Note: Intro -- Special Foreword -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Atmospheric Perfluorinated Acid Precursors: Chemistry, Occurrence, and Impacts -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Mechanisms of Atmospheric Formation of Perfluorinated Acids -- 2.1 Perfluorocarboxylic Acids -- 2.1.1 Mechanisms for Atmospheric Formation of Perfluoroacyl Halides -- 2.1.2 Mechanisms for Direct Atmospheric Formation of PFCAs -- 2.2 Perfluorosulfonic Acids (PFSAs) -- 3 Chemistry of Perfluorinated Acid (PFA) Precursors -- 3.1 Volatile Anesthetics -- 3.1.1 CF3 (CF2) x CHClBr -- 3.1.2 CF3 (CF2) x CHClOCHF 2 -- 3.2 Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) -- 3.2.1 CF3 (CF2) x CHFCl -- 3.2.2 CF3 (CF2) x CHCl 2 -- 3.3 Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs, Non-telomer Based) -- 3.3.1 Saturated Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) -- 3.3.2 Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) -- 3.4 Fluorotelomer and Related Compounds -- 3.4.1 Perfluorinated Aldehyde (PFAL) Hydrates -- 3.4.2 Perfluorinated Aldehydes (PFALs) -- 3.4.3 Fluorotelomer Aldehydes (FTALs) -- 3.4.4 Odd Fluorotelomer Alcohols (oFTOHs) -- 3.4.5 Even Fluorotelomer Alcohols (FTOHs) -- 3.4.6 Fluorotelomer Olefins (FTOs) -- 3.4.7 Fluorotelomer Iodides (FTIs) -- 3.4.8 Fluorotelomer Acrylate (FTAc) -- 3.5 Perfluoroalkanesulfonamides -- 3.5.1 N -Alkyl-perfluoroalkanesulfonamides (NAFSA) -- 3.5.2 N -Alkyl-perfluoroalkanesulfamidoethanols (NAFSE) -- 4 Atmospheric Sources and Levels -- 4.1 Volatile Fluorinated Anesthetics -- 4.2 Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) -- 4.2.1 Potential Sources to the Atmosphere -- 4.2.2 Atmospheric Concentrations -- 4.3 Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs, Non-telomer Based) -- 4.3.1 Saturated Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) -- 4.3.2 Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) -- 4.4 Fluorotelomer Compounds -- 4.4.1 Potential Sources to the Atmosphere -- 4.4.2 Atmospheric Concentrations -- 4.5 Perfluorosulfonamides -- 4.5.1 Potential Sources to the Atmosphere. , 4.5.2 Atmospheric Concentrations -- 5 Impact of Precursors on Environmental Perfluorinated Acid (PFA) Levels -- 5.1 Trifluoroacetic Acid (TFA) -- 5.2 Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid (PFOS), Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) and Perfluorononanoic Acid (PFNA) -- 5.3 Long-Chained Perfluorocarboxylic Acids (PFCAs) -- 6 Summary -- References -- Isomer Profiling of Perfluorinated Substances as a Tool for Source Tracking: A Review of Early Findings and Future Applications -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Isomer Nomenclature -- 3 Historical and Current Manufacturing Sources of Perfluoroalkyl Isomers -- 4 Isomer-Specific Analytical Methodologies -- 4.1 Current Analytical Separation Methods -- 4.2 Analytical Quantification Bias -- 4.3 Strategies for Isomer Separation by LC--MS/MS -- 5 Influence of PhysicalChemical Properties on Environmental Fractionation of Perfluoroalkyl Isomers -- 6 Characterization of Perfluoroalkyl Isomer Profiles in the Environment -- 6.1 PFOA Isomer Profiles -- 6.2 Perfluoroalkyl Sulfonate and Sulfonamide Isomer Profiles -- 6.3 Perfluorocarboxylate Isomer Profiles Other than PFOA -- 7 Differences in Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of PFA Isomers -- 8 Summary -- References -- Biodegradation of Fluorinated Alkyl Substances -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Persistence of Perfluorinated Surfactants -- 3 Understanding the Complex Biodegradation of Fluorotelomer-based Chemicals -- 4 Biodegradation of N-Alkyl Perfluorooctane Sulfonamide Derivatives -- 5 The Role of Fluorinated Polymers -- 6 On the Way to Mineralization Biodegradation of Organic Molecules that Have Low Fluorine Content -- 7 Summary -- References -- Perfluorinated Substances in Human Food and Other Sources of Human Exposure -- 1 Introduction -- 2 PFCs in Edible Fish and Seafood -- 3 Contamination of Food -- 3.1 Indirect Contamination of PFCs in Food Items. , 3.2 Direct Contamination of PFCs in Commercial Food Items -- 4 PFCs in Drinking Water -- 5 Safety Limits and Tolerable Daily Intakes -- 6 Perfluorinated Compounds in House Dust and Air -- 7 Correlation Between PFCs -- 8 Outlook -- 9 Summary -- References -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Contents -- Series Editor's Preface -- Editor's Preface -- Foreword -- Chapter 1. Surfactants: properties, production and environmental aspects -- 1.1 Introduction: from soap to modern surfactants -- 1.2 General properties of surfactants -- 1.3 Production rates and use of relevant surfactants -- 1.4 Raw materials -- 1.5 Synthesis of surfactants -- 1.6 Analysis of surfactants and their degradation products -- 1.7 Fate of surfactants and environmental problems -- 1.