Description: Submesoscale eddies and fronts are important components of oceanic mixing and energy fluxes. These phenomena occur in the surface ocean for a period of several days, on scales between a few hundred meters and few tens of kilometers. Remote sensing and modeling suggest that eddies and fronts may influence marine ecosystem dynamics, but their limited temporal and spatial scales make them challenging for observation and in situ sampling. Here, the study of a submesoscale filament in summerly Arctic waters (depth 0–400 m) revealed enhanced mixing of Polar and Atlantic water masses, resulting in a ca. 4 km wide and ca. 50 km long filament with distinct physical and biogeochemical characteristics. Compared to the surrounding waters, the filament was characterized by a distinct phytoplankton bloom, associated with depleted inorganic nutrients, elevated chlorophyll a concentrations, as well as twofold higher phyto- and bacterioplankton cell abundances. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing of bacterioplankton communities revealed enrichment of typical phytoplankton bloom-associated taxonomic groups (e.g., Flavobacteriales) inside the filament. Furthermore, linked to the strong water subduction, the vertical export of organic matter to 400 m depth inside the filament was twofold higher compared to the surrounding waters. Altogether, our results show that physical submesoscale mixing can shape distinct biogeochemical conditions and microbial communities within a few kilometers of the ocean. Hence, the role of submesoscale features in polar waters for surface ocean biodiversity and biogeochemical processes need further investigation, especially with regard to the fate of sea ice in the warming Arctic Ocean.

Description: Nutrient rich water upwells offshore of Northwest Africa and is subsequently advected westwards. There it forms eddies and filaments with a rich spatial structure of physical and biological/biogeochemical properties. Here we present a high resolution (2.5 km) section through upwelling filaments and an eddy obtained in May 2018 with a Triaxus towed vehicle equipped with various oceanographic sensors. Physical processes at the mesoscale and submesoscale such as symmetric instability, trapping of fluid in eddies, and subduction of low potential vorticity (which we use as a water mass tracer) water can explain the observed distribution of biological production and export. We found a nitrate excess (higher nitrate concentrations than would be expected from oxygen values if only influenced by production and remineralization processes) core of an anti-cyclonic mode water eddy. We also found a high nitrate concentration region of ~5 km width in the mixed layer where symmetric instability appears to have injected nutrients from below into the euphotic zone. A similar region a little further south had high chlorophyll-a concentrations suggesting that nutrients had been injected there a few days earlier. Considering that such interactions of physics and biology are ubiquitous in the world's upwelling regions, we assume that they have strong influences on the productivity of such systems and their role in CO2 uptake. The intricate interplay of different parameters at kilometer scale needs to be taken into account when interpreting single profile and/or bottle data in dynamically active regions of the ocean.

Description: Atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide are tightly linked to the depth at which sinking particulate organic carbon (POC) is remineralised in the ocean. Rapid attenuation of downward POC flux typically occurs in the upper mesopelagic (top few hundred metres of the water column), with much slower loss rates deeper in the ocean. Currently, we lack understanding of the processes that drive POC attenuation, resulting in large uncertainties in the mesopelagic carbon budget. Attempts to balance the POC supply to the mesopelagic with respiration by zooplankton and microbes rarely succeed. Where a balance has been found, depth-resolved estimates reveal large compensating imbalances in the upper and lower mesopelagic. In particular, it has been suggested that respiration by free-living microbes and zooplankton in the upper mesopelagic are too low to explain the observed flux attenuation of POC within this layer. We test the hypothesis that particle-associated microbes contribute significantly to community respiration in the mesopelagic, measuring particle-associated microbial respiration of POC in the northeast Atlantic through shipboard measurements on individual marine snow aggregates collected at depth (36–500 m). We find very low rates of both absolute and carbon-specific particle-associated microbial respiration (〈 3%d-1), suggesting that this term cannot solve imbalances in the upper mesopelagic POC budget. The relative importance of particle-associated microbial respiration increases with depth, accounting for up to 33% of POC loss in the mid-mesopelagic (128–500 m). We suggest that POC attenuation in the upper mesopelagic (36–128 m) is driven by the transformation of large, fast-sinking particles to smaller, slow-sinking and suspended particles via processes such as zooplankton fragmentation and solubilisation, and that this shift to non-sinking POC may help to explain imbalances in the mesopelagic carbon budget.

Description: Most deep ocean carbon flux profiles show low and almost constant fluxes of particulate organic carbon (POC) in the deep ocean. However, the reason for the non-changing POC fluxes at depths is unknown. This study presents direct measurements of formation, degradation, and sinking velocity of diatom aggregates from laboratory studies performed at 15 °C and 4 °C during a three-week experiment. The average carbon-specific respiration rate during the experiment was 0.12 ± 0.03 at 15 °C, and decreased 3.5-fold when the temperature was lowered to 4 °C. No direct influence of temperature on aggregate sinking speed was observed. Using the remineralisation rate measured at 4 °C and an average particle sinking speed of 150 m d−1, calculated carbon fluxes were similar to those collected in deep ocean sediment traps from a global data set, indicating that temperature plays a major role for deep ocean fluxes of POC.

Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Orenstein, E., Ayata, S., Maps, F., Becker, É., Benedetti, F., Biard, T., Garidel‐Thoron, T., Ellen, J., Ferrario, F., Giering, S., Guy‐Haim, T., Hoebeke, L., Iversen, M., Kiørboe, T., Lalonde, J., Lana, A., Laviale, M., Lombard, F., Lorimer, T., Martini, S., Meyer, A., Möller, K.O., Niehoff, B., Ohman, M.D., Pradalier, C., Romagnan, J.-B., Schröder, S.-M., Sonnet, V., Sosik, H.M., Stemmann, L.S., Stock, M., Terbiyik-Kurt, T., Valcárcel-Pérez, N., Vilgrain, L., Wacquet, G., Waite, A.M., & Irisson, J. Machine learning techniques to characterize functional traits of plankton from image data. Limnology and Oceanography, 67(8), (2022): 1647-1669, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12101.

Description: Plankton imaging systems supported by automated classification and analysis have improved ecologists' ability to observe aquatic ecosystems. Today, we are on the cusp of reliably tracking plankton populations with a suite of lab-based and in situ tools, collecting imaging data at unprecedentedly fine spatial and temporal scales. But these data have potential well beyond examining the abundances of different taxa; the individual images themselves contain a wealth of information on functional traits. Here, we outline traits that could be measured from image data, suggest machine learning and computer vision approaches to extract functional trait information from the images, and discuss promising avenues for novel studies. The approaches we discuss are data agnostic and are broadly applicable to imagery of other aquatic or terrestrial organisms.

Description: SDA acknowledges funding from CNRS for her sabbatical in 2018–2020. Additional support was provided by the Institut des Sciences du Calcul et des Données (ISCD) of Sorbonne Université (SU) through the support of the sponsored junior team FORMAL (From ObseRving to Modeling oceAn Life), especially through the post-doctoral contract of EO. JOI acknowledges funding from the Belmont Forum, grant ANR-18-BELM-0003-01. French co-authors also wish to thank public taxpayers who fund their salaries. This work is a contribution to the scientific program of Québec Océan and the Takuvik Joint International Laboratory (UMI3376; CNRS - Université Laval). FM was supported by an NSERC Discovery Grant (RGPIN-2014-05433). MS is supported by the Research Foundation - Flanders (FWO17/PDO/067). FB received support from ETH Zürich. MDO is supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and the U.S. National Science Foundation. ECB is supported by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) under the grant agreement no. 88882.438735/2019-01. TB is supported by the French National Research Agency (ANR-19-CE01-0006). NVP is supported by the Spanish State Research Agency, Ministry of Science and Innovation (PTA2016-12822-I). FL is supported by the Institut Universitaire de France (IUF). HMS was supported by the Simons Foundation (561126) and the U.S. National Science Foundation (CCF-1539256, OCE-1655686). Emily Peacock is gratefully acknowledged for expert annotation of IFCB images. LS was supported by the Chair VISION from CNRS/Sorbonne Université.

Description: Mesoscale eddies are abundant in the eastern tropical North Atlantic and act as oases for phytoplankton growth due to local enrichment of nutrients in otherwise oligotrophic waters. It is not clear whether these eddies can efficiently transfer organic carbon and other flux components to depth and if they are important for the marine carbon budget. Due to their transient and regionally restricted nature, measurements of eddies' contribution to bathypelagic particle flux are difficult to obtain. Rare observations of export flux associated with low-oxygen eddies have suggested efficient export from the surface to the deep ocean, indicating that organic carbon flux attenuation might be low. Here we report on particle flux dynamics north of the Cabo Verde islands at the oligotrophic Cape Verde Ocean Observatory (CVOO; approx. 17∘35′ N, 24∘15′ W). The CVOO site is located in the preferred pathways of highly productive eddies that ultimately originate from the Mauritanian upwelling region. Between 2009 and 2016, we collected biogenic and lithogenic particle fluxes with sediment traps moored at ca. 1 and 3 km water depths at the CVOO site. From concurrent hydrography and oxygen observations, we confirm earlier findings that highly productive eddies are characterized by colder and less saline waters and a low-oxygen signal as well. Overall, we observed quite consistent seasonal flux patterns during the passage of highly productive eddies in the winters of 2010, 2012 and 2016. We found flux increases at 3 km depth during October–November when the eddies approached CVOO and distinct flux peaks during February–March.