Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Acronyms and abbreviations -- 1 Landscape and landscape-scale processes as the unfilled niche in the global environmental change debate: an introduction -- 1.1 The context -- 1.1.1 Defining landscape and appropriate temporal and spatial scales for the analysis of landscape -- 1.1.2 The global human footprint and landscape vulnerability -- 1.1.3 Multiple drivers of environmental change -- 1.1.4 Systemic and cumulative global environmental change -- 1.1.5 The role of geomorphology -- 1.2 Climatic geomorphology -- 1.3 Process geomorphology -- 1.3.1 Process-response systems -- 1.3.2 The scale linkage problem -- 1.4 Identification of disturbance regimes -- 1.4.1 Landscape response to disturbance -- 1.4.2 Azonal and zonal landscape change -- 1.5 Landscape change -- 1.5.1 The Last Glacial Maximum -- 1.5.2 The record from the ice caps and lake sediments -- 1.5.3 The Holocene Optimum -- 1.6 Systemic drivers of global environmental change (I): hydroclimate and runoff -- 1.6.1 Introduction -- 1.6.2 Observed changes in precipitation, evaporation, runoff and streamflow -- Surface temperatures -- Pollutant aerosols -- Precipitation -- Runoff -- Evapotranspiration -- Trends in streamflow -- 1.6.3 Projections for future changes -- Temperature and precipitation -- Hydroclimate and runoff -- 1.7 Systemic drivers of global environmental change (II): sea level -- 1.7.1 Introduction -- 1.7.2 Recent sea level rise -- 1.7.3 Future sea level rise -- 1.8 Cumulative drivers of global environmental change (I): topographic relief -- 1.8.1 Introduction -- 1.8.2 The sediment cascade -- 1.8.3 Topographic relief and denudation -- 1.8.4 The sediment budget -- 1.8.5 Limitations of the sediment budget approach in determining the role of relief. , 1.9. Cumulative drivers of global environmental change (II): human activity -- 1.9.1 Indirect factors -- Population growth -- Socioeconomic context of soil degradation -- 1.9.2 Direct factors -- Cultivated systems -- Desertification -- 1.9.3 Conclusion -- 1.10 Broader issues for geomorphology in the global environmental change debate -- 1.10.1 Putting the 'geo' into the 'bio' debates -- 1.10.2 Geomorphology, natural hazards and risks -- 1.10.3 Geomorphology and unsustainable development -- 1.10.4 Geomorphology and the land ethic -- 1.11 Landscape change models in geomorphology -- 1.11.1 Landscape change over long time periods -- Frequency and magnitude of geomorphic events -- 1.11.2 Thresholds and complex response -- 1.11.3 Landscapes of transition -- 1.11.4 Adaptive systems -- 1.12 Organisation of the book -- APPENDIX 1.1 The IPCC scenarios -- How the IPCC process deals with uncertainty -- APPENDIX 1.2 Global Environmental Outlook scenarios to 2032 (GEO-3: see UNEP, 2002) and the fourth Global Environmental Outlook: environment for development (GEO-4) -- APPENDIX 1.3 The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment scenarios to 2100 -- APPENDIX 1.4 The Land Use and Land Cover Change (LUCC )Project -- APPENDIX 1.5 World Heritage Sites, the World Conservation Union (IUCN) and UNEP's Global Programme of Action -- References -- 2 Mountains -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Definition -- 2.1.2 Holocene climate change in mountains -- Glacier advances and historical records -- Lake sediments -- Palaeoecology -- Ice cores -- 2.1.3 Ecological zonation -- Ecological zonation in polar, temperate and tropical mountains compared -- Geoecological zonation -- Geomorphic process zones and sediment cascades -- 2.1.4 Summary -- 2.2 Direct driver I: relief -- 2.2.1 The sediment cascade in mountains -- The mountain cryosphere system -- The coarse debris system. , The fine-grained sediment system -- The geochemical system -- 2.2.2 Summary -- 2.3 Direct driver II: hydroclimate and runoff -- 2.3.1 Hydroclimatic variables of interest -- 2.3.2 The water balance model as an