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  • Nature Research  (14)
  • ASLO (Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography)  (2)
  • 1
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    Immediate action is the best strategy when facing uncertain climate change (2018)
    Nature Research
    In:  Nature Communications, 9 (1). Art.Nr. 2566.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: Mitigating the detrimental effects of climate change is a collective problem that requires global cooperation. However, achieving cooperation is difficult since benefits are obtained in the future. The so-called collective-risk game, devised to capture dangerous climate change, showed that catastrophic economic losses promote cooperation when individuals know the timing of a single climatic event. In reality, the impact and timing of climate change is not certain; moreover, recurrent events are possible. Thus, we devise a game where the risk of a collective loss can recur across multiple rounds. We find that wait and see behavior is successful only if players know when they need to contribute to avoid danger and if contributions can eliminate the risks. In all other cases, act quickly is more successful, especially under uncertainty and the possibility of repeated losses. Furthermore, we incorporate influential factors such as wealth inequality and heterogeneity in risks. Even under inequality individuals should contribute early, as long as contributions have the potential to decrease risk. Most importantly, we find that catastrophic scenarios are not necessary to induce such immediate collective action.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04968-1
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 2
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    Quantification of ocean heat uptake from changes in atmospheric O2 and CO2 composition (2018)
    Nature Research
    In:  Nature, 563 (7729). pp. 105-108.
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    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: The ocean is the main source of thermal inertia in the climate system1. During recent decades, ocean heat uptake has been quantified by using hydrographic temperature measurements and data from the Argo float program, which expanded its coverage after 20072,3. However, these estimates all use the same imperfect ocean dataset and share additional uncertainties resulting from sparse coverage, especially before 20074,5. Here we provide an independent estimate by using measurements of atmospheric oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)—levels of which increase as the ocean warms and releases gases—as a whole-ocean thermometer. We show that the ocean gained 1.33 ± 0.20 × 1022 joules of heat per year between 1991 and 2016, equivalent to a planetary energy imbalance of 0.83 ± 0.11 watts per square metre of Earth’s surface. We also find that the ocean-warming effect that led to the outgassing of O2 and CO2 can be isolated from the direct effects of anthropogenic emissions and CO2 sinks. Our result—which relies on high-precision O2 measurements dating back to 19916—suggests that ocean warming is at the high end of previous estimates, with implications for policy-relevant measurements of the Earth response to climate change, such as climate sensitivity to greenhouse gases7 and the thermal component of sea-level rise8.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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    DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0651-8
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 3
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    Biological and physical influences on marine snowfall at the equator (2017)
    Nature Research
    In:  Nature Geoscience, 10 (11). pp. 852-858.
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    Publication Date: 2020-06-18
    Description: High primary productivity in the equatorial Atlantic and Pacific oceans is one of the key features of tropical ocean biogeochemistry and fuels a substantial flux of particulate matter towards the abyssal ocean. How biological processes and equatorial current dynamics shape the particle size distribution and flux, however, is poorly understood. Here we use high-resolution size-resolved particle imaging and Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler data to assess these influences in equatorial oceans. We find an increase in particle abundance and flux at depths of 300 to 600 m at the Atlantic and Pacific equator, a depth range to which zooplankton and nekton migrate vertically in a daily cycle. We attribute this particle maximum to faecal pellet production by these organisms. At depths of 1,000 to 4,000 m, we find that the particulate organic carbon flux is up to three times greater in the equatorial belt (1° S–1° N) than in off-equatorial regions. At 3,000 m, the flux is dominated by small particles less than 0.53 mm in diameter. The dominance of small particles seems to be caused by enhanced active and passive particle export in this region, as well as by the focusing of particles by deep eastward jets found at 2° N and 2° S. We thus suggest that zooplankton movements and ocean currents modulate the transfer of particulate carbon from the surface to the deep ocean.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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    DOI: 10.1038/ngeo3042
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 4
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    Drivers and mechanisms of ocean deoxygenation (2018)
    Nature Research
    In:  Nature Geoscience, 11 (7). pp. 467-473.
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    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: Direct observations indicate that the global ocean oxygen inventory is decreasing. Climate models consistently confirm this decline and predict continuing and accelerating ocean deoxygenation. However, current models (1) do not reproduce observed patterns for oxygen changes in the ocean’s thermocline; (2) underestimate the temporal variability of oxygen concentrations and air–sea fluxes inferred from time-series observations; and (3) generally simulate only about half the oceanic oxygen loss inferred from observations. We here review current knowledge about the mechanisms and drivers of oxygen changes and their variation with region and depth over the world’s oceans. Warming is considered a major driver: in part directly, via solubility effects, and in part indirectly, via changes in circulation, mixing and oxygen respiration. While solubility effects have been quantified and found to dominate deoxygenation near the surface, a quantitative understanding of contributions from other mechanisms is still lacking. Current models may underestimate deoxygenation because of unresolved transport processes, unaccounted for variations in respiratory oxygen demand, or missing biogeochemical feedbacks. Dedicated observational programmes are required to better constrain biological and physical processes and their representation in models to improve our understanding and predictions of patterns and intensity of future oxygen change.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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    DOI: 10.1038/s41561-018-0152-2
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 5
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    Evaluating climate geoengineering proposals in the context of the Paris Agreement temperature goals (2018)
    Nature Research
    In:  Nature Communications, 9 (1). Art.Nr. 3734.
