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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Ocean dynamics 36 (1983), S. 61-77 
    ISSN: 1616-7228
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Ever since construction has altered the estuary of the Weser River to make it more navigable, regular water samples were collected at several stations along the river (Fig. 1). Salinities were determined in order to assess possible changes as a consequence of the engineering activities. For almost 100 years the sampling scheme remained unaltered. Today this unique data set (Fig. 3) is of more than local interest. Whereas drastic changes of tidal phenomena are obvious from tidal gauge measurements (Fig. 2), natural fluctuations of salinity hide respective changes of the salinity distribution. We have tried to separate the natural from the man-made fluctuation of salinity using two simple models to eliminate known causes of natural fluctuations. Difficulties encountered were the incompleteness of the data set and the absence of data averaged over cross sections. Nevertheless it was possible to eliminate, approximately, the influence of the catchment area and salinity variations of the adjacent sea. Salinity variations as a consequence of the engineering works depend on the quantity $$K = H^2 /(\bar A \cdot \zeta _0 )$$ , whereH is the depth of a cross-section with area $$\bar A$$ averaged over the tides, and 2 $$\zeta _0 $$ is the tidal elevation. Because of long-term changes of the tides in the North Sea, it was not possible to isolate the influence of the engineering works. Conclusions include consequences for modern sampling strategies to determine trends of water quality.
    Abstract: Résumé Des séries de mesures effectuées depuis une centaine d'années ont permis d'examiner les variations sur une longue période du taux de salinité du cours inférieur de la Weser et leurs causes possibles. Cette étude s'est efforcé de distinguer les effets naturels des effets anthropogènes sur le taux de salinité. Malgré les données incomplètes, l'influence du bassin de drainage et des variations de salinité des zones maritimes limitrophes a pratiquement pu être éliminée. En raison des modifications du régime des marées en Mer du Nord sur une longue période, il n'a pas été possible de formuler des commentaires précis quant à l'impact sur la salinité des travaux de construction entrepris ces 100 dernières années du cours inférieur de la Weser. Les résultats de nos études fournissent des indications utiles pour la mise en place de réseaux modernes de mesure destinés à déterminer la qualité de l'eau.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Anhand hundertjähriger Meßreihen wurden langfristige Salzgehaltsänderungen in der Unterweser und ihre möglichen Ursachen untersucht. Dabei wurde angestrebt, die natürlichen und die anthropogenen Einflüsse auf den Salzgehalt zu trennen. Trotz des unvollständigen Datensatzes konnten der Einfluß des Einzugsgebietes und Salzgehaltsschwankungen des angrenzenden Meeresgebietes nahezu eliminiert werden. Wegen der langzeitigen Änderungen der Gezeiten in der Nordsee waren genaue Aussagen über die Auswirkung der in den letzten hundert Jahren in der Unterweser durchgeführten Baumaßnahmen auf den Salzgehalt nicht möglich. Unsere Ergebnisse geben Hinweise für moderne Meßnetze zur Bestimmung der Wasserqualität.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
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    Elsevier
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 42 (11-12). pp. 1933-1950.
    Publication Date: 2018-03-08
    Description: Recent measurements indicate the transatlantic extent of the Namib Col Current at depths of 1300-3000 m near Lat. 22 degrees S in the South Atlantic Ocean. This current forms a continuous circulation structure from the Namib Col on the Walvis Ridge to the western trough, though its characteristic change as deepwater with varying properties enters and leaves the current owing to a meridional flow component. Transport estimates from hydrographic sections on the Walvis Ridge and at 15 degrees W near the crest of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge indicate a strength of about 3 x 10(6) m(3) s(-1) The current is part of a larger-scale eastward Row at Lon. 25 degrees W; transport estimates across the salinity maximum core there show a similar strength. Associated with this high-salinity high-oxygen current is a basin-wide front in these properties of varying intensity (weaker in the east) marking the transition to deep water whose North Atlantic characteristics have been partly erased by mixing with Circumpolar Deep Water in the southwest South Atlantic. The water which finally crosses the Walvis Ridge is supplied both by the eastward flow of this (diluted) North Atlantic Deep Water and by a general southeastward interior flow from the northern Angola Basin. Evidence suggests that this deep water continues south in the eastern Cape Basin, leaving the South Atlantic near the African continent.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 3
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    Elsevier
    In:  Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts, 10 (3). pp. 269-277.
