Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- 1- Introduction -- Evolution of Quaternary climate -- Magnetic contributors to sediments, soils, dusts and organic tissues -- A tool kit for the environmental magnetist -- Magnetic parameters -- Instrumentation -- Measurement techniques -- Magnetic units -- Magnetic properties of natural crystals -- Magnetic discrimination -- Magnetic modelling -- Magnetic investigations in Quaternary contexts -- References -- 2- The North Atlantic as a Quaternary magnetic archive -- Introduction -- Magnetism and climate in the North Atlantic -- Heinrich layers -- Mechanisms for generating Heinrich events -- The relationship between Heinrich layers and climate -- Heinrich layers and sediment sources -- Magnetic signatures of Heinrich layers -- Proximal sedimentation: the magnetic signature of Heinrich layers from the Labrador Sea -- Geographic variation in magnetic properties and the signature of Heinrich events -- Conclusions -- References -- 3- Palaeomonsoons I: the magnetic record of palaeoclimate in the terrestrial loess and palaeosol sequences -- Introduction -- The East Asian summer and winter monsoons -- Sources of the loess? -- Chronology of the Chinese loess and soil sequences -- The magnetic properties of the Chinese loess-soil sequences -- Morphology and source of the loess/soil magnetic minerals. -- The present day connection between climate and soil magnetism -- Palaeoclimate from palaeosusceptibility -- Soil chronofunctions -- Palaeoclimate reconstructions -- Other approaches to palaeoclimatic reconstruction from the Chinese loess and soils. -- Alternative views -- Magnetism-palaeosol relationships in other parts of the world -- Future prospects -- Acknowledgements -- References. , 4- Palaeomonsoons II: magnetic records of aeolian dust in Quaternary sediments of the Indian Ocean -- Introduction -- Palaeowinds from dust records in deep-sea sediments -- Central North Atlantic -- Aeolian flux to the north-west and central Pacific -- Magnetic susceptibility as a record of aeolian dust in Indian Ocean sediments -- Paramagnetic/diamagnetic contributions to magnetic susceptibility -- Zone 1 (0-1.7 m) -- Zone 2 (1.7 m-~7 m) -- Zone 3 (7-10.5 m) -- Zone 4 (10.5-~22 m) -- Zone 5 (~22-90 m) -- Magnetic mineralogy from magnetic extracts -- Mineralogy of the magnetic extracts -- Magnetic mineralogy of magnetic zones 1-5 -- Source of the paramagnetic susceptibility signal -- Source of the Owen Ridge magnetic susceptibility signal -- Summary -- Future prospects -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5- Bacterial magnetite and the Quaternary climate record -- Introduction -- Ecology and physiology of magnetogenic bacteria -- Magnetotactic bacteria -- Dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria -- Ecology -- Identification of bacterial magnetosomes in Quaternary sediments and soils -- Magnetic identification -- Identification of bacterial magnetite by microscopy -- Bacterial magnetite in Quaternary sediments -- Marine sediments -- Conclusions: bacterial magnetite and the Quaternary climate record -- References -- 6- Incidence and significance of magnetic iron sulphides in Quaternary sediments and soils -- Introduction -- The structural properties of the iron-sulphide system -- Physical structures and low temperature phase fields -- Magnetic properties of the ferrimagnetic iron sulphides -- Greigite -- Monoclinic pyrrhotite -- Occurrences of ferrimagnetic iron sulphides in freshwater sediments and terrestrial environments -- Palaeosalinity in the Baltic -- Iron sulphides in marine sediments. , Chemical remanent magnetizations carried by iron sulphides: magnetostratigraphic conundrums -- Self-reversal of iron sulphides -- The future -- Methods -- Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7- Holocene environmental change from magnetic proxies in lake sediments -- Introduction -- Lough Neagh revisited -- Sources of magnetic minerals in lake sediments -- Holocene susceptibility trends -- Long term decreasing or stationary trend -- Long term increasing trend -- Recent records -- Detrital records -- Dilution effects -- Particle-size -- Sediment sources -- Mixing models -- Core correlation and sediment loads -- Magnetic properties as records of diagenesis or authigenesis. -- Magnetic proxies of climate change through glacial-interglacial cycles -- Records of atmospheric deposition -- Fire histories and tephra deposits -- Pollution records -- Final comments -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8- Magnetic monitoring of air-, land- and water-pollution -- Introduction -- Atmospheric pollutants -- Heavy metals in fly-ashes -- Magnetic minerals associated with atmospheric particulates -- Magnetic properties of coal-fired airborne particles -- Magnetic minerals, heavy metals and road traffic -- Magnetic airborne particles and identification of pollution sources -- Occupational exposure -- Magnetic mapping of atmospheric deposition of pollution -- Soil magnetometry and anthropogenic pollution -- Magnetic measurements on miscellaneous carriers of airborne particles -- Magnetic properties and pollution of fluvial and marine sediments -- Miscellaneous ('non-industrial pollution') -- Extraterrestrial versus volcanic magnetite -- Eolian sedimentation and iron contribution to aerosols -- Coupling between magnetic minerals and heavy metals -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References. , 9- Environmental factors affecting geomagnetic field palaeointensity estimates from sediments -- Introduction -- Sediment palaeointensity normalization techniques -- Holocene palaeointensity estimates -- Late Pleistocene palaeointensity estimates -- Brunhes palaeointensity estimates -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- 10- Magnetic cyclostratigraphy: high-resolution dating in and beyond the Quaternary and analysis of periodic changes in… -- Introduction -- Orbital cycles and astronomical time-scales -- The orbital cycles -- A breakthrough in geological dating: astronomical time-scales for the late Neogene -- Cyclicity and diagenesis