Note: Intro -- Amphibian Conservation -- Amphibian Conservation -- Contents -- Advisory board -- About the authors -- Acknowledgements -- About this book -- The purpose of Conservation Evidence synopses -- Who is this synopsis for? -- The Conservation Evidence project -- Scope of the Amphibian Conservation synopsis -- Husbandry vs conservation of species -- How we decided which conservation interventions to include -- How we reviewed the literature -- How the evidence is summarized -- Terminology used to describe evidence -- Taxonomy -- Habitats -- Significant results -- Multiple interventions -- How you can help to change conservation practice. -- Threat: Residential and commercial development -- Key messages -- Protect brownfield or ex-industrial sites -- Restrict herbicide, fungicide and pesticide use on and around ponds on golf courses -- Legal protection of species -- 1.1 Protect brownfield or ex-industrial sites -- 1.2 Restrict herbicide, fungicide and pesticide use on and around ponds on golf courses -- 1.3 Legal protection of species -- Threat: Agriculture -- Key messages - engage farmers and other volunteers -- Pay farmers to cover the costs of conservation measures -- Engage landowners and other volunteers to manage land for amphibians -- Key messages - terrestrial habitat management -- Manage cutting regime -- Manage grazing regime -- Reduced tillage -- Maintain or restore hedges -- Plant new hedges -- Manage silviculture practices in plantations -- Key messages - aquatic habitat management -- Exclude domestic animals or wild hogs by fencing -- Manage ditches -- Engage farmers and other volunteers -- 2.1 Pay farmers to cover the costs of conservation measures -- 2.2 Engage landowners and other volunteers to manage land for amphibians -- Terrestrial habitat management -- 2.3 Manage cutting regime -- 2.4 Manage grazing regime. , 2.5 Reduce tillage -- 2.6 Maintain or restore hedges -- 2.7 Plant new hedges -- 2.8 Manage silviculture practices in plantations -- Aquatic habitat management -- 2.9 Exclude domestic animals or wild hogs by fencing -- 2.10 Manage ditches -- Threat: Energy production and mining -- Key messages -- Artificially mist habitat to keep it damp -- 3.1 Artificially mist habitat to keep it damp -- Threat: Transportation and service corridors -- Key messages -- Install culverts or tunnels as road crossings -- Install barrier fencing along roads -- Modify gully pots and kerbs -- Use signage to warn motorists -- Close roads during seasonal amphibian migration -- Use humans to assist migrating amphibians across roads -- 4.1 Install culverts or tunnels as road crossings -- 4.2 Install barrier fencing along roads -- 4.3 Modify gully pots and kerbs -- 4.4 Use signage to warn motorists -- 4.5 Close roads during seasonal amphibian migration -- 4.6 Use humans to assist migrating amphibians across roads -- Threat: Biological resource use -- Key messages - hunting and collecting terrestrial animals -- Use amphibians sustainably -- Threat: Biological resource use -- Reduce impact of amphibian trade -- Use legislative regulation to protect wild populations -- Commercially breed amphibians for the pet trade -- Key messages - logging and wood harvesting -- Thin trees within forests -- Harvest groups of trees instead of clearcutting -- Use patch retention harvesting instead of clearcutting -- Use leave-tree harvesting instead of clearcutting -- Use shelterwood harvesting instead of clearcutting -- Leave standing deadwood/snags in forests -- Leave coarse woody debris in forests -- Retain riparian buffer strips during timber harvest -- Hunting and collecting terrestrial animals -- 5.1 Use amphibians sustainably -- 5.2 Reduce impact of amphibian trade. , 5.3 Use legislative regulation to protect wild populations -- 5.4 Commercially breed amphibians for the pet trade -- Logging and wood harvesting -- 5.5 Thin trees within forests -- 5.6 Harvest groups of trees instead of clearcutting -- 5.7 Use patch retention harvesting instead of clearcutting -- 5.8 Use leave-tree harvesting instead of clearcutting -- 5.9 Use shelterwood harvesting instead of clearcutting -- 5.10 Leave standing deadwood/snags in forests -- 5.11 Leave coarse woody debris in forests -- 5.12 Retain riparian buffer strips during timber harvest -- Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance -- Key messages -- Use signs and access restrictions to reduce disturbance -- 6.1 Use signs and access restrictions to reduce disturbance -- Threat: Natural system modifications -- Key messages -- Use prescribed fire or modifications to burning regime -- Use herbicides to control mid-storey or ground vegetation -- Mechanically remove mid-storey or ground