Note: Front Cover -- Philosophy of Biology -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- General Preface -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Part I Biography -- Charles Darwin -- Darwin the Geologist -- Darwin Becomes an Evolutionist -- Natural Selection -- The "Origin of Species" -- The Consilience -- After the "Origin" -- Philosophical Issues -- The Darwinian Revolution -- Bibliography -- Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher -- 1 Early Life and Education -- 2 At Rothamsted: A Period of Intense Activity -- 3 At University College, London -- 4 At Life's Close -- Bibliography -- Haldane and the Emergence of Modern Evolutionary Theory -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Historical Background -- 3 Haldane's "Mathematical Theory" -- 4 The Causes of Evolution -- 5 The Aftermath -- 6 Historical Reconstructions -- Acknowledgments -- Bibliography -- Sewall Wright -- 1 A Biography in Brief -- 2 Inbreeding -- 3 Statistics and Path Analysis -- 4 Physiological Genetics -- 5 Population Genetics -- 6 The Shifting Balance Theory -- 7 Philosophy -- 8 Wright, The Man -- Bibliography -- Motoo Kimura -- 1 A Brief Biography -- 2 Population Genetics Theory -- 3 The Neutral Theory -- 4 Kimura The Man -- Bibliography -- Part II Evolution -- Natural Selection -- Fitness -- What Does Natural Selection Explain? -- Adaptationism -- Forces and Causes -- Bibliography -- Neutralism -- 1 The Neutral Theory: Some Historical Background -- 2 Reception of the Theory -- 3 Kimura's Arguments for Neutral Evolution -- 4 Tests of the Neutral Theory -- 5 Neutralism & -- Adaptive Evolution: The Molecular and the Phenotypic Level -- 6 What is Drift in the Context of the Neutral Theory? -- Bibliography -- Levels of Selection -- 1 Introduction -- 2 From Organisms to Genes and Groups -- 3 Genes and Organisms: Replicators, Interactors, and Other "Units" -- 4 Group Selection and Individual Selection. , 5 The Problem of Altruism and the Levels of Selection -- 6 Pluralism and Realism -- 7 Groups as Contexts, Groups as Superorganisms -- 8 Transitions in Evolutionary History -- Bibliography -- What is Evolvability? -- 1 The Metazoa and the Volvocaceans: Two Contrasting Fates -- 2 Limits on Volvocacean Disparity -- 3 Fitness: A Model for Evolvability? -- 4 Evolvability, Individuals and Environments -- Bibliography -- Development: Three Grades of Ontogenetic Involvement -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Fragmentation of Evolution -- 3 Sub-Organismal Biology -- 4 Three Grades of Ontogenetic Involvement -- 5 Conclusion: Going Through the Grades -- Bibliography -- Evolution and Normativity -- 1 General Introduction -- 2 The Shadow of Darwin -- 3 Final Thoughts -- Bibliography -- Evolutionary Ethics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background Assumptions -- 3 The Evolution of Altruism -- 4 Reproductive Strategies and the Two Norms Theory -- 5 Reproductive Strategies and Sex Roles -- 6 Morality and the Marital Compromise -- 7 Enhancement Norms and Control Norms -- 8 The Open Question Argument -- Bibliography -- Part III Genetics -- Genetic Analysis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 From Factors to Genes: Mendel to Johannsen -- 3 The Chromosomal Theory of Heredity -- 4 Genetic Linkage as an Analytic Strategy -- 5 Genes - The Atoms of Heredity: From Muller to Watson and Crick -- 6 From Genotypes to Phenotypes to Stereotypes -- 7 Population Genetics Upholds Darwinism -- 8 Opening Pandora's Box: Cracks in the Dogma -- 9 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- The Development of Population Genetics -- 1 Early Days: The Law of Ancestral Heredity -- 2 Statistical Darwinism Vs. Mendelian Factors -- 3 From Statistical Biology to Mathematical Populations -- 4 Genes and Selection: The Synthesis Established -- 5 Debating the Details -- Bibliography -- Maximisation Principles in Evolutionary Biology. , 1 Introduction -- 2 Extremum Principles in Physics -- 3 Evolution as Fitness-Maximisation. (1) Fisher's 'Fundamental Theorem' -- 4 Evolution as Fitness-Maximisation. (2) Misinterpreting the Fundamental Theorem -- 5 Evolution as Fitness-Maximisation. (3) What Remains To Be Said -- 6 Evolution as Entropy Maximisation -- 7 Reconstructing Evolution: The Principle of Parsimony and Ockham's Razor -- 8 Reconstructing Evolution: The Method of Minimum Evolution -- Bibliography -- Reductionism in Biology -- 1 Post-Positivist Intertheoretical Reduction -- 2 Intertheoretical Antireductionism -- 3 Historical Reductionism -- 4 Completing Why-Necessary Explanations in Evolutionary Biology -- Bibliography -- Traits, Genes, and Coding -- 1 The Uniqueness of Genes -- 2 Cause For Concern -- 3 False Starts and Dead Ends -- 4 A Better Idea -- 5 A Bullet to Bite -- 6 The Reach of the Code -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Part IV Taxonomy -- Species, Taxonomy, and Systematics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Species -- 3 Taxonomic Pluralism -- 4 The Linnaean Hierarchy -- Bibliography -- Homology and Homoplasy -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Similarity -- 3 Hierarchy and Embryonic Development -- 4 Reconceptualizing Homology and Homoplasy -- 5 Homology and Analogy Delineated -- 6 Homoplasy -- 7 Homogeny and Homoplasy -- 8 Convergence -- 9 Parallelism -- 10 Reversals -- 11 Rudiments and Vestiges -- 12 Atavisms -- 13 The Continuum -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Biological Conceptions of Race -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Typological Race Concept -- 3 The Geographical Race Concept -- 4 Global Arguments against Human Biological Races -- 5 Ecological and Phylogenetic Conceptions of Race -- 6 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Part V Special Topics -- Formalisations of Evolutionary Biology -- Introduction -- 1 The Path to a Galilean Conception of Scientific Theories. , 2 The Complex Structure of Evolutionary Theory -- 3 The Formalisation of Some Component Theories which Comprise Contemporary Evolutionary Theory -- 4 Revisiting Models and Theories -- Bibliography -- Functions -- 1 The Problem of Biological Functions -- 2 Organisms, Artefacts, and Agents -- 3 The Selected Effects Account -- 4 Problems with the Selected Effects Account -- 5 Malfunction -- 6 Goal-Directedness -- 7 Kantian Projectivism -- 8 Naturalism -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Biological Approaches to Mental Representation -- 1 The Problem of Intentionality -- 2 Functional and Semantic Norms -- 3 The Great Divide -- 4 Bridging the Divide: Neuroscience -- 5 Some Problems For Teleosemantics -- Bibliography -- Innateness -- Innateness as Growth -- Chomsky's Poverty of Stimulus -- Canalization and the Epigenetic Landscape -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Artificial Life -- 1 History and Methodology -- 2 Three Illustrations of Contemporary Artificial Life -- 3 Philosophical Implications of Artificial Life -- 4 Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Index.