integrator of hydroclimate -- 2.3.3 Runoff and sediment transport -- 2.3.4 Summary -- 2.4. Direct driver III: human activity, population and land use -- 2.4.1 A typology of mountain systems with respect to human influence -- Polar mountains (e.g. Svalbard) -- Low population density temperate mountains (e.g. Canadian Cordillera, Tajikistan) -- High population density temperate mountains (e.g. Austria, Japan) -- Tropical mountains (e.g. Ecuador, Ethiopia) -- 2.4.2 Land use in mountain areas -- Protection and enhancement of mountain systems -- 2.4.3 Summary -- 2.5 Twenty-first century mountain landscapes under the influence of hydroclimate change -- 2.5.1 Snow -- 2.5.2 Snowmelt -- 2.5.3 River and lake ice -- 2.5.4 Frozen ground -- Permafrost -- 2.5.5 Glaciers and ice caps -- 2.5.6 Glacier-runoff-sediment transport relations -- 2.5.7 Extreme events -- 2.5.8 Summary of global implications of hydroclimate change in mountains -- 2.5.9 Case study: British Columbia's mountains and hydroclimate -- The postglacial landscape of BC -- The timber line -- Anticipated changes in the cryosphere -- 2.5.10 Summary of anticipated hydroclimatic effects on British Columbia's mountains -- 2.6 Twenty-first century mountain landscapes under the influence of land use and land cover change -- 2.6.1 The distinction between land cover and land use -- 2.6.2 Population change -- 2.6.3 Agriculture and forestry -- 2.6.4 Recreation -- Grooming of ski slopes -- Artificial snow-making -- 2.6.5 Natural hazards -- Seismic hazards: the case of Tajikistan -- Glacier hazards -- Mass movement hazards -- Permafrost-related hazards -- Snow avalanches. , 2.6.6 Case study: Austria's mountains under the in.uence of land use and land cover changes -- The agricultural era: population development and landscape change AD 1100-1880 -- The industrial and service economy era: population development and landscape change since AD 1880 -- Current population development -- Land cover changes -- Impact of changing land cover -- Future scenarios: implications of climate warming on land cover in the Eastern Alps -- 2.6.7 Summary -- 2.7 Vulnerability of mountain landscapes and relation to adaptive capacity -- 2.7.1 Mountain landscape disturbance regimes -- Sensitive mountain environments -- 2.7.2 Uncertainties surrounding adaptive capacity in mountain landscapes -- Development of improved scenarios of future mountain landscapes -- 2.7.3 Case study: the Ethiopian Highlands -- Population and land cover -- Contemporary erosion and sediment yield in the highlands -- Environmental rehabilitation in the Tigray Highlands -- 2.7.4 Summary -- APPENDIX 2.1 The components of topographic relief -- APPENDIX 2.2 Methodology for classification of mountain regions and their population -- APPENDIX 2.3 Processing SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission) 90 m Digital Elevation Data (DEM) Version 3.0 -- References -- 3 Lakes and lake catchments -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Objective of the chapter -- 3.2 Lakes and wetlands -- 3.2.1 Lake types by origin -- 3.2.2 Lake types by climatic zone and area -- 3.2.3 Summary -- 3.3 The lake catchment as geomorphic system -- 3.3.1 Catchment controls -- 3.3.2 Relief, catchment area and regional climate -- 3.3.3 Variability and lake catchment behaviour -- 3.3.4 Coupling of temporal and spatial scales -- 3.3.5 Summary -- 3.4 Internal lake processes -- 3.4.1 Physical mixing -- 3.4.2 Biological activity -- 3.4.3 Chemical activity -- 3.4.4 Sedimentation processes -- 3.4.5 Summary. , 3.5 Hydroclimate changes and proxy data -- 3.5.1 Proxy data -- Past shorelines as proxy for palaeo-water balance -- Particle size and stratigraphy as proxy for palaeo-precipitation -- Sediment laminations and rhythmites as proxies -- Geochemical data as proxies -- Diatoms as proxies -- 3.5.2 Models and limitations for prediction -- A short-term experimental model for a lake