vegetation -- Regulate water levels -- 7.1 Use prescribed fire or modifications to burning regime -- 7.1.1 Forests -- 7.1.2 Grassland -- 7.2 Use herbicides to control mid-storey or ground vegetation -- 7.3 Mechanically remove mid-storey or ground vegetation -- 7.4 Regulate water levels -- Threat: Invasive alien and other problematic species -- Key messages - reduce predation by other species -- Threat: Invasive alien and other problematic species -- Remove or control mammals -- Remove or control fish population by catching -- Remove or control fish using rotenone -- Remove or control fish by drying out ponds -- Exclude fish with barriers -- Encourage aquatic plant growth as refuge against fish predation -- Remove or control invasive bullfrogs -- Remove or control invasive viperine snake -- Remove or control non-native crayfish -- Key messages - reduce competition with other species. , Reduce competition from native amphibians -- Remove or control invasive cane toads -- Remove or control invasive Cuban tree frogs -- Key messages - reduce adverse habitat alteration by other species -- Prevent heavy usage or exclude wildfowl from aquatic habitat -- Control invasive plants -- Key messages - reduce parasitism and disease - chytridiomycosis -- Sterilize equipment when moving between amphibian sites -- Use gloves to handle amphibians -- Remove the chytrid fungus from ponds -- Use zooplankton to remove zoospores -- Add salt to ponds -- Use antifungal skin bacteria or peptides to reduce infection -- Use antifungal treatment to reduce infection -- Use antibacterial treatment to reduce infection -- Use temperature treatment to reduce infection -- Treating amphibians in the wild or pre-release -- Immunize amphibians against infection -- Key messages - reduce parasitism and disease - ranaviruses -- Sterilize equipment to prevent ranaviruses -- Reduce predation by other species -- 8.1 Remove or control mammals -- 8.2 Remove or control fish population by catching -- 8.3 Remove or control fish using rotenone -- 8.4 Remove or control fish by drying out ponds -- 8.5 Exclude fish with barriers -- 8.6 Encourage aquatic plant growth as refuge against fish predation -- 8.7 Remove or control invasive bullfrogs -- 8.8 Remove or control invasive viperine snake -- 8.9 Remove or control non-native crayfish -- Reduce competition with other species -- 8.10 Reduce competition from native amphibians -- 8.11 Remove or control invasive cane toads -- 8.12 Remove or control invasive Cuban tree frogs -- Reduce adverse habitat alteration by other species -- 8.13 Prevent heavy usage or exclude wildfowl from aquatic habitat -- 8.14 Control invasive plants -- Reduce parasitism and disease - chytridiomycosis -- 8.15 Sterilize equipment when moving between amphibian sites. , 8.16 Use gloves to handle amphibians -- 8.17 Remove the chytrid fungus from ponds -- 8.18 Use zooplankton to remove zoospores -- 8.19 Add salt to ponds -- 8.20 Use antifungal skin bacteria or peptides to reduce infection -- 8.21 Use antifungal treatment to reduce infection -- 8.22 Use antibacterial treatment to reduce infection -- 8.23 Use temperature treatment to reduce infection -- 8.24 Treat amphibians in the wild or pre-release -- 8.25 Immunize amphibians against infection -- Reduce parasitism and disease - ranaviruses -- 8.26 Sterilize equipment to prevent ranavirus -- Threat: Pollution -- Key messages - agricultural pollution -- Plant riparian buffer strips -- Prevent pollution from agricultural lands or sewage treatment facilities entering watercourses -- Create walls or barriers to exclude pollutants -- Reduce pesticide, herbicide or fertilizer use -- Key messages - industrial pollution -- Add limestone to water bodies to reduce acidification -- Augment ponds with ground water to reduce acidification -- Agricultural pollution -- 9.1 Plant riparian buffer strips -- 9.2 Prevent pollution from agricultural lands or sewage treatment facilities entering watercourses -- 9.3 Create walls or barriers to exclude pollutants -- 9.4 Reduce pesticide, herbicide or fertilizer use -- Industrial pollution -- 9.5 Add limestone to water bodies to reduce acidification -- 9.6 Augment ponds with ground water to reduce acidification -- Threat: Climate change and severe weather -- Key messages -- Use irrigation systems for amphibian sites -- Maintain ephemeral ponds -- Deepen ponds to prevent desiccation -- Provide shelter habitat -- Artificially shade ponds to prevent desiccation -- Create microclimate and microhabitat refuges -- Protect habitat along elevational gradients -- 10.1 Use irrigation systems for amphibian sites -- 10.2 Maintain ephemeral ponds. , 10.3 Deepen ponds to prevent desiccation.

