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  • 1
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    Cyclone Activity in the Arctic From an Ensemble of Regional Climate Models (Arctic CORDEX) (2018)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 123 (5). pp. 2537-2554.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-08
    Description: The ability of state‐of‐the‐art regional climate models to simulate cyclone activity in the Arctic is assessed based on an ensemble of 13 simulations from 11 models from the Arctic‐CORDEX initiative. Some models employ large‐scale spectral nudging techniques. Cyclone characteristics simulated by the ensemble are compared with the results forced by four reanalyses (ERA‐Interim, National Centers for Environmental Prediction‐Climate Forecast System Reanalysis, National Aeronautics and Space Administration‐Modern‐Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications Version 2, and Japan Meteorological Agency‐Japanese 55‐year reanalysis) in winter and summer for 1981–2010 period. In addition, we compare cyclone statistics between ERA‐Interim and the Arctic System Reanalysis reanalyses for 2000–2010. Biases in cyclone frequency, intensity, and size over the Arctic are also quantified. Variations in cyclone frequency across the models are partly attributed to the differences in cyclone frequency over land. The variations across the models are largest for small and shallow cyclones for both seasons. A connection between biases in the zonal wind at 200 hPa and cyclone characteristics is found for both seasons. Most models underestimate zonal wind speed in both seasons, which likely leads to underestimation of cyclone mean depth and deep cyclone frequency in the Arctic. In general, the regional climate models are able to represent the spatial distribution of cyclone characteristics in the Arctic but models that employ large‐scale spectral nudging show a better agreement with ERA‐Interim reanalysis than the rest of the models. Trends also exhibit the benefits of nudging. Models with spectral nudging are able to reproduce the cyclone trends, whereas most of the nonnudged models fail to do so. However, the cyclone characteristics and trends are sensitive to the choice of nudged variables.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1002/2017JD027703
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 2
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    The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in High‐Resolution Models (2020)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-08
    Description: The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) represents the zonally integrated stream function of meridional volume transport in the Atlantic Basin. The AMOC plays an important role in transporting heat meridionally in the climate system. Observations suggest a heat transport by the AMOC of 1.3 PW at 26°N—a latitude which is close to where the Atlantic northward heat transport is thought to reach its maximum. This shapes the climate of the North Atlantic region as we know it today. In recent years there has been significant progress both in our ability to observe the AMOC in nature and to simulate it in numerical models. Most previous modeling investigations of the AMOC and its impact on climate have relied on models with horizontal resolution that does not resolve ocean mesoscale eddies and the dynamics of the Gulf Stream/North Atlantic Current system. As a result of recent increases in computing power, models are now being run that are able to represent mesoscale ocean dynamics and the circulation features that rely on them. The aim of this review is to describe new insights into the AMOC provided by high-resolution models. Furthermore, we will describe how high-resolution model simulations can help resolve outstanding challenges in our understanding of the AMOC.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 3
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    Seasonal modification of the Arctic Ocean intermediate water layer off the eastern Laptev Sea continental shelf break (2009)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union)
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 114 (C6). C06010.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Through the analysis of observational mooring data collected at the northeastern Laptev Sea continental slope in 2004–2007, we document a hydrographic seasonal signal in the intermediate Atlantic Water (AW) layer, with generally higher temperature and salinity from December–January to May–July and lower values from May–July to December–January. At the mooring position, this seasonal signal dominates, contributing up to 75% of the total variance. Our data suggest that the entire AW layer down to at least 840 m is affected by seasonal cycling, although the strength of the seasonal signal in temperature and salinity reduces from 260 m (±0.25°C and ±0.025 psu) to 840 m (±0.05°C and ±0.005 psu). The seasonal velocity signal is substantially weaker, strongly masked by high-frequency variability, and lags the thermohaline cycle by 45–75 days. We hypothesize that our mooring record shows a time history of the along-margin propagation of the AW seasonal signal carried downstream by the AW boundary current. Our analysis suggests that the seasonal signal in the Fram Strait Branch of AW (FSBW) at 260 m is predominantly translated from Fram Strait, while the seasonality in the Barents Sea branch of AW (BSBW) domain (at 840 m) is attributed instead to the seasonal signal input from the Barents Sea. However, the characteristic signature of the BSBW seasonal dynamics observed through the entire AW layer leads us to speculate that BSBW also plays a role in seasonally modifying the properties of the FSBW.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Format: text
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1029/2008JC005229
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 4
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    Eddies and the distribution of eddy kinetic energy in the Arctic Ocean (2022)
    Oceanography Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-23
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in von Appen, W.-J., Baumann, T. M., Janout, M., Koldunov, N., Lenn, Y.-D., Pickart, R. S., Scott, R. B., & Wang, Q. Eddies and the distribution of eddy kinetic energy in the Arctic Ocean. Oceanography, 35(2), (2022), https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2022.122.
    Description: Mesoscale eddies are important to many aspects of the dynamics of the Arctic Ocean. Among others, they maintain the halocline and interact with the Atlantic Water circumpolar boundary current through lateral eddy fluxes and shelf-basin exchanges. Mesoscale eddies are also important for transporting biological material and for modifying sea ice distribution. Here, we review what is known about eddies and their impacts in the Arctic Ocean in the context of rapid climate change. Eddy kinetic energy (EKE) is a proxy for mesoscale variability in the ocean due to eddies. We present the first quantification of EKE from moored observations across the entire Arctic Ocean and compare those results to output from an eddy resolving numerical model. We show that EKE is largest in the northern Nordic Seas/Fram Strait and it is also elevated along the shelf break of the Arctic Circumpolar Boundary Current, especially in the Beaufort Sea. In the central basins, EKE is 100–1,000 times lower. Generally, EKE is stronger when sea ice concentration is low versus times of dense ice cover. As sea ice declines, we anticipate that areas in the Arctic Ocean where conditions typical of the North Atlantic and North Pacific prevail will increase. We conclude that the future Arctic Ocean will feature more energetic mesoscale variability.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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