catchment system -- A process-oriented model for lake catchment systems -- 3.5.3 Hydroclimate changes interpreted from lake sediments -- 3.5.4 Summary -- 3.6. Effects of human activity -- 3.6.1 Overuse of water for irrigation: Aral Sea and Lake Chad -- 3.6.2 Accelerated erosion and sedimentation -- 3.6.3 Land clearance -- Havgårdssjön and Bussjösjön, southern Sweden -- Lake Patzcuaro, Mexico -- Schwarzsee and Seebergsee, Swiss Alps -- 3.6.4 Pastoral land use -- 3.6.5 Eutrophication -- Incipient eutrophication -- Artificial eutrophication -- Industrial eutrophication -- Urbanisation, sewering and phosphate detergents -- Urbanisation and urban agriculture -- 3.6.6 Rainfall acidification -- 3.6.7 Reservoirs and impoundments -- The Three Gorges Dam -- 3.6.8 Summary -- 3.7 Scenarios of future wetland and lake catchment change -- 3.7.1 Terrestrial wetlands -- 3.7.2 Lake catchments -- 3.7.3 Vulnerability of terrestrial wetlands and lake catchments -- 3.7.4 Conclusions -- APPENDIX 3.1 Global extent of lakes and wetlands -- References -- 4 Rivers -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Land surface: runoff production -- 4.2.1 The hillslope hydrological cycle -- The partial source area model: infiltration-excess overland flow -- The variable source area model: saturation-excess overland flow -- 4.2.2 Effects of human activity -- Agriculture and runoff -- Land drainage in peatlands -- Urbanisation -- Forest management and runoff -- 4.2.3 Perspective -- 4.3 River channels: function and management. , 4.3.1 The form of river channels.

Note: Cover -- Title page -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- Lectures on the renormalisation group -- Statistical mechanics and random matrices -- Lectures on dimers -- Schramm-Loewner evolution (SLE) -- Lectures on two-dimensional critical percolation -- Back Cover.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Mammalian Placentation: A Tribute to E.C. Amoroso´s Contributions to Placenta Development -- References -- The Evolution of Viviparity in Vertebrates -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Fishes -- 3 Amphibians -- 4 Reptiles -- 5 Mammals -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Development of Pre-implantation Mammalian Blastocyst -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Setting the Stage: Fertilization Awakens the Oocyte and Jumpstarts Embryonic Development -- 3 Cleavage, Imprinting Erasure, and Embryonic Genome Activation -- 4 Compaction: First Visual Departure -- 5 Specification of Inner Cell Mass (ICM) and Trophectoderm: The First Cell Fate Decision -- 5.1 Differentially Expressed Transcription Factors Lead to Lineage Specification -- 5.2 Hippo Signaling Pathway and Lineage Specification -- 5.3 Hippo Signaling as It Relates to Cell Polarity and Cell Position -- 6 Blastocyst Maturation and Hatching -- 7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Placentation in Marsupials -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Choriovitelline Placenta -- 3 Endometrial Changes During Pregnancy -- 4 Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy, Placental Endocrinology, and the Inflammatory Response -- 4.1 Transcriptomics -- Endometrium -- Vascular and Avascular Yolk Sac Transcriptome -- 5 Genomic Imprinting and Evolution of Viviparity -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- The Early Stages of Implantation and Placentation in the Pig -- 1 Introduction: Basic Definition for Epitheliochorial Placentation -- 2 Uterine Histoarchitecture and Early Conceptus Development -- 3 Select Hormones and Cytokines That Prepare the Uterus for Placentation -- 4 Attachment of the Conceptus Trophectoderm to the Uterine LE (Implantation) -- 5 Folding of the Uterine-Placental Interface to Facilitate Hemotrophic Support of the Fetus -- 6 Areolae Provide for Histotrophic Support of the Fetus -- 7 Conclusion -- References. , Placentation