Note: Front Cover -- Introduction to Supercritical Fluids: A Spreadsheet-based Approach -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Examples -- List of Tip Boxes -- Foreword -- Preface -- Tip Box #1. Instruction to Multidisciplinary Classes -- Tip Box #2. Instruction to Specialized Discipline Classes (Chemical-Related Fields) -- Tip Box #3. eBooks and MS Office -- Chapter 1: Chemical Vocabulary and Essentials -- 1.1. Philosophy of the Text -- Examples for Supercritical CO2 -- Examples for Supercritical H2O -- 1.2. Organization of the text -- 1.3. Basic Words -- Process and System -- What questions arise when considering this process? -- Solids, Liquids, Gases and Vapors -- State and Phase -- Temperature -- Pressure -- Density and Specific Volume -- Physical Properties -- Intensive Properties and Extensive Properties -- Physical Property Diagrams -- Phase Diagrams -- P-T Phase Diagram of CO2 -- Using a P-T Phase Diagram -- P-ρ Phase Diagram of CO2 -- Using a P-ρ Phase Diagram -- Phase Mass Fraction of a Two-Phase System -- Projection of Equilibrium Curves on a P-T Diagram -- Visualization of the P-ρ -T Phase Diagram of CO2 -- Concept of Path -- Energy Content of a System: The Internal Energy, U -- Obtaining Values of the Internal Energy -- Properties for Energy: Enthalpy, H and Entropy, S -- T-S Phase Diagram of CO2 -- P-T Phase Diagram of H2O -- P-ρ Phase Diagram of H2O -- Visualization of the P-ρ -T Phase Diagram of H2O -- T-S Phase Diagram of H2O -- 1.4. Some Notes on Pressure -- 1.5. Chapter Summary -- 1.6 Suggested Reading and References -- General chemical information and education -- Wikipedia selections -- References -- Phase diagrams [SL] -- Physical chemistry [PC] -- Thermodynamic problems [TP] -- 1.7. End of the Chapter Problems -- Tip Box#1 Chapter objectives -- Tip Box#2 The tip box -- Tip Box#3 Units and dimensions. , Tip Box#4 Common units definitions -- Tip Box#5 Types of systems -- Tip Box#6 Intensive and extensive properties -- Example 1.1 Expansion of water in a 3-L thermo hot pot -- Tip Box#7 Critical point of a pure substance -- Example 1.2 Initial and final pressure of a vessel containing CO2 -- Tip Box#8 Phase mass fractions -- Example 1.3 Determination of the mass fraction of a mixed phase system -- Example 1.4 Liquid contained in a compressed gas cylinder -- Tip Box#9 Compressibility factor of a pure substance -- Example 1.5 Location of paths on P-T and P-r phase diagrams -- Example 1.6 Visualization of paths on phase diagram -- Example 1.7 Energy requirements for heating a batch reactor -- Example 1.8 Energy requirements for heating a batch reactor with phase change -- Example 1.9 Energy required to vaporize liquid CO2 from the T-S diagram -- Chapter 2: Systems, Devices and Processes -- 2.1. Material, Energy, and Entropy Balances -- Material Balance -- Energy Balance -- Sign of Q and W -- Form of Energy Balance for Mixing of Streams -- Entropy Balance -- 2.2. Analysis of Devices and Processes -- Batch Reactor or Pressurized Vessel -- Variable Volume Batch Vessel or Reactor -- Turbine or Expander -- Pump or Compressor -- Operational Differences Between Pumps and Compressors -- Valves -- Heat Exchanger -- 2.3. Practical Process I: Transcritical CO2 System for Heating hot Water -- Coefficient of Performance (COP) -- 2.4. Practical Process II: Flavor Extraction with Supercritical CO2 -- Extractor Conditions -- 2.5. Practical Process III: Fine Particle Formation with Supercritical H2O -- Mixing Tee -- Plug Flow Tubular Reactor -- 2.6. Chapter Summary -- 2.7 Suggested Reading and References -- References -- Heat pumps [HP] -- Materials Synthesis [MS] -- Supercritical Fluid Extraction [SFE] -- Supercritical fluids -- Undergraduate texts. , 2.8. End of the Chapter Problems -- 2.9. End of the Chapter Projects -- 2.10. Report Format -- Tip Box#1 Chapter objectives -- Tip Box#2 Steps for analyzing systems with balances -- Example 2.1 Adiabatic mixing of streams at atmospheric pressure -- Tip Box#3 Using excel workbooks -- Example 2.2 Entropy generation and lost work for adiabatic mixing -- Tip Box#4 Independent variables of devices and processes -- Example 2.3 Energy production from a turbine -- Example 2.4 Energy requirements and temperature rise for compressing liquid CO2 -- Example 2.5 Energy requirements and temperature rise for compressing vapor CO2 -- Example 2.6 Depressurization of CO2 through a control valve -- Example 2.7 Depressurization of CO2 through a valve into the two-phase region -- Tip Box#5 Heat exchangers -- Example 2.8 Design of an air-water heat exchanger for hot water in the home -- Example 2.9 Design of a CO2 transcritical heat exchanger for making hot water -- Example 2.10 Design of an evaporator for liquid carbon dioxide -- Example 2.11 Solubility of paprika oleoresin in supercritical CO2 -- Example 2.12 Design of a process for supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of paprika oleoresin -- Example 2.13 Fine particle products from