Chemical Looping -- 3.4 Magnesium Oxide Based Adsorbents -- 3.4.1 Adsorption Mechanism -- 3.4.2 Performance Enhancement Strategies -- 3.5 Layered Double Oxides -- 3.5.1 Methodologies for Improving Capture Characteristics -- 3.6 Calcium Oxide Based Adsorbents -- 3.6.1 Strategies for Sustainable Reactivity -- 3.7 Metal Oxides for Oxygen Transfer in Chemical Looping Technology -- 3.8 Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 4: Hybrid Membranes for Carbon Capture -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Background -- 4.3 Mixed Matrix Membranes -- 4.3.1 Zeolites -- 4.3.2 Silica -- 4.3.3 Carbon Nano Tube -- 4.3.4 Carbon Molecular Sieve -- 4.3.5 Metal Organic Framework -- 4.3.6 Graphene -- 4.4 Preparation of Mixed Matrix Membranes -- 4.5 Summary and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 5: Ionic Liquids for Carbon Dioxide Capture -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Thermophysical Properties of Ionic Liquids -- 5.2.1 Viscosity -- 5.2.2 Thermal Stability -- 5.2.3 Biodegradability -- 5.3 Pure Ionic Liquids for CO2 Capture -- 5.3.1 Conventional Ionic Liquids -- 5.3.2 Task-Specific Ionic Liquids -- 5.3.3 Polymerized Ionic Liquids in CO2 Capture -- 5.4 CO2 Capture with Ionic Liquids Functionalized Solvents -- 5.4.1 Functionalizing the Anion of Ionic Liquid with Alkaline Group-NH2 -- 5.4.2 Attach the Anion of Ionic Liquid with Functional Group -- 5.5 CO2 Adsorption -- 5.5.1 Conventional Adsorbents -- 5.5.2 Solid Ionic Liquids -- 5.5.3 Supported Ionic Liquids onto a Solid Porous Material -- References -- Chapter 6: Carbon Sequestration in Alkaline Soils -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Management of Alkaline Soils -- 6.3 Carbon Stocks in Alkaline Soils -- 6.4 Factor Affecting Soil Carbon Degradation and Decomposition -- 6.5 Carbon Sequestration -- 6.6 Strategies for Carbon Sequestration in Alkaline Soils -- 6.6.1 Application of Amendments Containing Divalent Metals -- 6.6.2 Conservation Farming -- 6.6.3 Cover Crops -- 6.6.4 Manures and Composts -- 6.6.5 Crop Rotation/Selection -- 6.6.6 Biochar Intervention -- 6.6.7 Controlling Soil Erosion -- 6.6.8 Crop Residue Management -- 6.7 Conclusion and Future Research Opportunities -- References -- Chapter 7: Metal-Organic Frameworks for Carbon Dioxide Capture -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Literature Survey -- 7.2.1 Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage. , 7.2.1.1 Carbon Dioxide Capture -- 7.2.1.2 Carbon Dioxide Transport and Storage -- 7.3 Current Carbon Dioxide Capture Technologies -- 7.3.1 Absorption- Amine Based Scrubbing -- 7.3.2 Absorption: Aqueous Ammonium Absorption -- 7.3.3 Surface Adsorption -- 7.4 Introduction to Metal-Organic Frameworks -- 7.4.1 Structure of Metal Organic Frameworks -- 7.4.2 MOF Properties and Applications -- 7.4.3 Zinc Based Metal Organic Frameworks (ZIFs) -- 7.5 Carbon Capture Using Metal Organic Frameworks -- 7.5.1 Adsorption of Carbon Dioxide on a Zirconium Based Metal Organic Framework (MOF) -- 7.5.1.1 Synthesis of Zirconium Based MOF (Zr-MOF) -- 7.5.1.2 Characterization of Prepared MOF -- 7.5.1.3 Results and Discussions -- 7.5.2 Adsorption of Carbon Dioxide on a Porous Carbon Material Derived from Zinc Based MOF -- 7.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Ionic Liquids for Carbon Dioxide Capture -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Ionic Liquids -- 8.3 Characteristics of Ionic Liquids -- 8.3.1 Melting Point -- 8.3.2 Critical Properties -- 8.3.3 Vapor Pressure -- 8.3.4 Thermal Stability -- 8.3.5 Density -- 8.3.6 Viscosity -- 8.3.7 Biodegradability -- 8.3.8 Solubility -- 8.3.9 Selectivity -- 8.3.10 Conductivity -- 8.4 Improving Ionic Liquids Performance -- 8.5 Previous Research -- 8.6 Important Factors for Choosing Suitable Ionic Liquid for Carbon Dioxide Capturing -- 8.7 Economic View -- 8.8 Challenge -- 8.