in Equids -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Early Embryonic Development -- 3 The Embryonic Capsule and the Migrating Equine Embryo -- 4 The Invasive Component of the Equine Placenta -- 4.1 Development of the Chorionic Girdle and Endometrial Cups -- 4.2 Endocrinological Signaling: The Endometrial Cups and Equine Chorionic Gonadotrophin -- 4.3 Immunological Signaling: The Endometrial Cup Reaction -- 5 Co-Option of Immune System Molecules by the Equine Placenta -- 6 Epigenetic Regulation in the Equine Placenta -- 7 Development of the Equine Placenta Proper -- 8 Early Pregnancy Loss -- 9 Conclusion -- References -- Implantation and Placentation in Ruminants -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Early Conceptus Development -- 3 Conceptus Elongation, Apposition, and Establishment of Pregnancy -- 4 Conceptus Attachment and Placental Formation -- 5 Placentome Development -- 6 Trophobast BNC Differentiation and Syncytial Formation -- 7 Summary -- References -- Canine Endotheliochorial Placenta: Morpho-Functional Aspects -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Endocrinological Milieu During Implantation and Placentation -- 3 Embryo-Maternal Communication Before Implantation and Placentation -- 4 Structural Remodeling of the Uterus and Development of an Intimate Embryo-Maternal Interface During Implantation and Placent... -- 4.1 Implantation, Initialization of Decidualization, and Formation of Maternal Decidual Cells -- 4.2 Development of Fetal Membranes, Trophoblast Invasion, and Placentation -- Macro- and Microscopical Morphology of the Canine Placenta -- Ultrastructural Morphology -- 4.3 Utero-Placental Extracellular Matrix During Canine Placentation -- 5 Vascularization and Cell-to-Cell Communication -- 6 Transplacental Transportation of Maternal Immunoglobulins in the Dog -- 7 Canine Placenta: An Important Endocrine Organ During Maintenance and Termination of Pregnancy. , 7.1 Decidual Cells and Prepartum Luteolytic Cascade -- 7.2 In Vitro Model of Canine Decidualization -- 8 Summary and Outlook -- References -- Placentation in the African Elephant (Loxodonta africana) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Anatomy of the Uterus and Ovaries -- 3 Hormones of the Estrous Cycle and Early Pregnancy -- 4 Gross Development of the Placenta -- 5 Histological Development of the Placenta -- 6 Involvement of the Fetal Gonads -- 7 Postpartum Uterine Involution -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Development of the Mouse Placenta -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Gist of Preimplantation Embryonic Developmental Stages -- 3 A Gist of the Blastocyst Implantation Process -- 4 A Gist of Placentation -- 4.1 Uterine Decidua Formation for Placentation -- 4.2 Ectoplacental Cone (EPC) and Egg Cylinder Formation -- 4.3 Junctional Zone (JZ) Formation -- 4.4 Labyrinth and Gastrulation Formation -- Chorion Formation -- Allantois (Al) and Yolk Sac -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Placentation in the Human and Higher Primates -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Origin of the Trophoblast Lineage -- 3 Implantation -- 4 The Lacunar Stage of Placental Development -- 5 Early Villus Development -- 6 The Cytotrophoblastic Shell -- 7 Placental Development During the First Trimester -- 8 Histotrophic Nutrition -- 9 The Amnion -- 10 Formation and Role of the Yolk Sac -- 11 The Extravillous Trophoblast -- 12 Remodeling of the Spiral Arteries -- 13 The Formation of the Definitive Placenta -- 14 Growth of the Definitive Placenta -- 15 Placental Senescence -- 16 Comparison with Other Primates -- 17 Conclusions -- References -- Correction to: Canine Endotheliochorial Placenta: Morpho-Functional Aspects -- Correction to: Chapter 8 in: R. D. Geisert, T. Spencer (eds.), Placentation in Mammals, Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Ce.