Note: Cover -- Contents -- Advisory board -- About the authors -- Acknowledgements -- 1. About this book -- 2. Habitat protection -- Key messages -- 2.1. Legally protect habitats -- 2.2. Ensure connectivity between habitat patches -- 2.3. Provide or retain un-harvested buffer strips -- 3. Education and awareness raising -- Key messages -- 3.1. Raise awareness amongst the general public through campaigns and public information -- 3.2. Provide bird feeding materials to families with young children -- 3.3. Enhance bird taxonomy skills through higher education and training -- 3.4. Provide training to conservationists and land managers on bird ecology and conservation -- 4. Threat: Residential and commercial development -- Key messages -- 4.1. Angle windows to reduce collisions -- 4.2. Mark or tint windows to reduce collision mortality -- 5. Threat: Agriculture -- Key messages - All farming systems -- Key messages - Arable farming -- Key messages - Livestock farming -- Key messages - Perennial, non-timber crops -- Key messages - Aquaculture -- All farming systems -- 5.1. Support or maintain low-intensity agricultural systems -- 5.2. Practise integrated farm management -- 5.3. Food labelling schemes relating to biodiversity-friendly farming -- 5.4. Increase the proportion of natural/semi-natural vegetation in the farmed landscape -- 5.5. Pay farmers to cover the costs of conservation measures -- 5.6. Cross compliance standards for all subsidy payments -- 5.7. Reduce field size (or maintain small fields) -- 5.8. Provide or retain set-aside areas in farmland -- 5.9. Manage hedges to benefit wildlife -- 5.10. Plant new hedges -- 5.11. Manage stone-faced hedge banks to benefit birds -- 5.12. Manage ditches to benefit wildlife -- 5.13. Protect in-field trees -- 5.14. Plant in-field trees -- 5.15. Tree pollarding and tree surgery. , 5.16. Plant wild bird seed or cover mixture -- 5.17. Plant nectar flower mixture/wildflower strips -- 5.18. Create uncultivated margins around intensive arable or pasture fields -- 5.19. Plant grass buffer strips/margins around arable or pasture fields -- 5.20. Use mowing techniques to reduce chick mortality -- 5.21. Provide refuges in fields during harvest or mowing -- 5.22. Mark bird nests during harvest or mowing -- 5.23. Relocate nests at harvest time to reduce nestling mortality -- 5.24. Make direct payments per clutch for farmland birds -- 5.25. Control scrub on farmland -- 5.26. Take field corners out of management -- 5.27. Reduce conflict by deterring birds from taking crops -- Arable farming -- 5.28. Increase crop diversity -- 5.29. Implement 'mosaic management' -- 5.30. Leave overwinter stubbles -- 5.31. Plant nettle strips -- 5.32. Leave unharvested cereal headlands within arable fields -- 5.33. Plant crops in spring rather than autumn -- 5.34. Undersow spring cereals,with clover for example -- 5.35. Plant more than one crop per field (intercropping) -- 5.36. Revert arable land to permanent grassland -- 5.37. Reduce tillage -- 5.38. Add 1%barley into wheat crop for corn buntings -- 5.39. Leave uncropped, cultivated margins or plots (includes lapwing and stone curlew plots) -- 5.40. Create skylark plots -- 5.41. Create corn bunting plots -- 5.42. Plant cereals in wide-spaced rows -- 5.43. Create beetle banks -- Livestock farming -- 5.44. Maintain species-rich, semi-natural grassland -- 5.45. Reduce management intensity on permanent grasslands -- 5.46. Reduce grazing intensity -- 5.47. Provide short grass for waders -- 5.48. Raise mowing height on grasslands -- 5.49. Delay mowing date or first grazing date on grasslands -- 5.50. Leave uncut rye grass in silage fields -- 5.51. Plant cereals for wholecrop silage. , 5.52. Maintain lowland heathland -- 5.53. Maintain rush pastures -- 5.54. Maintain traditional water meadows -- 5.55. Maintain upland heath/moor -- 5.56. Plant