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    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: Current mitigation efforts and existing future commitments are inadequate to accomplish the Paris Agreement temperature goals. In light of this, research and debate are intensifying on the possibilities of additionally employing proposed climate geoengineering technologies, either through atmospheric carbon dioxide removal or farther-reaching interventions altering the Earth's radiative energy budget. Although research indicates that several techniques may eventually have the physical potential to contribute to limiting climate change, all are in early stages of development, involve substantial uncertainties and risks, and raise ethical and governance dilemmas. Based on present knowledge, climate geoengineering techniques cannot be relied on to significantly contribute to meeting the Paris Agreement temperature goals.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05938-3
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 6
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    Jelly biomass sinking speed reveals a fast carbon export mechanism (2013)
    ASLO (Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography)
    In:  Limnology and Oceanography, 58 (3). pp. 1113-1122.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Sinking of gelatinous zooplankton biomass is an important component of the biological pump removing carbon from the upper ocean. The export efficiency, e.g., how much biomass reaches the ocean interior sequestering carbon, is poorly known because of the absence of reliable sinking speed data. We measured sinking rates of gelatinous particulate organic matter (jelly-POM) from different species of scyphozoans, ctenophores, thaliaceans, and pteropods, both in the field and in the laboratory in vertical columns filled with seawater using high-quality video. Using these data, we determined taxon-specific jelly-POM export efficiencies using equations that integrate biomass decay rate, seawater temperature, and sinking speed. Two depth scenarios in several environments were considered, with jelly-POM sinking from 200 and 600 m in temperate, tropical, and polar regions. Jelly-POM sank on average between 850 and 1500 m d−1 (salps: 800–1200 m d−1; ctenophores: 1200–1500 m d−1; scyphozoans: 1000–1100 m d−1; pyrosomes: 1300 m d−1). High latitudes represent a fast-sinking and low-remineralization corridor, regardless of species. In tropical and temperate regions, significant decomposition takes place above 1500 m unless jelly-POM sinks below the permanent thermocline. Sinking jelly-POM sequesters carbon to the deep ocean faster than anticipated, and should be incorporated into biogeochemical and modeling studies to provide more realistic quantification of export via the biological carbon pump worldwide.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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    DOI: 10.4319/lo.2013.58.3.1113
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 7
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    Depth attenuation of organic matter export associated with jelly falls (2011)
    ASLO (Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography) | Wiley
    In:  Limnology and Oceanography, 56 . pp. 1917-1928.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-08
    Description: We explore the attenuation in the export ratio of jelly-POM (particulate organic matter) with depth as a function of the decay rate, temperature, and sedimentation rate. Using data from the Vertical Transport In the Global Ocean project, we compare ratios computed with the Martin-curve, with a particle-based parameterization, and with sediment-trap data. Owing to the temperature dependence of the decay rate (Q10 5 4.28), the jelly-POM export ratio below 500m is 2045% larger in subpolar and temperate areas than in the tropics. Vertical migration of gelatinous zooplankton leads to a variable starting depth of a jelly fall (death depth), which governs the start of remineralization, and the fate of the biomass. Owing to the absence of observations, we employ a sinking speed matrix ranging from 100 m d21 to 1500 m d21 to represent slow- and fast-sinking carcasses. The assumption of a constant decay rate k independent of temperature in other particle-based models may not be appropriate. These results provide information for including jelly-POM in global biogeochemical model formulations.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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    DOI: 10.4319/lo.2011.56.5.1917
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 8
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    Solar geoengineering must take temperature debt into account [Temperature debt of solar geoengineering] (2018)
    Nature Research
    In:  Nature, 554 (7693). p. 423.
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-29
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1038/d41586-018-02203-x
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - without review
  • 9
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    The global biological microplastic particle sink (2020)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-08
    Description: Every year, about four percent of the plastic waste generated worldwide ends up in the ocean. What happens to the plastic there is poorly understood, though a growing body of evidence suggests it is rapidly spreading throughout the global ocean. The mechanisms of this spread are straightforward for buoyant larger plastics that can be accurately modelled using Lagrangian particle models. But the fate of the smallest size fractions (the microplastics) are less straightforward, in part because they can aggregate in sinking marine snow and faecal pellets. This biologically-mediated pathway is suspected to be a primary surface microplastic removal mechanism, but exactly how it might work in the real ocean is unknown. We search the parameter space of a new microplastic model embedded in an earth system model to show that biological uptake can significantly shape global microplastic inventory and distributions and even account for the budgetary “missing” fraction of surface microplastic, despite being an inefficient removal mechanism. While a lack of observational data hampers our ability to choose a set of “best” model parameters, our effort represents a first tool for quantitatively assessing hypotheses for microplastic interaction with ocean biology at the global scale.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 10
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    Loss of fixed nitrogen causes net oxygen gain in a warmer future ocean (2019)
    Nature Research
    In:  Nature Communications, 10 (1). Art.Nr. 2805.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: Oceanic anoxic events have been associated with warm climates in Earth history, and there are concerns that current ocean deoxygenation may eventually lead to anoxia. Here we show results of a multi-millennial global-warming simulation that reveal, after a transitory deoxygenation, a marine oxygen inventory 6% higher than preindustrial despite an average 3 °C ocean warming. An interior-ocean oxygen source unaccounted for in previous studies explains two thirds of the oxygen excess reached after a few thousand years. It results from enhanced denitrification replacing part of today’s ocean’s aerobic respiration in expanding oxygen-deficient regions: The resulting loss of fixed nitrogen is equivalent to an oceanic oxygen gain and depends on an incomplete compensation of denitrification by nitrogen fixation. Elevated total oxygen in a warmer ocean with larger oxygen-deficient regions poses a new challenge for explaining global oceanic anoxic events and calls for an improved understanding of environmental controls on nitrogen fixation.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10813-w
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
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