Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Preface -- 1 Report Group 1 - Physical processes in the microlayer and the air-sea exchange of trace gases -- Surface films -- Sources, sinks, and properties of surface films -- Surface films and gas exchange -- Surface films and bulk material -- Extent and viscoelastic properties of surface films -- Physical processes in the microlayer -- Comparison of surface-renewal and boundary-layer models of near surfacetransfer -- Short capillary waves -- The relation between heat and mass transfer -- Wave breaking and bubbles -- The role of bubbles in heat flux -- The role of bubbles in gas exchange -- The effect of surfactants on bubble-mediated gas exchange -- The effects of wave breaking on microlayer composition -- Bubble floatation and aerosol formation processes -- The effect of rain on exchange processes -- Horizontal transport and deposition of surface slicks in coastal zones -- Review of experimental data on gas transfer -- Gas transfer velocities -- Discrepancy between 14C-based and inert gas exchange rates -- Do catalysts exist in the microlayer which may enhance CO2 gas exchange? -- Review of experimental techniques -- 'New' techniques for measuring air-sea gas exchange rates -- Dual tracer technique -- How can we deal with the large spatial variability ofpCQ2? -- Controlled flux technique -- Are direct measurements of the heat flux possible? -- Novel ocean-surface sampling techniques -- Parameterization of air-sea exchange processes -- Best parameterization for momentum, heat, and material fluxes -- Parameterizations including viscoelasticity of the air-sea interface -- Conclusions and recommendations -- References -- 2 Report Group 2 - Biological effects of chemical and radiative change in the sea surface -- Introduction -- Samplers and sampling techniques. , The prism-dipping technique -- The screen sampler -- Plate and drum samplers -- Techniques for sampling neuston -- Characteristics of the surface microlayer -- Enrichment factors -- Surface excess concentrations -- Variability of organisms and contaminants -- Thickness of sea-surface films -- Biology of the sea surface -- Piconeuston -- Nano- and microneuston -- Mesozooneuston -- Macroneuston -- Freshwater neuston -- Chemistry in the sea surface -- Organic components of natural origin -- Organic components of anthropogenic origin -- Trace elements -- Organotin compounds -- Radionudides -- Freshwater chemistry -- Effects of ultraviolet radiation -- Effects of chemical contamination -- Effects of greenhouse warming -- Global change and the microlayer -- Conclusions and recommendations -- References -- 3 Report Group 3 - Photochemistry in the sea-surface microlayer. -- Introduction -- Photochemistry in the upper ocean -- Major photochemical reactions -- Photoalteration and photoproducts of CDOM -- Hydrocarbon degradation -- Probable photochemical processes in the microlayer -- In situ trace gas production -- Atmospheric inputs of trace species -- In situ halogen chemistry -- Conversion of DOC -- Hydrocarbon degradation -- Global change issues -- Changes in ultraviolet radiation -- Radiation balance -- Conclusions and recommendations -- References -- 4 Transport processes in the sea-surface microlayer -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Basic concepts -- Equations of motion and boundary conditions -- Secondary motions: polygonal cells and helicoidal rolls -- Secondary motions: surface drift, waves, and wave breaking -- Surface streaming -- Observations of surface streaming -- Assessment -- Influence of rain -- Salinity -- Momentum transfer -- Rain-induced turbulence and wave damping -- Heatflux. , Experimental studies of the microlayer: miscellaneous techniques -- Early investigations -- Turbulence generation at the boundary -- Radon evasion technique -- Velocity profiles near the interface -- Temperature profiles at the interface -- Forced heat flow technique -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 The role of organic films in air-sea gas exchange -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The microlayer and air-sea processes -- Air-sea gas exchange -- The role ofbiogenous organic matter -- Surface-active matter in the marine microlayer -- Sources and chemical nature -- Surface physical properties -- Surfactants and mechanisms of gas exchange -- Static versus dynamic effects of surfactant films -- Physical models of air-water gas transfer -- Experimental studies of films in stirred systems -- Experimental studies of films in wind-wave systems -- Influence of waves on gas exchange -- Gas exchange in the presence of films -- Influence of surfactants on the wave field -- Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Bubbles and their