Brassica fodder crops -- 5.57. Use mixed stocking -- 5.58. Use traditional breeds of livestock -- 5.59. Maintain wood pasture and parkland -- 5.60. Exclude grazers from semi-natural habitats (including woodland) -- 5.61. Protect nests from livestock to reduce trampling -- 5.62. Mark fences to reduce bird collision mortality -- 5.63. Create open patches or strips in permanent grassland -- Perennial, non-timber crops -- 5.64. Maintain traditional orchards -- 5.65. Manage perennial bioenergy crops to benefit wildlife -- Aquaculture -- 5.66. Reduce conflict with humans to reduce persecution -- 5.67. Scare birds from fish farms -- 5.68. Disturb birds at roosts -- 5.69. Use electric fencing to exclude fish-eating birds -- 5.70. Use netting to exclude fish-eating birds -- 5.71. Disturb birds using foot patrols -- 5.72. Use 'mussel socks ' to prevent birds from attacking shellfish -- 5.73. Translocate birds away from fish farms -- 5.74. Increase water turbidity to reduce fish predation by birds -- 5.75. Provide refuges for fish within ponds -- 5.76. Use in-water devices to reduce fish loss from ponds -- 5.77. Spray water to deter birds from ponds -- 5.78. Deter birds from landing on shellfish culture gear -- 6. Threat:Energy production and mining -- Key messages -- 6.1. Paint wind turbines to increase their visibility -- 7. Threat:Transportation and service corridors -- Key messages - Verges and airports -- Key messages - Power lines and electricity pylons -- Verges and airports -- 7.1. Mow roadside verges -- 7.2. Sow roadside verges -- 7.3. Scare or otherwise deter birds from airports -- Power lines and electricity pylons -- 7.4. Bury or isolate power lines to reduce incidental mortality. , 7.5. Remove earth wires to reduce incidental mortality -- 7.6. Thicken earth wire to reduce incidental mortality -- 7.7. Mark power lines to reduce incidental mortality -- 7.8. Use raptor models to deter birds and so reduce incidental mortality -- 7.9. Add perches to electricity pylons to reduce electrocution -- 7.10. Insulate power pylons to prevent electrocution -- 7.11. Use perch-deterrents to stop raptors perching on pylons -- 7.12. Reduce electrocutions by using plastic, not aluminium, leg rings to mark birds -- 8. Threat: Biological resource use -- Key messages - reducing exploitation and conflict -- Key messages - reducing fisheries bycatch -- Reducing exploitation and conflict -- 8.1. Use legislative regulation to protect wild populations -- 8.2. Increase 'on-the-ground' protection to reduce unsustainable levels of exploitation -- 8.3. Promote sustainable alternative livelihoods -- 8.4. Use education programmes and local engagement to help reduce persecution or exploitation of species -- 8.5. Employ local people as 'biomonitors -- 8.6. Mark eggs to reduce their appeal to egg collectors -- 8.7. Relocate nestlings to reduce poaching -- 8.8. Use wildlife refuges to reduce hunting disturbance -- 8.9. Introduce voluntary 'maximum shoot distances' -- 8.10. Provide 'sacrificial' grasslands to reduce the impact of wild geese on crops -- 8.11. Move fish-eating birds to reduce conflict with fishermen -- 8.12. Scare fish-eating birds from areas to reduce conflict -- Reduce fisheries bycatch -- 8.13. Set longlines at night to reduce seabird bycatch -- 8.14. Turn deck lights off during night-time setting of longlines to reduce bycatch -- 8.15. Use streamer lines to reduce seabird bycatch on longlines -- 8.16. Use larger hooks to reduce seabird bycatch -- 8.17. Use a water cannon when setting longlines to reduce seabird bycatch. , 8.18. Set lines underwater to reduce seabird bycatch -- 8.19. Set longlines at the side of the boat to reduce seabird bycatch -- 8.20. Use a line shooter to reduce seabird bycatch -- 8.21. Use bait throwers to reduce seabird bycatch -- 8.22. Tow buoys behind longlining boats to reduce seabird