within the marine sedimentary environment -- Cyclic variations in diagenetic conditions -- Sapropels -- Bed-to-bed, marine-continental correlations -- The early Pliocene Ptolemais formation -- Synthesis: conclusions and outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Cover -- Half-Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of figures -- List of tables -- Acknowledgments -- 1 15,000 years of climate change in the MENA: Big history, big questions -- 2 Climate change from the Younger Dryas to the Little Ice Age -- 3 The origins of agriculture, drought, and ancient empires -- 4 Drought and political-economic transformations in the ancient Near East -- 5 Cooling, water scarcity, and societal crises in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt -- 6 Environmental fragility in the MENA from Late Antiquity to Early Modern eras -- 7 Global warming in the MENA today and in the coming decades -- 8 Climate wars - canaries in the coal mine? -- 9 Water, food, and adaptation -- 10 The end of the MENA? -- Bibliography -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction -- Background -- Rationale for (and layout of) this volume -- References -- Part I Setting the stage: What do we know about human growth and development? -- 2 The human pattern of growth and development in paleontological perspective -- Introduction -- A brief history of auxological paleontology -- A synthesis of ideas -- Why did childhood and adolescence evolve? -- Why childhood? -- Why adolescence and the adolescent growth? -- Why do girls have adolescence? -- Why do boys have adolescence? -- Girls and boys - two paths through adolescence -- The shape of things to come -- References -- 3 Postnatal ontogeny of facial position in Homo sapiens and Pan troglodytes -- Introduction -- Anatomical model -- Materials and methods -- Samples -- Measurements -- Geometric morphometric analyses -- Hypotheses -- Results -- SDM analyses -- GDM analyses -- Summary of results -- H1: Anterior cranial base length -- H2: Middle cranial fossa length -- H3: Midfacial length -- H4: Posterior cranial base length -- H5: Upper facial length -- H6: Lower facial length -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Variation in modern human dental development -- Introduction -- Methods -- Recording dental formation -- Growth statistics -- Stages of dental development -- Results -- Timing of eruption -- Stages of eruption -- Tooth formation -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Developmental variation in the facial skeleton of anatomically modern Homo sapiens -- Introduction -- Morphological differences in the form of the craniofacial skeleton in adult modern humans: An overview -- General principles of growth in the craniofacial skeleton -- Comparative growth of the hard tissues - geometric morphometrics. , Background to the study -- Materials -- Methods -- Results -- Differences in facial shape irrespective of maturation -- Differences in ontogenetic shape trajectories -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Linear growth variation in the archaeological record -- Introduction -- Material and methods -- Reference sample -- Archaeological samples -- Estimation of age at death -- Results -- North Africa and Western Asia -- Asia -- Europe/European origin -- North America -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Hominid growth and development: The modern context -- Introduction -- Modern human pattern of growth and development -- Definition of pattern of growth and development -- Life stages -- Life history -- Causes of within-species variation -- Evidence for modern human growth as presented in this volume -- Conclusions -- References -- Part II The first steps: From australopithecines to Middle Pleistocene Homo -- 8 Reconstructing australopithecine growth and development: What do we think we know? -- Introduction -- Background -- Chronology and timing of australopithecine dental development -- Patterns of australopithecine dental development -- Growth and development of the australopithecine face -- Summary and discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Growth and life history in Homo erectus -- Introduction -- Theoretical context -- Heterochrony -- Temporal patterning of growth and the human growth spurt -- Materials and methods -- Materials -- Allometric heterochronic analyses -- Growth spurt analyses -- Methods -- Heterochronic analyses -- Growth spurt analyses -- Results -- Heterochrony -- Size and shape dissociation -- Growth through time and growth spurts -- Discussion -- Heterochrony, size, and shape -- Growth through time and adolescent growth spurts -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments. , References -- 10 Patterns of dental development in Lower and Middle Pleistocene hominins from Atapuerca (Spain) -- Introduction -- Dental development and life history -- Time and timing: Two different approaches -- Materials: The Atapuerca hominins -- Methods -- Results -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Hominid growth and development from australopithecines to Middle Pleistocene Homo -- Introduction -- Homo habilis -- Dental remains -- Cranial and mandibular remains -- Postcranial remains -- Life-history issues -- Homo erectus -- Dental remains -- Cranial and mandibular remains -- Postcranial remains -- Adolescent growth spurt? -- Life-history issues -- Homo antecessor and Homo heidelbergensis -- Dental remains -- Cranial and mandibular remains -- Postcranial remains -- Life-history issues -- Summary -- References -- Part III The last steps: The approach to modern humans -- 12 Diagnosing heterochronic perturbations in the craniofacial evolution of Homo (Neandertals and modern humans) and… -- Introduction -- Materials and methods -- Samples -- Aging methods -- Modeling growth -- HETPAD analysis -- Results -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 13 Shape and growth differences between Neandertals and modern humans: Grounds for a species-level distinction? -- Introduction -- Taxonomic hypothesis -- Materials -- Landmarks -- Euclidean distance matrix