Fe(NO3)3 in supercritical water -- Example 2.14 Mixing tee conditions for a supercritical water particle formation process -- Example 2.15 Space time for a supercritical water reactor -- Example 2.16 Increase of reactor space time with pressure for a supercritical water reactor -- Chapter 3: Chemical Information and Know-How -- 3.1. Sources of Chemical Information -- ChemSpider -- EPI Suite -- Jmol and Symyx Draw-Chemical Structures -- Accelrys Draw -- Wikipedia -- 3.2. Chemical Property Databases -- NIST Chemistry WebBook -- REFPROP -- Thermofluids -- PROPATH -- 3.3. Chemical Property Databases: Nonreference Substances. , NIST Chemistry WebBook -- ThermoLit -- Beilstein/Reaxys -- SpringerMaterials-The Landolt-Börnstein Database -- DETHERM and CHEMSAFE -- INFOTHERM -- ILThermo -- DIPPR Database -- NIST Data Gateway -- AIST RIO-DB -- 3.4. Chemical Literature Databases -- Chemical Societies -- Commercial Databases -- SciFinder -- Scopus -- Beilstein/Reaxys -- SpringerMaterials-The Landolt-Börnstein Database -- SciDirect -- ISI Web of Science -- Google Scholar -- Scirus -- Open Access Journals -- Patent Databases -- 3.5. Bibliometrics -- Science Citation Index -- Impact Factor -- Author h-Index and Journal H-Index -- Journal Immediacy Index -- Cautions on Bibliometrics -- New Journal metrics SNIP and SJR -- 3.6. Chapter Summary -- 3.7 Suggested Additional Reading and References -- Impact Factor [IF] -- Official Web Site for the Properties of Water and Steam -- Overview of ChemSpider -- Overview of ILThermo Database -- Overview of ThermoLit -- Physical Properties for Many Substances Conveniently Presented in Tables and Correlation Equations -- Source Normalized Impact per Paper [SNIP] -- Texts Used in EPI Suite Program MPBPWIN -- 3.8. End of the Chapter Problems -- Tip Box#1 Chapter objectives -- Tip Box#2 How to use this chapter -- Example 3.1 Determine the chemical structure, SMILES formula, and basic physical properties of erythromycin -- Tip Box#3 ChemSpider -- Example 3.2 Estimate the sublimation pressure of erythromycin at 60 °C -- Example 3.3 Draw an editable chemical structure of erythromycin -- Tip Box#4 NIST Chemistry WebBook -- Example 3.4 Tabulate the thermophysical properties of CO2 at 60 °C from 0.0 to 30 MPa in 2 MPa increments -- Example 3.5 Locate some solubility data for the system CO2 and biphenyl -- Example 3.6 Determine whether solubility data have been reported for carbon dioxide and erythromycin. , Example 3.7 For dodecylbenzene, determine whether vapor pressure data exists -- Example 3.8 Determine the data that are available for 1-butyl-3- ethylimidazolium chloride, [bmim][Cl] -- Example 3.9 Determine the data that are available for 1-butyl-3- methylimidazolium chloride, [bmim][Cl], as a binary mixtu ... -- Tip Box#5 NIST Data Gateway -- Tip Box#6 Bibliometrics -- Example 3.10 Determine the most highly-cited research paper with the keyword "supercritical fluids" -- Tip Box#7 Tracing research threads with references and citations -- Example 3.11 Tracing a research thread -- Tip Box#8 Self-citation -- Tip Box#9 Citations and downloads -- Chapter 4: Historical Background and Applications -- 4.1. Historical Background -- 4.2. Characteristic Properties Common to All Supercritical Fluids -- Pure Substance -- Mixtures -- 4.3. Extraction with Supercritical CO2 -- Natural Product Categories and Essential Points for Extraction -- ABC List of Plant Materials -- Coffee Decaffeination -- Promotion of Caffeine Mass Transfer -- Retainment of Flavor Compounds -- Fractionation -- Hops Extraction -- 4.4. Commercial Food Products -- Decaffeinated Coffee -- Decaffeinated Tea -- Food-Grade/Refined Oils -- Hops Resins -- Pigments -- Powdered Foods -- Rice -- 4.5. Methods for Improving Yield and Modifying Selectivity -- Co-solvents -- Co-extractants -- 4.6. Dietary Supplements -- 4.7. Green Chemistry with Supercritical CO2 -- Atom Efficiency -- Hydrogenation and Oxidation -- Hydroformylation -- Carbonation -- 4.8. Polymer Synthesis -- Free Radical Polymerization -- Dispersion Polymerization -- 4.9. Separations -- Ternary Diagrams -- Ternary Phase Diagrams -- Lever Rule and Inverse Lever Rule -- Dehydration -- Deasphalting -- 4.10. Characteristic Features of Water -- Overview -- Ionization Constant Kw -- Relative Permittivity εr -- Hydrogen Bonding. , Ionic Solubility.

Note: Cover -- MAPPING CHINA AND MANAGING THE WORLD -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Content -- List of figures -- Preface and acknowledgements -- Note on the cover -- Introduction -- 1 The languages of the Yijing and the representation of reality -- 2 Mapping China's world: cultural cartography in late imperial China -- 3 Ritual in Qing culture -- 4 The teachings of ritual and the rectification of customs: echos of tradition in the political culture of modern China -- 5 Divination in the Qing -- 6 Jesuit interpretations of the Yijing in global perspective -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index.