bycatch -- 8.23. Dye baits to reduce seabird bycatch -- 8.24. Use high-visibility longlines to reduce seabird bycatch -- 8.25. Use a sonic scarer when setting longlines to reduce seabird bycatch -- 8.26. Weight baits or lines to reduce longline bycatch of seabirds -- 8.27. Use shark liver oil to deter birds when setting lines -- 8.28. Thaw bait before setting lines to reduce seabird bycatch -- 8.29. Reduce seabird bycatch by releasing offal overboard when setting longlines -- 8.30. Use bird exclusion devices such as 'Brickle curtains' to reduce seabird mortality when hauling longlines -- 8.31. Use acoustic alerts on gillnets to reduce seabird bycatch -- 8.32. Use high-visibility mesh on gillnets to reduce seabird bycatch -- 8.33. Reduce gillnet deployment time to reduce seabird bycatch -- 8.34. Mark trawler warp cables to reduce seabird collisions -- 8.35. Reduce 'ghost fishing' by lost//discarded gear -- 8.36. Reduce bycatch through seasonal or area closures -- 9. Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance -- Key messages -- 9.1. Use wildlife refuges to reduce hunting disturbance -- 9.2. Use signs and access restrictions to reduce disturbance at nest sites -- 9.3. Set minimum distances for approaching birds (buffer zones) -- 9.4. Provide paths to limit the extent of disturbance -- 9.5. Reduce visitor group size -- 9.6. Use voluntary agreements with local people to reduce disturbance -- 9.7. Start educational programmes for personal watercraft owners -- 9.8. Habituate birds to human visitors. , 9.9. Use nest covers to reduce the impact of research on predation of ground-nesting seabirds.

Note: Intro -- Bat Conservation -- Contents -- Advisory board -- About the authors -- Acknowledgements -- About this book -- The purpose of Conservation Evidence synopses -- Who this synopsis is for -- The Conservation Evidence project -- Scope of the Bat Conservation synopsis -- How we decided which bat conservation interventions to include -- How we reviewed the literature -- How the evidence is summarized -- Terminology used to describe evidence -- Taxonomy -- Significant results -- Interpretation of evidence -- IMPORTANT NOTE - defining the phrase 'we found no evidence' -- How you can help to change conservation practice -- Threat: Residential and commercial development -- Key messages -- Conserve existing roosts within developments -- Retain or relocate access points to bat roosts -- Create alternative roosts within buildings -- Change timing of building works -- Conserve old buildings or structures as roosting sites for bats -- Maintain bridges and retain crevices for roosting -- Protect brownfield sites -- Provide foraging habitat in urban areas -- Retain or replace existing bat commuting routes -- 1.1 Conserve existing roosts within developments -- 1.2 Retain or relocate access points to bat roosts -- 1.3 Create alternative roosts within buildings -- 1.4 Change timing of building works -- 1.5 Conserve old buildings or structures as roosting sites for bats -- 1.6 Maintain bridges and retain crevices for roosting -- 1.7 Protect brownfield sites -- 1.8 Provide foraging habitat in urban areas -- 1.9 Retain or replace existing bat commuting routes -- Threat: Agriculture -- Key messages - Land use change -- Conserve old buildings or structures as roosting sites for bats -- Retain old or dead trees with hollows and cracks as roosting sites for bats -- Retain or plant trees to replace foraging habitat for bats. , Protect or create wetlands as foraging habitat for bats -- Retain or replace existing bat commuting routes -- Key messages - Intensive farming -- Convert to organic farming -- Introduce agri-environment schemes -- Encourage agroforestry -- Land use change -- 2.1 Conserve old buildings or structures as roosting sites for bats -- 2.2 Retain dead/old trees with hollows and cracks as roosting