analysis -- EDMA shape difference comparisons -- EDMA growth difference comparisons -- Results -- EDMA shape difference comparisons -- EDMA growth difference comparisons -- Discussion -- Future work -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 14 Ontogenetic patterning and phylogenetic significance of mental foramen number and position in the evolution of Upper… -- Introduction -- Materials -- Recent specimens -- Fossil specimens -- Methods -- Results. , Mental foramen position relative to the tooth row -- Number of mental foramina -- Growth in anterior alveolar arch length -- Growth in anterior alveolar arch breadth -- Discussion -- Summary and conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 15 A new approach to the quantitative analysis of postcranial growth in Neandertals and modern humans: Evidence from the… -- Introduction -- Materials -- Methods -- Results -- Ilium -- Pubis -- Ischium -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 16 Ontogenetic variation in the Dederiyeh Neandertal infants: Postcranial evidence -- Introduction -- Materials -- Dederiyeh 1 and 2 -- Comparative specimens -- Methods -- Aging -- Measurements and analyses -- Results -- Length and circumference -- Cross-sectional geometric properties -- Difference between Dederiyeh 1 and Dederiyeh 2 -- Discussion -- Sample size as a comparative unit -- Comparison of growth patterns -- Uncertainty of age estimation -- Issues in the study of growth of postcranial bones -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 17 Hominid growth and development in Upper Pleistocene Homo -- Introduction -- Models of evolutionary change -- Morphological studies -- The postcranium: Limb length and circumference -- Considerations -- The postcranium: Pelvic dimensions -- Considerations -- The skull: The mandible -- Considerations -- The skull: The craniofacial complex -- Considerations -- Summary -- Interpretive differences -- Methodological factors -- Conceptual factors -- Genetics or behavior? -- Paradigm -- Paradigms and the origins of the modern human pattern of growth and development -- Discussion -- References -- 18 Conclusions: Putting it all together -- Introduction -- What is the modern human pattern of growth and development and when did it appear? -- Growth in brain size/body size -- Development. , The origin of modern humans -- Variability -- Conclusions -- References -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 A selective overview -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 On taking mixing-length theory seriously -- 1.3 The solar spoon -- 1.4 Deep roots of solar cycles -- 1.5 Helioseismology: oscillations as a diagnostic of the solar interior -- 1.6 Inverting helioseismic data -- 1.7 On the detection of subphotospheric convective velocities and temperature fluctuations -- 1.8 Prospects for asteroseismic inference -- References -- I Stellar convection and oscillations -- 2 On the diversity of stellar pulsations -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Types of stellar pulsation -- 2.2.1 Giant-type pulsators -- 2.3 Dwarf-type pulsators -- 2.4 Inference from linear theory -- 2.5 Saturation of the linear instability -- 2.6 Amplitude limitation by resonances -- 2.6.1 The 2:1 resonance -- 2.6.2 Parametric resonance and dwarf and giant dichotomy -- 2.6.3 Higher-order parametric resonance and the Blazkho effect -- 2.7 Final remarks -- References -- 3 Acoustic radiation and mode excitation by turbulent convection -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Linear damping rates, Gamma -- 3.3 Stochastic excitation -- 3.4 Acoustic radiation in the equilibrium model -- References -- 4 Understanding roAp stars -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Magnetic field versus convection -- 4.3 Mode excitation and eigenfrequencies -- 4.3.1 Excitation -- 4.3.2 Effect on the power spectrum -- 4.4 Theoretical instability strip -- 4.5 roAp stars versus noAp stars -- 4.5.1 noAp stars: are they stable against high frequency pulsations? -- 4.5.2 noAp stars: why would we fail to observe their oscillations? -- 4.6 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Waves in the magnetised solar atmosphere -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Description of the models -- 5.3 Network and internetwork oscillations -- 5.3.1 Internetwork oscillations -- 5.3.2 Waves in a network element. , 5.4 Waves in a weak flux-tube -- 5.5 Conclusions -- References -- II Stellar rotation and magnetic fields -- 6 Stellar rotation: a historical survey -- Prologue -- 6.1 Radiative zones: the Eddington-Vogt-Sweet theory -- 6.2 Comparison with geophysical theory -- 6.3 Steady circulation and the mixing problem -- 6.4 The angular momentum distribution in a radiative zone -- 6.4.1 Magnetic radiative zones -- 6.4.2 Non-magnetic radiative zones -- 6.5 Rotating convective zones -- 6.6 The solar tachocline -- References -- 7 The oscillations of rapidly rotating stars -- 7.1 A short introduction to rapidly rotating stars -- 7.2 Perturbative versus non-perturbative methods -- 7.3 The part played by the Coriolis acceleration -- 7.4 The part played by centrifugal acceleration -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Solar tachocline dynamics: eddy viscosity, anti-friction, or something in between? -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Long-range and short-range momentum transport -- 8.3 Potential vorticity -- 8.4 A glimpse of the Earth's stratosphere -- 8.5 Turbulence requires waves -- 8.6 Concluding remarks -- References -- 9 Dynamics of the solar tachocline -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 One half of the problem: shear propagation into a rotating stratified fluid -- 9.2.1 Slow rotating case… -- 9.2.3 Solar rotation rate -- 9.2.4 Discussion -- 9.3 The other half of the problem: nonlinear interaction between a large-scale field and flows in a rotating sphere -- 9.4 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Dynamo processes: the interaction of turbulence and magnetic fields -- 10.1 Scales for solar magnetic fields -- 10.2 Field structure in kinematic