Note: Intro -- Quantum Many Body Systems -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Introduction to the Renormalization Group with Applications to Non-relativistic Quantum Electron Gases -- 1.1 Introduction to QFT and Renormalization -- 1.1.1 Gaussian Measures -- 1.1.2 Functional Integrals -- 1.1.3 Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamic Quantities -- 1.1.4 Schwinger Functions -- 1.1.5 Feynman Graphs -- 1.1.6 Feynman Rules -- 1.1.7 Scale Analysis and Renormalization -- 1.1.8 Locality, Power Counting -- 1.1.9 Renormalization, Effective Constants -- 1.1.10 The BPHZ Theorem -- 1.1.11 The Landau Ghost and Asymptotic Freedom -- 1.1.12 Grassmann Representations of Determinantsand Pfaffians -- 1.1.13 Trees, Forests and the Parametric Representation -- 1.1.14 BKAR Forest Formula -- 1.1.15 Gram and Hadamard Bounds -- 1.1.16 Single Scale Constructive Theory for a Toy Model -- 1.2 Interacting Fermions in Two Dimensions -- 1.2.1 Introduction -- 1.2.2 The Models: J2, J3, H2… -- 1.2.3 Interaction, Locality -- 1.2.4 A Brief Review of Rigorous Results -- 1.2.5 Multiscale Analysis, Angular Sectors -- 1.2.6 Renormalization -- 1.2.7 2D Jellium Model: Why Sectors Work -- 1.2.8 3D Jellium Model: Why Sectors Fail -- 1.2.9 The Hadamard Method in x-Space -- 1.2.10 2D Hubbard Model -- 1.2.11 Scale Analysis -- 1.2.12 Sectors -- 1.2.13 Support Properties -- 1.2.14 Momentum Conservation Rules at a Vertex -- 1.2.15 Multiscale Analysis -- References -- Chapter 2 Cold Quantum Gases and Bose-Einstein Condensation -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Quantum Many-Body Systems -- 2.2.1 The Hamiltonian -- 2.2.2 Quantities of Interest -- 2.2.3 Creation and Annihilation Operators on Fock Space -- 2.2.4 Ideal Quantum Gases -- 2.3 BEC for Interacting Systems -- 2.3.1 The Criterion for BEC -- 2.3.2 The Hard-Core Lattice Gas -- 2.4 Dilute Bose Gases -- 2.4.1 The Model. , 2.4.2 The Two-Particle Case -- 2.4.3 The Ground State Energy of a Dilute Gas -- 2.4.4 Further Rigorous Results -- 2.4.5 The Next Order Term -- 2.5 Dilute Bose Gases in Traps -- 2.5.1 The Gross-Pitaevskii Energy Functional -- 2.5.2 BEC of Dilute Trapped Gases -- 2.5.3 Rotating Bose Gases -- 2.5.4 Main Ideas in the Proof -- 2.5.5 Coherent States -- 2.5.6 Rapidly Rotating Bose Gases -- References -- Chapter 3 Quantum Coulomb Gases -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Classical ``Point'' Charges -- 3.3 Charged Quantum Gases -- 3.3.1 Quantized Particles and Classical Fields -- 3.3.2 Statistics of Identical Particles -- 3.3.3 Grand Canonical Picture -- 3.3.4 Second Quantization and Quantization of Fields -- 3.3.5 Quantization of the Electromagnetic Field -- 3.3.6 Non-relativistic QED -- 3.3.7 Relativistic QED Hamiltonian -- 3.4 Stability -- 3.4.1 Stability of the First Kind for Non-relativistic Particles -- 3.4.2 Grand Canonical Stability -- 3.4.3 Existence of the Thermodynamic Limit -- 3.5 Instability -- 3.5.1 Examples of Instability of the First Kind -- 3.5.2 Fermionic Instability of the Second Kind -- 3.5.3 Instability of Bosonic Matter -- References -- Chapter 4 SUSY Statistical Mechanics and Random Band Matrices -- 4.1 An Overview -- 4.1.1 Green's Functions -- 4.1.2 Symmetry and the 1D SUSY Sigma Model -- 4.1.3 SUSY Sigma Models in 3D -- 4.2 Classical Models of Quantum Dynamics -- 4.2.1 Manhattan Model -- 4.3 Introduction Random Matrix Ensembles and SUSY -- 4.3.1 Some Conjectures About RBMand Random Schrödinger -- 4.3.2 Conjectured Universality of GUE and GOE Models -- 4.3.3 Green's Functions and Gaussian Integrals -- 4.4 Averaging Det(Eε-H)-1 -- 4.4.1 Gaussian Band Matrices and Statistical Mechanics -- 4.5 The Density of States for GUE and RBM -- 4.5.1 Density of States for RBM -- 4.6 Statistical Mechanics, Sigma Models, and Goldstone Modes. , 4.7 Hyperbolic Symmetry -- 4.7.1 Random Band Case -- 4.8 Phase Transition for a SUSY Hyperbolic Sigma Model -- 4.8.1 Role of Ward Identities in the Proof -- 4.9 Efetov's Sigma Model -- 4.10 Appendix A: Gaussian and Grassmann Integration -- 4.10.1 Grassmann Integration -- 4.10.2 Polar Coordinates for Grassmannand Bosonic Matrices -- 4.11 Appendix B: Formal Perturbation Theory -- 4.11.1 Leading Contribution to Diffusion -- 4.11.2 Perturbation Theory for Random Band Matrices -- 4.12 Appendix C: Bounds on Green's Functions of Divergence Form -- References -- List of Participants.