sites for bats -- 2.3 Retain or plant trees to replace foraging habitat for bats -- 2.4 Protect or create wetlands as foraging habitat for bats -- 2.5 Retain or replace existing bat commuting routes -- Intensive farming -- 2.6 Convert to organic farming -- 2.7 Introduce agri-environment schemes -- 2.8 Encourage agroforestry -- Threat: Energy production - wind turbines -- Key messages -- Modify turbine design to reduce bat fatalities -- Modify turbine placement to reduce bat fatalities -- Leave a minimum distance between turbines and habitat features used by bats -- Deter bats from turbines using radar -- Deter bats from turbines using ultrasound -- Remove turbine lighting to avoid attracting bats -- Switch off turbines at low wind speeds to reduce bat fatalities -- Automatically switch off wind turbines when bat activity is high -- Close off nacelles on wind turbines to prevent roosting bats -- 3.1 Modify turbine design to reduce bat fatalities -- 3.2 Modify turbine placement to reduce bat fatalities -- 3.3 Leave a minimum distance between turbines and habitat features used by bats -- 3.4 Deter bats from turbines using radar -- 3.5 Deter bats from turbines using ultrasound -- 3.6 Remove turbine lighting to avoid attracting bats -- 3.7 Switch off turbines at low wind speeds to reduce bat fatalities -- 3.8 Automatically switch off wind turbines when bat activity is high -- 3.9 Close off nacelles in wind turbines to prevent roosting bats. , Threat: Energy production - mining -- Key messages -- Legally protect bat hibernation sites in mines from reclamation -- Provide artificial hibernacula to replace roosts lost in reclaimed mines -- Relocate bats from reclaimed mines to new hibernation sites -- 4.1 Legally protect bat hibernation sites in mines from reclamation -- 4.2 Provide artificial hibernacula to replace roosts lost in reclaimed mines -- 4.3 Relocate bats from reclaimed mines to new hibernation sites -- Threat: Transportation and service corridors -- Key messages - Roads -- Install underpasses as road crossing structures for bats -- Install overpasses as road crossing structures for bats -- Install bat gantries or bat bridges as road crossing structures for bats -- Install green bridges as road crossing structures for bats -- Install hop-overs as road crossing structures for bats -- Divert bats to safe crossing points with plantings or fencing -- Deter bats with lighting -- Replace or improve habitat for bats around roads -- 5.1 Install underpasses as road crossing structures for bats -- 5.2 Install overpasses as road crossing structures for bats -- 5.3 Install bat gantries or bat bridges as road crossing structures for bats -- 5.4 Install green bridges as road crossing structures for bats -- 5.5 Install hop-overs as road crossing structures for bats -- 5.6 Divert bats to safe crossing points with plantings or fencing -- 5.7 Deter bats with lighting -- 5.8 Replace or improve habitat for bats around roads -- Threat: Biological resource use -- Key messages - Hunting -- Introduce and enforce legislation to control hunting of bats -- Educate local communities about bats and hunting -- Threat: Biological resource use -- Introduce sustainable harvesting of bats -- Key messages - Guano harvesting -- Introduce and enforce legislation to regulate the harvesting of bat guano. , Introduce sustainable harvesting of bat guano -- Key messages - Logging and wood harvesting -- Use selective harvesting/reduced impact logging instead of clearcutting -- Use shelterwood cutting instead of clearcutting -- Thin trees within forests -- Manage woodland or forest edges for bats -- Retain deadwood/snags within forests for roosting bats -- Replant native trees -- Retain residual tree patches in logged areas -- Incorporate forested corridors or buffers into logged areas -- Hunting -- 6.1 Introduce and enforce legislation