dynamos at large R -- 10.3 Dynamical equilibration of small-scale dynamos -- 10.4 Growth and equilibration of mean fields -- 10.5 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Dynamos in planets -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Planetary magnetic fields. , 11.3 Convective driving and thermal history -- 11.4 Physical nature of convective dynamo solutions -- 11.5 Dynamical regimes in planetary cores -- 11.6 Conclusions -- References -- III Physics and structure of stellar interiors -- 12 Solar constraints on the equation of state -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Equation of state issues -- 12.2.1 Coulomb correction -- 12.2.2 Relativistic electrons -- 12.2.3 Effect of excited states in hydrogen and helium -- 12.2.4 Heavy elements -- 12.3 Resolution power of helioseismology -- 12.4 Conclusions -- References -- 13 He transport and the solar neutrino problem -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Neutrinos and the neutrino problem -- 13.3 Cumming and Haxton's model -- 13.4 Modelling the flow -- 13.5 The equations -- 13.6 Results -- 13.7 Conclusions -- References -- 14 Mixing in stellar radiation zones -- 14.1 The observational evidence -- 14.2 Possible causes of mixing -- 14.2.1 Convective overshoot and penetration -- 14.2.2 Meridional circulation -- 14.2.3 Turbulence caused by differential rotation -- 14.2.3.1 Turbulence produced by the vertical shear -- 14.2.3.2 Turbulence produced by the horizontal shear -- 14.3 Rotational mixing -- 14.3.1 Rotational mixing of type I -- 14.3.2 Rotational mixing of type II -- 14.3.3 Tachocline mixing -- 14.4 Open questions -- 14.4.1 Does turbulence caused by a horizontal shear act to reduce that shear? -- 14.4.2 How does a poloidal field avoid imprinting the differential rotation of the convection zone into the radiation zone? -- 14.4.3 Can waves extract angular momentum from the solar interior? -- References -- 15 Element settling and rotation-induced mixing in slowly rotating stars -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Element settling in stellar radiative zones -- 15.2.1 The solar case -- 15.2.2 The lithium plateau in halo stars. , 15.3 Rotation-induced mixing in the presence of gravitationally-induced Mu-gradients -- 15.3.1 Computations of Omega and Mu-currents -- 15.3.2 Self-regulating process -- 15.4 Conclusion -- References -- IV Helio-and asteroseismology -- 16 Solar structure and the neutrino problem -- 16.1 Historical review: the solar neutrino problem -- 16.2 Historical review: helioseismology -- 16.3 Neutrino oscillation: MSW effect -- 16.4 SNO and Super-Kamiokande -- 16.5 Recipe for construction of an evolutionary solar model -- 16.6 Recipe for construction of a seismic solar model -- 16.7 Seismic solar model and the neutrino flux estimate -- 16.8 Future prospects -- References -- 17 Helioseismic data analysis -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Background -- 17.3 Instruments -- 17.3.1 GONG -- 17.3.2 MDI -- 17.3.3 Other projects -- 17.4 Normal mode analysis -- 17.4.1 Time series generation -- 17.4.2 Peakbagging -- 17.4.2.1 The MDI algorithm -- 17.4.2.2 The GONG algorithm -- 17.4.2.3 Ridge fitting -- 17.4.3 Analysis problems -- 17.4.3.1 Bad physics and parameters -- 17.4.3.2 Instrumental problems -- 17.4.3.3 Algorithm problems -- 17.4.3.4 Problems of unknown source -- 17.4.4 Results -- 17.5 Supergranulation studies -- 17.6 Conclusion and future prospects -- References -- 18 Seismology of solar rotation -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Helioseismic measurement of solar internal rotation -- 18.3 Inversion for internal rotation -- 18.4 Solar internal rotation observed by helioseismology -- 18.4.1 Observational data -- 18.4.2 How to tackle 2-dimensional (2D) inversions -- 18.4.3 What we have learned -- 18.5 Rotation in the the solar convection zone -- 18.6 Line-blending problem -- 18.7 Summary -- References -- 19 Telechronohelioseismology -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Observational and Theoretical Principles -- 19.3 Current Inferences -- 19.3.1 Large-scale flows and solar activity. , 19.3.2 Developing active regions -- 19.3.3 Structure and dynamics of sunspots -- 19.3.4 Far-side imaging -- 19.4 Conclusion -- References -- V Large-scale numerical experiments -- 20 Bridges between helioseismology and models of convection zone dynamics -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Differential rotation: tachocline and near-surface shear -- 20.3 Solar dynamo: ordered and chaotic emergence of flux -- 20.4 Tachocline: boundary layer of strong shear -- 20.5 Contact with 3-D simulations of turbulent convection -- 20.6 Near-surface shear layer and solar subsurface weather -- 20.7 Origin of near-surface shear layer -- 20.8 Reflections -- References -- 21 Numerical simulations of the solar convection zone -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 DNS results -- 21.3 VLES results -- 21.4 Conclusion -- References -- 22 Modelling solar and stellar magnetoconvection -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.2 Compressible magnetoconvection -- 22.3 Flux separation -- 22.4 Small-scale dynamo action -- 22.5 Conclusion -- References -- 23 Nonlinear magnetoconvection in the presence of a strong oblique field -- 23.1 Introduction -- 23.2 Reduced PDE description for Ma… -- 23.2.1 Computational and Theoretical Advantages -- 23.3 Exact Single-Mode Solutions -- 23.4 Results -- 23.5 Conclusion -- References -- 24 Simulations of astrophysical fluids -- 24.1 Introduction -- 24.2 Radio relics -- 24.2.1 Conclusion -- 24.3 Radio galaxies -- References -- VI Dynamics -- 25 A magic electromagnetic field -- 25.1 The electromagnetic field -- 25.2 The connection to Kerr's metric and the electron -- 25.3 Separability of motion in the field -- 25.4 Eulogy -- References -- 26 Continuum equations for stellar dynamics -- 26.1 A kinetic equation -- 26.2 The collision term -- 26.3 Fluid equations -- 26.4 The Jeans instability -- 26.5 Conclusion -- References -- 27 Formation of planetary systems -- 27.1 Observations. , 27.2 Grain condensation and growth.

Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Illustrations -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1.1 About this book -- 1.2 The stellar life-cycle -- 1.3 The space between the stars -- 1.4 The distribution of the stars -- 1.5 The magnetic field -- 1.6 Star formation in a galactic context -- 1.7 Known sites of contemporary star formation -- 1.8 The initial mass function -- 1.9 Objectives of star-formation theory -- Recommended further reading -- Chapter 2 Probing star formation -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Properties of photons -- 2.3 Intensity -- 2.4 Flux -- 2.5 Radiant energy density -- 2.6 Continuum radiation - studying the dust -- 2.7 Radiative transfer -- 2.8 Calculating the dust mass -- 2.9 Line radiation - studying the gas -- 2.9.1 Population transfer -- 2.9.2 Population distributions -- 2.9.3 The Einstein relations between coefficients -- 2.9.4 Emission and absorption coefficients -- Recommended further reading -- Chapter 3 The ISM - the beginnings of star formation -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The 21-cm line of atomic hydrogen -- 3.2.1 21-cm energy levels -- 3.2.2 21-cm level populations -- 3.2.3 Radiative transfer in the 21-cm line -- 3.2.4 The 21-cm line in absorption -- 3.2.5 The 21-cm line in emission -- 3.3 Molecular gas -- 3.3.1 The problems of detecting H2 -- 3.3.2 Using CO to trace H2 -- 3.3.3 The CO to H2 conversion factor -- 3.4 Line shapes and the motion of the gas -- 3.4.1 Line broadening -- 3.4.2 The Doppler effect -- 3.4.3 Convolving line profiles -- 3.5 Absorption lines - searchlights through the ISM -- 3.5.1 Selection effects -- 3.5.2 Circumstellar and interstellar lines -- 3.5.3 Equivalent width of a line -- 3.6 The curve of growth -- 3.6.1 Low optical depth -- 3.6.2 Intermediate optical depth -- 3.6.3 High optical depth -- 3.7 The use of absorption lines -- Recommended further reading. , Chapter 4 Molecular clouds - the sites of star formation -- 4.1 The equation of state -- 4.1.1 The ideal gas approximation -- 4.1.2 Adiabatic equation of state -- 4.2 Fluid mechanics of molecular clouds -- 4.2.1 The continuity equation -- 4.2.2 The equation of motion under pressure -- 4.2.3 Fluid motion under gravity -- 4.3 Gravitational instability -- 4.3.1 Uniform density medium -- 4.3.2 The Jeans mass -- 4.3.3 Structure in molecular clouds -- 4.4 The virial theorem -- 4.4.1 Cloud stability -- 4.4.2 The virial mass -- 4.4.3 Theoretical core life-times -- 4.5 Observations of molecular clouds -- 4.5.1 Larson's scaling relations -- 4.5.2 Cloud life-times from observations -- 4.5.3 Are cores in free-fall collapse? -- 4.6 Turbulence in molecular clouds -- 4.6.1 Non-thermal linewidths -- 4.6.2 Intermittency -- 4.6.3 Turbulent cascades -- 4.6.4 Fractal structure -- 4.6.5 Very small-scale structure -- 4.6.6 Shock fronts -- 4.7 Magnetic fields in molecular clouds -- 4.8 Chemistry in molecular clouds -- 4.8.1 Gas-phase chemistry -- 4.8.2 Grain surface chemistry -- 4.8.3 Carbon chemistry -- 4.8.4 Chemistry and star formation -- Recommended further reading -- Chapter 5 Fragmentation and collapse - the road to star formation -- 5.1 The road to star formation -- 5.2 Theoretical collapse solutions -- 5.3 The minimum mass of a star -- 5.3.1 Hierarchical fragmentation -- 5.3.2 Contraction of a marginally unstable fragment -- 5.3.3 The compressional heating rate -- 5.3.4 Radiative cooling rate -- 5.3.5 Condition for isothermality to be maintained -- 5.3.6 The minimum mass -- 5.4 Effects of the magnetic field -- 5.4.1 Ion-neutral drift -- 5.4.2 Ambipolar diffusion -- 5.4.3 Decrease of magnetic flux with time -- 5.4.4 The angular momentum problem -- 5.4.5 Magnetic braking of rotating clouds -- 5.5 Observations of the initial conditions of collapse. , 5.5.1 Starless and pre-stellar cores -- 5.5.2 Physical properties of pre-stellar cores -- 5.6 Pre-stellar cores and the IMF -- 5.7 Binary and multiple star formation -- Recommended further reading -- Chapter 6 Young stars, protostars and accretion - building a typical star -- 6.1 Pre-main-sequence evolution -- 6.1.1 Isothermal collapse -- 6.1.2 Radiative interior -- 6.1.3 Protostars and PMS stars -- 6.2 Hayashi tracks -- 6.2.1 Quasi-static contraction -- 6.2.2 The stellar atmosphere -- 6.2.3 The transition point -- 6.2.4 The convective interior -- 6.2.5 The surface temperature -- 6.3 Henyey tracks -- 6.3.1 Radiative equilibrium -- 6.3.2 The surface temperature -- 6.3.3 Very massive stars -- 6.3.4 The Kelvin-Helmholtz contraction time-scale -- 6.4 Accretion onto protostars -- 6.4.1 Spherically symmetric accretion -- 6.4.2 Bondi accretion -- 6.4.3 Variation of flow speed with radius -- 6.4.4 The sonic point -- 6.4.5 Physically acceptable solutions -- 6.4.6 The supersonic solution -- 6.5 Observations of protostars - the birth line -- 6.6 Millimetre-wave continuum observations -- 6.7 Millimetre-wave spectroscopy -- 6.8 Infrared and optical observations -- Recommended further reading -- Chapter 7 The formation of high-mass starsstars, and