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Methods for the Recovery of CO2 from Chemical Solvents -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Chemical and Physical Absorption -- 9.3 Characteristics of Chemical Solvents -- 9.3.1 Alkanolamines -- 9.3.2 Blend of Alkanolamines -- 9.3.3 Sterically Hindered Amines -- 9.3.4 Novel Amine-Based Solvents -- 9.3.5 Potassium Carbonate -- 9.3.6 Alkali Metal Hydroxide Solution -- 9.3.7 Ammonia Aqueous Solution -- 9.4 Methods of CO2 Recovery. , 9.4.1 Absorption/Desorption Process Through Packed Columns -- 9.4.2 Membrane Method -- 9.4.2.1 Polymeric Based Membranes -- 9.4.2.2 Ceramic and Metallic Membranes -- 9.4.2.3 Microporous Solid Membranes -- 9.4.3 Superiority of Membrane Method over Absorption/Desorption through Packed Columns Method -- 9.4.4 Membrane Flash Process -- 9.4.5 Eelectro Dialysis Membrane Process -- 9.4.6 Electrolysis Membrane Process -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Cryogenic CO2 Capture -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Pre-combustion Carbon Dioxide Capture -- 10.3 Oxy-Fuel Combustion Carbon Dioxide Capture -- 10.4 Post Combustion Carbon Dioxide Capture -- 10.5 Low Temperature Carbon Dioxide Capture Strategies -- 10.5.1 Cryogenic Distillation CO2 Capture -- 10.5.2 External Cooling Loop Cryogenic Carbon Dioxide Capture -- 10.5.3 Cryogenic Packed Bed -- 10.5.4 CO2 Cryogenic De-sublimation -- 10.5.5 Stirling Cooler Strategy -- 10.5.6 CryoCell System -- 10.5.7 Controlled Frosting Zone -- 10.6 Hybrid Methods for CO2 Capture -- 10.6.1 Cryogenic-Hydrate Technologies -- 10.6.2 Cryogenic -Membrane Technologies -- 10.6.3 Low Temperature Absorption Technologies -- 10.7 Advantages and Limitations of CO2 Capture Methods Based on Cryogenic Process -- 10.8 Conclusions -- References -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half-Title Page -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Toxic Geogenic Contaminants in Serpentinitic Geological Systems: Occurrence, Behavior, Exposure Pathways, and Human Health Risks -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Serpentinitic Geological Systems -- 1.2.1 Nature, Occurrence, and Geochemistry -- 1.2.2 Occurrence and Behavior of Toxic Contaminants -- 1.3 Human Exposure Pathways -- 1.3.1 Occupational Exposure -- 1.3.2 Non-Occupational Exposure Routes -- 1.4 Human Health Risks and Their Mitigation -- 1.4.1 Health Risks -- 1.4.2 Mitigating Human Exposure and Health Risks -- 1.5 Future Perspectives -- 1.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Benefits of Geochemistry and Its Impact on Human Health -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 General Overview of Geochemistry and Human Health -- 2.2.1 Types of Geochemistry -- 2.2.2 Some Beneficial Effect of Some Mineral With Health Benefits -- 2.2.3 Application of Geochemistry on Human Health -- 2.3 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- 3 Applications of Geochemistry in Livestock: Health and Nutritional Perspective -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 General and Global Perspective About Geochemistry in Livestock -- 3.3 Types of Geochemistry and Their Numerous Benefits -- 3.3.1 Analytical Geochemistry -- 3.3.2 Isotope Geochemistry -- 3.3.3 Low Temperature Geochemistry -- 3.3.4 Organic and Petroleum Geochemistry -- 3.4 Application of Geochemistry in Livestock -- 3.5 Geochemistry and Animal Health -- 3.6 General Overview of Geochemistry in Livestock's Merits of Geochemistry/Essential Minerals in Livestocks -- 3.6.1 Specific Examples of Authors That Have Used Essential Minerals in Livestock -- 3.6.2 Livestock in Relation to Geominerals -- 3.6.3 Trace Minerals Parallel Importance in Livestock -- 3.6.4 Heavy Metals Impact Livestock -- 3.7 Conclusion and Recommendations. , References -- 4 Application in Geochemistry Toward the Achievement of a Sustainable Agricultural Science -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 General Overview on the Utilization of Geochemistry and Their Wide Application on Agriculture -- 4.2.1 Classification -- 4.2.2 Chemical Composition of Rocks -- 4.2.3 Effect of Some Beneficial Minerals in Agriculture -- 4.2.4 Beneficial Mineral Nutrients That are Crucial to the Development of Plants -- 4.3 Role of Geochemistry