role in gas exchange -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Mechanisms of air-sea gas transfer -- Properties of bubble-mediated transfer -- The oceanic distribution of bubbles -- Estimates of bubble-mediated gas transfer -- Discussion -- Summary -- References -- 7 The physical chemistry of air-sea gas exchange -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Thermodynamics: the steady-state model -- Kinetics: 1. A surface-renewal model -- Kinetics: 2. Incorporation of a turbulent air layer -- Comparison of theory and experiment -- General comments -- Detailed comparison with the data ofLiss et al. (1981) -- Detailed comparison with data of Smith and Jones (1985) -- Detailed comparison with data of Smith et al. (1991) -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8 The sea-surface microlayer and its effect on global air-sea gas transfer. , Abstract -- Introduction -- Motivation and purpose -- Background information on surfactants in the microlayer -- Processes affecting gas transfer -- Air-sea gas exchange background -- Barrier effects and changes in ∆PX> -- Scy and Kh -- Hydrodynamic effects -- Breaking waves and the microlayer -- Microlayer effects on global fluxes -- Description of model -- Global air-sea CO2 flux -- NH3flux in the Pacific Ocean -- Conclusions, implications for further research -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Chemistry of the sea-surface microlayer -- Abstract -- Prologue -- Methods for sampling the microlayer -- The screen sampler -- The glass plate sampler -- Hydrophobic samplers -- Rotating drum samplers -- The prism-dipping method -- The bubble microtome -- Enrichment factors and microlayer thickness -- Enrichment factor EF -- Surface excess concentration -- Organic chemical composition of the microlayer -- Lipids and hydrocarbons -- Dissolved and particulate organic carbon -- Plant pigments -- Organic pollutants -- UV absorption and fluorescence -- Electrochemical methods -- Trace elements in the microlayer -- Dissolved trace elements -- Major cations of seawater -- Particulate trace metals -- Physico-chemical properties of sea-surface films -- Sea slicks y capillary waves and film pressures -- Film pressure-area measurements -- Epilogue -- References -- 10 Biophysics of the surface film of aquatic ecosystems -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experimental studies -- Effects of surf ace-living organisms -- References -- 11 Biological effects of chemicals in the sea-surface microlayer -- Abstract -- The aquatic surface layer -- Sea-surface sample collection -- Membrane filter: -- Glass plate: -- Screen: -- Pump: -- Nets: -- Biology of the aquatic surface layer -- Piconeuston -- Autotrophic nano- and microneuston -- Heterotrophic nano- and microneuston. , Mesozooneuston -- Macroneuston -- Anthropogenic chemical enrichment of the sea surface -- Sources of contamination -- Metals -- Radio nuclides -- Organics -- Biological effects of sea-surface contamination -- Effects on intertidal biota -- Effects on fish eggs and larvae -- Effects on microneuston and gas exchange -- Relation of effects to visible slicks -- Global effects of sea-surface stress -- Summary -- References -- 12 Neuston of seas and oceans -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The extreme surface of the sea as a specific habitat -- Neuston and pleuston communities of marine organisms adapted to specific life conditions in the uppermost sea layer -- Structure and taxonomic composition of the neuston -- Numbers ofneustonic organisms -- Neuston as a connecting link in the biosphere -- Anthropogenic influences on neuston -- Neuston as a factor influencing the air-sea exchange -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 13 Photochemistry in the sea-surface microlayer -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Optical properties of microlayer and bulk-water chromophores -- Photochemical reactions -- Singlet dioxygen (1O2 -- 1∆g) -- Superoxide/hydroperoxyl radical (O2~/HO2) -- Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) -- Hydroxyl radical (OH) -- Peroxy radicals (RO2) -- Low molecular weight organic compounds and trace gases -- Trace metals (Fe, Mn) -- Estimated production rates and fluxes of photochemical species in the microlayer -- Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 14 Hydrocarbon breakdown in the sea-surface microlayer -- Abstract -- Microlayer samplers -- Compound groups found in the microlayer -- Sources and sinks of hydrocarbons in the microlayer -- Sensitized photooxidation of hydrocarbons -- Model experiments and natural phenomena -- References -- 15 Applications of laser technology and laser spectroscopy in studies of the ocean microlayer -- Abstract. , Introduction.