their surroundings -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The main stages of high-mass star formation -- 7.2.1 Infrared-dark clouds -- 7.2.2 Hot cores -- 7.2.3 HII regions -- 7.3 Building a high-mass star -- 7.3.1 Accretion vs radiation pressure -- 7.3.2 Reversing the accretion -- 7.3.3 Pre-main-sequence evolution with accretion -- 7.4 Line radiation from HII regions -- 7.4.1 Recombination cascades -- 7.4.2 Nomenclature -- 7.5 Recombination rate and emission measure -- 7.6 Free-free radio continuum emission -- 7.7 Size of an HII region - Strmgren radius -- 7.8 Ionisation fronts -- 7.9 Expansion of an HII region. , 7.9.1 Initial static ionisation phase -- 7.9.2 The dynamical expansion phase -- 7.9.3 The asymptotic state -- 7.9.4 The swept-up neutral gas at the boundaryof an HII region -- Recommended further reading -- Chapter 8 By-products and consequences of star formation -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Circumstellar discs -- 8.2.1 A model accretion disc -- 8.2.2 Temperature profile -- 8.2.3 Flared discs -- 8.3 Bipolar outflows -- 8.4 Disc fragmentation -- 8.5 Planet formation -- 8.5.1 Formation of planetesimals -- 8.5.2 Planetesimal growth -- 8.5.3 Giant planets -- 8.6 Brown dwarf stars -- 8.6.1 Brown dwarfs and planets -- 8.6.2 The brown dwarf desert -- 8.6.3 Possible formation mechanisms of brown dwarfs -- 8.7 Galaxy formation -- 8.7.1 Stars -- 8.7.2 Interstellar gas -- 8.7.3 Ellipticals versus spirals -- 8.7.4 Spiral structure in disc galaxies -- 8.8 Starburst galaxies -- 8.9 The epoch of star formation -- Recommended further reading -- List of mathematical symbols -- List of figure credits -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 -- Chapter 2 -- Chapter 3 -- Chapter 4 -- Chapter 5 -- Chapter 6 -- Chapter 7 -- Chapter 8 -- Index.

Note: BOOK COVER -- HALF-TITLE -- TITLE -- COPYRIGHT -- DEDICATION -- CONTENTS -- FIGURES -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- 1 THE RECEIVED VIEW -- THE NEWTONIAN HERITAGE -- Newton's experimentum crucis -- The Newtonian conception of colour -- PRIMARY AND SECONDARY QUALITIES -- THE PROBLEM-SPACE OF THE RECEIVED VIEW -- 2 COLOUR VISION: RECENT THEORIES AND RESULTS -- APPROACHES TO COLOUR VISION -- Psychophysics and physiology -- Computational vision -- THE PHENOMENAL STRUCTURE OF COLOUR -- PHYSIOLOGY AND PSYCHOPHYSICS -- Visual pigments, photoreceptors, and additive colour mixture -- Postreceptoral mechanisms and opponent processes -- Psychophysical issues about the postreceptoral channels -- Physiological issues about the postreceptoral channels -- Cortical connections -- COMPUTATIONAL COLOUR VISION -- Colour constancy and the 'natural image' -- Global computations and lightness -- Criticisms of the retinex theory -- The linear models framework (LMF) -- Spatial segmentation -- Summary -- LEVELS OF EXPLANATION AND COLOUR SPACE -- Levels of explanation -- Colour space: a resume -- The case of colour constancy -- 3 NATURALISTIC ONTOLOGIES -- EXPLANATION AND DESCRIPTIVE VOCABULARIES -- COMPUTATIONAL OBJECTIVISM -- Colour and wavelength -- Colour and surface reflectance: anthropocentric realism -- The argument from external irreducibility -- NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL SUBJECTIVISM -- BEYOND OBJECTIVISM AND SUBJECTIVISM -- 4 THE COMPARATIVE ARGUMENT -- INTRODUCING COMPARATIVE COLOUR VISION -- COMPARATIVE COLOUR SPACES -- A bird's-eye view -- Colour hyperspaces and novel colours -- THE EVOLUTION AND ECOLOGY OF COLOUR VISION -- Molecular biology of the visual pigments and psychophysics -- Visual ecology -- THE COMPARATIVE ARGUMENT -- Computational objectivism revisited9 -- The argument from perceiver-relativity -- Neurophysiological subjectivism revisited. , 5 THE ECOLOGICAL VIEW -- THE ECOLOGICAL LEVEL -- PERCEPTION AND THE ECOLOGICAL LEVEL -- Representationism revisited -- Gibson's 'ecological approach' -- The ecological approach and computational vision -- Integrating computational vision, neuroscience, and the ecological level: an action-based paradigm -- WHERE IS COLOUR? -- 6 VISUAL EXPERIENCE AND THE ECOLOGICAL VIEW -- SENSATIONALISM -- Nagel and the subjective character of perceptual experience -- Novel colours and Jackson's knowledge argument5 -- COGNITIVISM: DENNETT'S DISQUALIFICATION OF QUALIA -- VISUAL EXPERIENCE, SCIENCE, AND THE ECOLOGICAL VIEW -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Original Title -- Original Copyright -- CONTENTS -- 1 Preface -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- 1 Zoogeography -- 2 Environmental Factors -- 3 Tropical Forest -- 4 Savannah -- 5 Desert -- 6 Steppe -- 7 Temperate Forest -- 8 Taiga -- 9 Tundra And Snowlands -- 10 Mountains -- 11 Microenvironments -- 12 Fresh Waters -- 13 The Selective Influence Of The Habitat -- 14 The Influence Of The Organism On Its Habitat -- 15 Ecological Regulation -- Bibliography -- Appendix 1: Classification of World Climates and Vegetation -- Appendix 2: The Deserts of the World -- Index to Authors Cited -- General Index.

