Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Acronyms and abbreviations -- 1 Landscape and landscape-scale processes as the unfilled niche in the global environmental change debate: an introduction -- 1.1 The context -- 1.1.1 Defining landscape and appropriate temporal and spatial scales for the analysis of landscape -- 1.1.2 The global human footprint and landscape vulnerability -- 1.1.3 Multiple drivers of environmental change -- 1.1.4 Systemic and cumulative global environmental change -- 1.1.5 The role of geomorphology -- 1.2 Climatic geomorphology -- 1.3 Process geomorphology -- 1.3.1 Process-response systems -- 1.3.2 The scale linkage problem -- 1.4 Identification of disturbance regimes -- 1.4.1 Landscape response to disturbance -- 1.4.2 Azonal and zonal landscape change -- 1.5 Landscape change -- 1.5.1 The Last Glacial Maximum -- 1.5.2 The record from the ice caps and lake sediments -- 1.5.3 The Holocene Optimum -- 1.6 Systemic drivers of global environmental change (I): hydroclimate and runoff -- 1.6.1 Introduction -- 1.6.2 Observed changes in precipitation, evaporation, runoff and streamflow -- Surface temperatures -- Pollutant aerosols -- Precipitation -- Runoff -- Evapotranspiration -- Trends in streamflow -- 1.6.3 Projections for future changes -- Temperature and precipitation -- Hydroclimate and runoff -- 1.7 Systemic drivers of global environmental change (II): sea level -- 1.7.1 Introduction -- 1.7.2 Recent sea level rise -- 1.7.3 Future sea level rise -- 1.8 Cumulative drivers of global environmental change (I): topographic relief -- 1.8.1 Introduction -- 1.8.2 The sediment cascade -- 1.8.3 Topographic relief and denudation -- 1.8.4 The sediment budget -- 1.8.5 Limitations of the sediment budget approach in determining the role of relief. , 1.9. Cumulative drivers of global environmental change (II): human activity -- 1.9.1 Indirect factors -- Population growth -- Socioeconomic context of soil degradation -- 1.9.2 Direct factors -- Cultivated systems -- Desertification -- 1.9.3 Conclusion -- 1.10 Broader issues for geomorphology in the global environmental change debate -- 1.10.1 Putting the 'geo' into the 'bio' debates -- 1.10.2 Geomorphology, natural hazards and risks -- 1.10.3 Geomorphology and unsustainable development -- 1.10.4 Geomorphology and the land ethic -- 1.11 Landscape change models in geomorphology -- 1.11.1 Landscape change over long time periods -- Frequency and magnitude of geomorphic events -- 1.11.2 Thresholds and complex response -- 1.11.3 Landscapes of transition -- 1.11.4 Adaptive systems -- 1.12 Organisation of the book -- APPENDIX 1.1 The IPCC scenarios -- How the IPCC process deals with uncertainty -- APPENDIX 1.2 Global Environmental Outlook scenarios to 2032 (GEO-3: see UNEP, 2002) and the fourth Global Environmental Outlook: environment for development (GEO-4) -- APPENDIX 1.3 The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment scenarios to 2100 -- APPENDIX 1.4 The Land Use and Land Cover Change (LUCC )Project -- APPENDIX 1.5 World Heritage Sites, the World Conservation Union (IUCN) and UNEP's Global Programme of Action -- References -- 2 Mountains -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Definition -- 2.1.2 Holocene climate change in mountains -- Glacier advances and historical records -- Lake sediments -- Palaeoecology -- Ice cores -- 2.1.3 Ecological zonation -- Ecological zonation in polar, temperate and tropical mountains compared -- Geoecological zonation -- Geomorphic process zones and sediment cascades -- 2.1.4 Summary -- 2.2 Direct driver I: relief -- 2.2.1 The sediment cascade in mountains -- The mountain cryosphere system -- The coarse debris system. , The fine-grained sediment system -- The geochemical system -- 2.2.2 Summary -- 2.3 Direct driver II: hydroclimate and runoff -- 2.3.1 Hydroclimatic variables of interest -- 2.3.2 The water balance model as an integrator of hydroclimate -- 2.3.3 Runoff and sediment transport -- 2.3.4 Summary -- 2.4. Direct driver III: human activity, population and land use -- 2.4.1 A typology of mountain systems with respect to human influence -- Polar mountains (e.g. Svalbard) -- Low population density temperate mountains (e.g. Canadian Cordillera, Tajikistan) -- High population density temperate mountains (e.g. Austria, Japan) -- Tropical mountains (e.g. Ecuador, Ethiopia) -- 2.4.2 Land use in mountain areas -- Protection and enhancement of mountain systems -- 2.4.3 Summary -- 2.5 Twenty-first century mountain landscapes under the influence of hydroclimate change -- 2.5.1 Snow -- 2.5.2 Snowmelt -- 2.5.3 River and lake ice -- 2.5.4 Frozen ground -- Permafrost -- 2.5.5 Glaciers and ice caps -- 2.5.6 Glacier-runoff-sediment transport relations -- 2.5.7 Extreme events -- 2.5.8 Summary of global implications of hydroclimate change in mountains -- 2.5.9 Case study: British Columbia's mountains and hydroclimate -- The postglacial landscape of BC -- The timber line -- Anticipated changes in the cryosphere -- 2.5.10 Summary of anticipated hydroclimatic effects on British Columbia's mountains -- 2.6 Twenty-first century mountain landscapes under the influence of land use and land cover change -- 2.6.1 The distinction between land cover and land use -- 2.6.2 Population change -- 2.6.3 Agriculture and forestry -- 2.6.4 Recreation -- Grooming of ski slopes -- Artificial snow-making -- 2.6.5 Natural hazards -- Seismic hazards: the case of Tajikistan -- Glacier hazards -- Mass movement hazards -- Permafrost-related hazards -- Snow avalanches. , 2.6.6 Case study: Austria's mountains under the in.uence of land use and land cover changes -- The agricultural era: population development and landscape change AD 1100-1880 -- The industrial and service economy era: population development and landscape change since AD 1880 -- Current population development -- Land cover changes -- Impact of changing land cover -- Future scenarios: implications of climate warming on land cover in the Eastern Alps -- 2.6.7 Summary -- 2.7 Vulnerability of mountain landscapes and relation to adaptive capacity -- 2.7.1 Mountain landscape disturbance regimes -- Sensitive mountain environments -- 2.7.2 Uncertainties surrounding adaptive capacity in mountain landscapes -- Development of improved scenarios of future mountain landscapes -- 2.7.3 Case study: the Ethiopian Highlands -- Population and land cover -- Contemporary erosion and sediment yield in the highlands -- Environmental rehabilitation in the Tigray Highlands -- 2.7.4 Summary -- APPENDIX 2.1 The components of topographic relief -- APPENDIX 2.2 Methodology for classification of mountain regions and their population -- APPENDIX 2.3 Processing SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission) 90 m Digital Elevation Data (DEM) Version 3.0 -- References -- 3 Lakes and lake catchments -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Objective of the chapter -- 3.2 Lakes and wetlands -- 3.2.1 Lake types by origin -- 3.2.2 Lake types by climatic zone and area -- 3.2.3 Summary -- 3.3 The lake catchment as geomorphic system -- 3.3.1 Catchment controls -- 3.3.2 Relief, catchment area and regional climate -- 3.3.3 Variability and lake catchment behaviour -- 3.3.4 Coupling of temporal and spatial scales -- 3.3.5 Summary -- 3.4 Internal lake processes -- 3.4.1 Physical mixing -- 3.4.2 Biological activity -- 3.4.3 Chemical activity -- 3.4.4 Sedimentation processes -- 3.4.5 Summary. , 3.5 Hydroclimate changes and proxy data -- 3.5.1 Proxy data -- Past shorelines as proxy for palaeo-water balance -- Particle size and stratigraphy as proxy for palaeo-precipitation -- Sediment laminations and rhythmites as proxies -- Geochemical data as proxies -- Diatoms as proxies -- 3.5.2 Models and limitations for prediction -- A short-term experimental model for a lake catchment system -- A process-oriented model for lake catchment systems -- 3.5.3 Hydroclimate changes interpreted from lake sediments -- 3.5.4 Summary -- 3.6. Effects of human activity -- 3.6.1 Overuse of water for irrigation: Aral Sea and Lake Chad -- 3.6.2 Accelerated erosion and sedimentation -- 3.6.3 Land clearance -- Havgårdssjön and Bussjösjön, southern Sweden -- Lake Patzcuaro, Mexico -- Schwarzsee and Seebergsee, Swiss Alps -- 3.6.4 Pastoral land use -- 3.6.5 Eutrophication -- Incipient eutrophication -- Artificial eutrophication -- Industrial eutrophication -- Urbanisation, sewering and phosphate detergents -- Urbanisation and urban agriculture -- 3.6.6 Rainfall acidification -- 3.6.7 Reservoirs and impoundments -- The Three Gorges Dam -- 3.6.8 Summary -- 3.7 Scenarios of future wetland and lake catchment change -- 3.7.1 Terrestrial wetlands -- 3.7.2 Lake catchments -- 3.7.3 Vulnerability of terrestrial wetlands and lake catchments -- 3.7.4 Conclusions -- APPENDIX 3.1 Global extent of lakes and wetlands -- References -- 4 Rivers -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Land surface: runoff production -- 4.2.1 The hillslope hydrological cycle -- The partial source area model: infiltration-excess overland flow -- The variable source area model: saturation-excess overland flow -- 4.2.2 Effects of human activity -- Agriculture and runoff -- Land drainage in peatlands -- Urbanisation -- Forest management and runoff -- 4.2.3 Perspective -- 4.3 River channels: function and management. , 4.3.1 The form of river channels.

Note: Cover -- Title page -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- Lectures on the renormalisation group -- Statistical mechanics and random matrices -- Lectures on dimers -- Schramm-Loewner evolution (SLE) -- Lectures on two-dimensional critical percolation -- Back Cover.