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2. Separation and detection -- 2.1 GC and GC-MS determination of surfactants -- 2.2 Capillary electrophoresis in surfactant analysis -- 2.3 LC determination using conventional detectors -- 2.4 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry„I. General aspects -- 2.5 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry„II. Flow injection analysis„mass and tandem mass spectrometry in the analysis of surfactants„advantages and disadvantages -- 2.6 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry„III. Non-ionic surfactants: LCMS and LCMSMS of alkylphenol ethoxylates and their degradation products -- 2.7 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry„IV. Non-ionic surfactants: LCMS of alkyl polyglucosides and alkyl glucamides -- 2.8 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry„V. Non-ionic surfactants: Flow injection analysis„mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography„mass spectrometry of organosilicone surfactants -- 2.9 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry„VI. Non-ionic surfactants LCMS of other non-ionic surfactants -- 2.10 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry„VII. Anionic surfactants: LCMS of alkylbenzene sulfonates and related compounds -- 2.11 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry„VIII. Anionic surfactants: LCMS of other anionic surfactants. , 2.12 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry„IX. LCMS analyses of cationic surfactants. methods and applications -- 2.13 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry„X. LC„MS of amphoteric surfactants -- Chapter 3. Sample handling -- 3.1 Sampling and sample treatment for surfactant analysis in water -- 3.2 Methods for the sample handling of non-ionic surfactants in sludges and sediments -- 3.3 Sample handling for the determination of surfactants in biota -- Chapter 4. Quantification and quality assurance in surfactant analysis -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Reference compounds in quantification of surfactants, their metabolites and reaction by-products -- 4.3 Advantages and limitations in surfactant quantification by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry -- 4.4 Stability of surfactants in post-sampling storage -- 4.5 Interlaboratory studies for the determination of surfactants -- Chapter 5. Environmental processes -- 5.1 Aerobic biodegradation of surfactants -- 5.2 Anaerobic biodegradation of surfactants -- 5.3 Biodegradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in the marine environment -- 5.4 Surfactant sorption on natural sediments -- 5.5 Fate of organosilicone surfactants -- Chapter 6. Occurrence of surfactants in the environment -- 6.1 Concentrations of surfactants in wastewater treatment plants -- 6.2 Occurrence of surfactants in surface waters and freshwater sediments„I. Alkylphenol ethoxylates and their degradation products -- 6.3 Occurrence of surfactants in surface waters and freshwater sediments„II. Linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and their carboxylated degradation products -- 6.4 Non-ionic surfactants in marine and estuarine environments -- 6.5 Anionic surfactants in marine and estuarine environments -- 6.6 Surfactants in drinking water occurrence and treatment. , 6.7 Occurrence and fate of surfactants in soil, subsoil, and groundwater -- Chapter 7. Toxicity of surfactants -- 7.1 Toxicity of surfactants for aquatic life -- 7.2 Bioconcentration -- 7.3 Estrogenicity of surfactants -- 7.4 Risk assessment of surfactants -- Chapter 8. Recommendations and future trends -- 8.1 Monitoring -- 8.2 Analytical aspects -- 8.3 Legislative regulations force action -- 8.4 Final remarks and perspectives of a continuously changing market -- Glossary -- Index.