Note: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Introduction: ways of knowing and being with landscapes: a beginning -- Fitting into country -- 1 A brief history of landscape research -- Part I Experiencing landscape -- 2 Landscape perception and environmental psychology -- 3 Aesthetic appreciation of landscape -- 4 Perceptual lenses -- 5 Postenvironmental landscapes in the Anthropocene -- 6 Landscape semiotics -- 7 More-than-representational landscapes -- 8 Learning a landscape: enskilment, pedagogy and a sense of place -- 9 Ephemeral landscapes -- 10 Landscape and phenomenology -- 11 Anthropocene landscapes -- Part II Landscape, culture and heritage -- 12 Landscape archaeology -- 13 Historic landscapes -- 14 Landscape and heritage: emerging landscapes of heritage -- 15 Valuing the whole historic landscape -- 16 Picturing landscape -- 17 Land, art -- 18 The field and the frame: landscape, film and popular culture -- 19 Landscape and photography -- 20 New directions in the literary representation of landscape -- 21 Landscape, music and sonic environments -- Part III Landscape, society and justice -- 22 Reclaiming landscape: coastal reclamations before and during the Anthropocene -- 23 'You whitefellas pull it all apart': epistemic learnings in exploring landscape -- 24 Navigating the global, the regional and the local: researching globalisation and landscape -- 25 Challenging landscape Eurocentrism: an Asian perspective -- 26 Landscape and identity in the century of the migrant -- 27 Therapeutic landscapes -- 28 Landscape and tourism -- 29 Landscapes of leisure: A view worth seeing? -- 30 The law of landscape and the landscape of law: the 'things' that matter -- 31 Researching the economics of landscape -- 32 Landscape and participation -- 33 Landscape and social justice -- 34 Landscape and memory. , 35 The temporality of post-disaster landscapes -- Part IV Design and planning for landscape -- 36 Landscape and climate change -- 37 (Re)creating wilderness: rewilding and habitat restoration -- 38 Landscape and ecology: the need for a holistic approach to the conservation of habitats and biota -- 39 Landscape design -- 40 Post-industrial landscapes: evolving concepts -- 41 Visualising landscapes -- 42 Peri-urban landscape studies -- 43 Landscape planning: reflections on the past, directions for the future -- 44 Landscape and environmental ethics -- 45 On the concept of landscape in landscape urbanism -- 46 Landscape character assessment: a global practice -- 47 Green infrastructure: definitions and functions in planning praxis -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 THE RABBIT IN PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING -- The Rabbit -- Behavioral Techniques -- Neuropsychological Techniques -- Chapter 2 NEUROBIOLOGICAL BASES OF CONDITIONED BRADYCARDIA IN RABBITS -- The Basic Conditioning Preparation -- The Role of the Telencephalon in Conditioning -- Electrophysiological and Neuroanatomical Studies: Tracing Central Bradycardia Pathways -- Chapter 3 IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUBSTRATES OF THE UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE IN THE CLASSICALLY CONDITIONED, RABBIT, NICTITATING-MEMBRANE PREPARATION -- Introduction -- The Unconditioned Response Pathway -- Summary and Conclusions -- Chapter 4 ANALYSES OF THE AUDITORY INPUT AND MOTOR OUTPUT PATHWAYS IN RABBIT NICTITATING MEMBRANE CONDITIONING -- The Auditory Pathway -- Output Motoneurons -- Chapter 5 NEURAL AND BEHAVIORAL MECHANISM INVOLVED IN LEARNING TO IGNORE IRRELEVANT STIMULI -- Introduction -- Learning to Ignore Irrelevant Stimuli-Behavioral Paradigms -- Behavioral Studies of Latent Inhibition -- Physiological Studies -- Pharmacological and Neurochemical Studies-Latent Latent Inhibition, Blocking and NMR Acquisition -- Summary and Conclusions -- Chapter 6 "SELECTIVE ASSOCIATION" IN COMPOUND STIMULUS CONDITIONING WITH THE RABBIT -- Preliminary Considerations -- Theory -- Empirical Review -- General Discussion -- Chapter 7 PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING, INFORMATION PROCESSING, AND THE HIPPOCAMPUS -- Hippocampus and Basic Associative Processes -- Latent Inhibition: Behavioral Mechanisms -- Hippocampus and Latent Inhibition -- Hippocampus and Single Alternation Patterning -- Conclusions -- Chapter 8 SINGLE UNIT ANALYSIS OF HIPPOCAMPAL PYRAMIDAL AND GRANULE CELLS AND THEIR ROLE IN CLASSICAL CONDITIONING OF THE RABBIT