in Agriculture -- 4.4 Geochemical Effects of Heavy Metals on Crops Health -- 4.5 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- 5 Geochemistry, Extent of Pollution, and Ecological Impact of Heavy Metal Pollutants in Soil -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Material and Methods -- 5.2.1 Review Process -- 5.2.2 Ecological Risk Index -- 5.3 Toxic Heavy Metal and Their Impact to the Ecosystems -- 5.3.1 Arsenic -- 5.3.2 Cadmium -- 5.3.3 Chromium -- 5.3.4 Copper -- 5.3.5 Lead -- 5.3.6 Nickel -- 5.3.7 Zinc -- 5.4 Metal Pollution in Soil Across the Globe -- 5.5 Ecological and Human Health Risk Impacts of Heavy Metals -- 5.6 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Isotope Geochemistry -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Basic Definitions -- 6.2.1 The Notation -- 6.2.2 The Fractionation Factor -- 6.2.3 Isotope Fractionation -- 6.2.4 Mass Dependent and Independent Fractionations -- 6.3 Application of Traditional Isotopes in Geochemistry -- 6.3.1 Geothermometer -- 6.3.2 Isotopes in Biological System -- 6.3.3 Isotopes in Archaeology -- 6.3.4 Isotopes in Fossils and the Earliest Life -- 6.3.5 Isotopes in Hydrothermal and Ore Deposits -- 6.4 Non-Traditional Isotopes in Geochemistry -- 6.4.1 Application in Tracing of Source -- 6.4.2 Application in Process Tracing -- 6.4.3 Biological Cycling -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Environmental Geochemistry -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Overview of the Environmental Geochemistry -- 7.3 Conclusions. , 7.4 Abbreviations -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 8 Medical Geochemistry -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Evolution of Geochemistry -- 8.3 This Science has Expanded Considerably to Become Distinct Branches -- 8.3.1 Cosmochemistry -- 8.3.2 The Economic Importance of Geochemistry -- 8.3.3 Analytical Geochemistry -- 8.3.4 Geochemistry of Radioisotopes -- 8.3.5 Medical Geochemistry and Human Health -- 8.3.6 Environmental Health and Safety -- 8.4 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Inorganic Geochemistry -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Elements and the Earth -- 9.2.1 Iron -- 9.2.2 Oxygen -- 9.2.3 Silicon -- 9.2.4 Magnesium -- 9.3 Geological Minerals -- 9.3.1 Quartz -- 9.3.2 Feldspar -- 9.3.3 Amphibole -- 9.3.4 Pyroxene -- 9.3.5 Olivine -- 9.3.6 Clay Minerals -- 9.3.7 Kaolinite -- 9.3.8 Bentonite, Montmorillonite, Vermiculite, and Biotite -- 9.4 Characterization Techniques -- 9.4.1 Powder X-Ray Diffraction -- 9.4.2 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectra -- 9.4.3 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectra -- 9.4.4 Electron Probe Micro-Analysis -- 9.4.5 Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry -- 9.4.6 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy -- 9.4.7 Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis -- 9.4.8 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Introduction and Scope of Geochemistry -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Periodic Table and Electronic Configuration -- 10.2 Periodic Properties -- 10.2.1 Ionization Enthalpy -- 10.2.2 Electron Affinity -- 10.2.3 Electro-Negativity -- 10.3 Chemical Bonding -- 10.3.1 Ionic Bond -- 10.3.2 Covalent Bond -- 10.3.3 Metallic Bond -- 10.3.4 Hydrogen Bond -- 10.3.5 Van der Waals Forces -- 10.4 Geochemical Classification and Distribution of Elements -- 10.4.1 Lithophiles -- 10.4.2 Siderophiles -- 10.4.3 Chalcophiles -- 10.4.4 Atmophiles -- 10.4.5 Biophiles -- 10.5 Chemical Composition of the Earth -- 10.6 Classification of Earth's Layers. , 10.6.1 Based on Chemical Composition -- 10.6.2 Based on Physical Properties -- 10.7 Spheres of the Earth -- 10.7.1 Geosphere/Lithosphere -- 10.7.2 Hydrosphere -- 10.7.3 Biosphere -- 10.7.4 Atmosphere -- 10.7.5 Troposphere -- 10.7.6 Stratosphere -- 10.7.7 Mesosphere -- 10.7.8 Thermosphere and Ionosphere -- 10.7.9 Exosphere -- 10.8 Sub-Disciplines of Geochemistry -- 10.9 Scope of Geochemistry -- 10.10 Conclusion -- References -- Index -- EULA.