    Publication Date: 2016-09-22
    Description: After some brief comments on the measurement of temperature and electrical conductivity in oceanography, the measuring probes suitable for in situ measurements are reviewed. Then the method of measurement is described using an improved model of the so-called bathysonde. This makes possible a continuous recording of temperature, conductivity, and pressure with high accuracy in great depths. Measurements from the Skagerrak and from the Mediterranean are considered. Finally, problems are discussed which arise when evaluating electrical conductivity and temperature from in situ measurements.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2019-01-21
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 5
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    Elsevier
    In:  Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts, 11 (6). pp. 881-890.
    Publication Date: 2016-09-22
    Description: Observations of temperature and electrical conductivity by a recording in situ salinometer are discussed in respect oo the physical processes connected with the renewal of North Atlantic deep water. The measured fine structure of the layering suggests that the downward movement of cooled surface water is combined with horizontal mixing down to more than 1000 m depth. This is confirmed by the existence of water elements which have slightly different temperature and salinity. Curves of temperature, conductivity, and salinity and T-S diagrams are shown.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 6
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    Springer
    In:  In: The South Atlantic: Present and Past Circulation. , ed. by Wefer, G., Berger, W. H., Siedler, G. and Webb, D. J. Springer, Berlin, Germany, pp. 83-104. ISBN 3-540-62079-6
    Publication Date: 2019-09-03
    Description: The data from six zonal sections in the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) in the tropical and southem Atlantic are used to describe the distribution of water masses. Due to the high spatial resolution, the structure oftemperature, salinity, oxygen, silicate and nitrate displays details related to transport and mixing in this region. Temperature-salinity diagrams are also presented which indicate the effects ofbranching and recirculation loops in the water mass flow.
    Type: Book chapter , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 7
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    Springer
    In:  In: The South Atlantic: Present and Past Circulation. , ed. by Wefer, G., Berger, W. H., Siedler, G. and Webb, D. J. Springer, Berlin, Germany, pp. 355-361.
    Publication Date: 2013-01-15
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 8
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    Springer
    In:  Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift, 36 (2). pp. 61-77.
    Publication Date: 2016-11-02
    Description: Anhand hundertjähriger Meßreihen wurden langfristige Salzgehaltsänderungen in der Unterweser und ihre möglichen Ursachen untersucht. Dabei wurde angestrebt, die natürlichen und die anthropogenen Einflüsse auf den Salzgehalt zu trennen. Trotz des unvollständigen Datensatzes konnten der Einfluß des Einzugsgebietes und Salzgehaltsschwankungen des angrenzenden Meeresgebietes nahezu eliminiert werden. Wegen der langzeitigen Änderungen der Gezeiten in der Nordsee waren genaue Aussagen über die Auswirkung der in den letzten hundert Jahren in der Unterweser durchgeführten Baumaßnahmen auf den Salzgehalt nicht möglich. Unsere Ergebnisse geben Hinweise für moderne Meßnetze zur Bestimmung der Wasserqualität.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 9
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    Springer
    In:  In: The South Atlantic: Present and Past Circulation. , ed. by Wefer, G., Berger, W. H., Siedler, G. and Webb, D. J. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 105-120. ISBN 3-540-62079-6
    Publication Date: 2020-04-03
    Description: Hydrographic data along 11°S occupied in 1983 by the R.V. OCEANUS are used together with various wind climatologies to estimate the annual average transport of heat at this latitude. Some motivation for expecting fairly well-defined estimates at this latitude compared to others comes from the absence of a strong western boundary current. Results include flow in four layers representing the thermocline, Antarctic Intermediate Water, North Atlantic Deep Water, and Antarctic Bottom Water, using zero velocity reference level choices based on property distributions. The annual average heat transport is estimated to be 0.6 ± 0.17 x 1015 W. Previous estimates of the transport at 8–16°S range from 0.2 PW to greater than 1 PW. Interannual variability from the wind field alone leads to interannual heat transport variability of about 0.05 PW. Comparisons with other recent studies at 45–30°S and 11°N are made.
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 10
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    Springer
    In:  In: The South Atlantic: Present and Past Circulation. , ed. by Wefer, G., Berger, W. H., Siedler, G. and Webb, D. J. Springer, Berlin, Germany, pp. 249-260.
    Publication Date: 2019-09-12
    Description: The Deep Basin Experiment (DBE), a part of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE), is presently underway in the Brazil Basin of the South Atlantic. The program objectives and design philosophy are reviewed and early results are presented. Observations from a moored array along the southern boundary and neutrally buoyant float trajectories in the North Atlantic Deep Water and Antarctic Bottom Water are described with emphasis on their relationship to the recent flow schemes offered by Reid (1989). Also discussed are the process of cross isotherm mixing within the intense flow regime of the Verna Channel and observations of long period warming of the bottom water.
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
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