NICTITATING MEMBRANE RESPONES -- Introduction -- Methods -- Results -- Discussion. , Chapter 9 NEURAL CORRELATES OF ACQUISITION RATE -- Neural Correlates of Acquisition Rate -- Experiment 1 -- Experiment 2 -- General Discussion -- Chapter 10 BRAIN STEM CONTROL OF THE NICTITATING MEMBRANE RESPONSE -- Brain Stem Control of the UR -- Chapter 11 A PERSPECTIVE ON THE ACQUISITION OF SKELETAL RESPONSES EMPLOYING THE PAVLOVIAN PARADIGM -- Introduction -- Acquisition Stages -- The Two-Phase Model -- Theoretical Developments -- Summary Comments -- Chapter 12 APPETITIVE-AVERSIVE INTERACTIONS IN RABBIT CONDITIONING PREPARATIONS -- Inception and Development of Pavlovian Mediational theories -- Testing Pavlovian Mediational Theories by Classical-Classical Transfer Designs -- Implications for Pavlovian Mediational Theories -- Chapter 13 CONDITIONED DIMINUTION AND FACILITATION OF THE UR: A SOMETIMES OPPONENT-PROCESS INTERPRETATION -- Conditioned Diminution of the UR and its Associative Basis -- Experimental Analysis -- Theoretical Analysis -- Concluding Comments -- Chapter 14 NEURONAL SUBSTRATES OF DISCRETE, DEFENSIVE CONDITIONED REFLEXES, CONDITIONED FEAR STATES, AND THEIR INTERACTIONS IN THE RABBIT -- Localization of the Memory Trace for Discrete, Adaptive, Learned Behavioral Responses -- Aversive Learning-Two Processes and Two Memory Traces? -- Interrelations of the Two Memory Trace Systems -- Author Index -- Subject Index.

Note: Cover -- Strategic environmental assessment -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations -- 1. The changing context of environmental impact assessment -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The current state of environmental impact assessment -- 1.3 The need for strategic environmental assessment -- 1.4 Trends in approaches to environmental issues: links with strategic environmental assessment -- 1.5 Conclusions -- Notes -- 2. Strategic environmental assessment and policy appraisal -- 2.1 Strategic environmental assessment in UK policy-making -- 2.2 Strategic environmental assessment as policy appraisal -- 2.3 The tiered approach to environmental impact assessment -- 2.4 Concepts in policy appraisal -- 2.5 Problems with strategic environmental assessment -- 3. Existing and proposed systems of strategic environmental assessment -- 3.1 United States -- 3.2 European Community -- 3.3 Netherlands -- 3.4 United Kingdom -- 3.5 Other countries -- 3.6 International moves towards the implementation of strategic environmental assessment -- 3.7 Trends in systems of strategic environmental assessment -- Notes -- 4. Coastal zones -- 4.1 The importance of coastal zones -- 4.2 Threats to coastal zones -- 4.3 Policies regarding coastal zones -- 4.4 EIAs of projects affecting coastal zones -- 4.5 The need for strategic environmental assessment -- 5. Energy sector -- 5.1 The importance of the energy sector -- 5.2 National policy -- 5.3 Case studies of the energy sector -- 5.4 EIAs of energy-related projects -- 5.5 The need for strategic environmental assessment -- 6. Lowland heath -- 6.1 The importance of lowland heath -- 6.2 Threats to lowland heath -- 6.3 Policies regarding lowland heath -- 6.4 EIAs of projects affecting lowland heath -- 6.5 Application of SEA -- 7. Strategic environmental assessment and global futures. , 7.1 A sustainability-led approach to strategic environmental assessment -- 7.2 Issues and problems with the sustainability-led approach to strategic environmental assessment -- 7.3 Strategic environmental assessment in the future -- Appendix A. Extracts from EC directive 85/337 -- A.1 Projects requiring EIA -- A.2 Content of EIA -- Appendix B. Critique of the proposed EC directive on SEA, Policy Appraisal and the Environment, and Planning Policy Guidance Note 12 -- B.1 Proposed EC directive on SEA -- B.2 Policy Appraisal and the Environment -- B.3 Planning Policy Guidance Note 12 -- Appendix C. Possible methodologies for strategic environmental assessment -- C.1 Introduction and issues -- C.2 Determining the need for a strategic environmental assessment -- C.3 Establishing a work programme -- C.4 Determining the objectives of the PPP -- C.5 Defining the scope of the strategic environmental assessment -- C.6 Environmental analysis -- C.7 Establishing an environmental database -- C.8 Impact evaluation and synthesis -- C.9 Proposing recommendations and preparing an SEA report -- C.10 Monitoring and feedback -- References -- Index.