to control hunting of bats -- 6.2 Educate local communities about bats and hunting -- 6.3 Introduce sustainable harvesting of bats -- Guano harvesting -- 6.4 Introduce and enforce legislation to regulate harvesting of bat guano -- 6.5 Introduce sustainable harvesting of bat guano -- Logging and wood harvesting -- 6.6 Use selective harvesting/reduced impact logging instead of clearcutting -- 6.7 Use shelterwood cutting instead of clearcutting -- 6.8 Thin trees within forest -- 6.9 Manage forest or woodland edges for bats -- 6.10 Retain deadwood/snags within forests for roosting bats -- 6.11 Replant native trees -- 6.12 Retain residual tree patches in logged areas -- 6.13 Incorporate forested corridors or buffers into logged areas -- Threat: Human disturbance - caving and tourism -- Key messages -- Use cave gates to restrict public access -- Maintain microclimate at underground hibernation/roost sites -- Impose restrictions on cave visits -- Educate the public to reduce disturbance to hibernating bats -- Legally protect bat hibernation sites -- Provide artificial hibernacula for bats to replace disturbed sites -- 7.1 Use cave gates to restrict public access -- 7.2 Maintain microclimate at hibernation/roost sites -- 7.3 Impose restrictions on cave visits -- 7.4 Educate the public to reduce disturbance to hibernating bats. , 7.5 Legally protect bat hibernation sites -- 7.6 Provide artificial hibernacula for bats to replace disturbed sites -- Threat: Natural system modification - natural fire and fire suppression -- Key messages -- Use prescribed burning -- 8.1 Use prescribed burning -- Threat: Invasive species and disease -- Key messages - Invasive species -- Remove invasive plant species -- Control invasive predators -- Translocate to predator or disease free areas -- Key messages - White-nose syndrome -- Control anthropogenic spread -- Increase population resistance -- Cull infected bats -- Modify cave environments to increase bat survival -- Invasive species -- 9.1 Remove invasive plant species -- 9.2 Control invasive predators -- 9.3 Translocate to predator or disease free areas -- White-nose syndrome -- 9.4 Control anthropogenic spread -- 9.5 Increase population resistance -- 9.6 Cull infected bats -- 9.7 Modify cave environments to increase bat survival -- Threat: Pollution -- Key messages - Domestic and urban waste water -- Change effluent treatments -- Key messages - Agricultural and forestry effluents -- Introduce legislation to control use -- Change effluent treatments -- Key messages - Light and noise pollution -- Leave bat roosts, roost entrances and commuting routes unlit -- Minimize excess light pollution -- Restrict timing of lighting -- Use low pressure sodium lamps or use UV filters -- Impose noise limits in proximity to roosts and bat habitats -- Key messages - Timber treatments -- Use mammal safe timber treatments in roof spaces -- Restrict timing of treatment -- Domestic and urban waste water -- 10.1 Change effluent treatments -- Agricultural and forestry effluents -- 10.2 Introduce legislation to control use -- 10.3 Change effluent treatments -- Light and noise pollution -- 10.4 Leave bat roosts, roost entrances and commuting routes unlit. , 10.5 Minimize light pollution.

Note: Intro -- Advisory board -- About the authors -- Acknowledgements -- About this book -- 1 Threat: Residential and commercial development -- Key messages -- 1.1 Conserve existing roosts within developments -- 1.2 Retain or relocate access points to bat roosts -- 1.3 Create alternative roosts within buildings -- 1.4 Change timing of building works -- 1.5 Conserve old buildings or structures as roosting sites for bats -- 1.6 Maintain bridges and retain crevices for roosting -- 1.7 Protect brownfield sites -- 1.8 Provide foraging habitat in urban areas -- 1.9 Retain or replace existing bat commuting routes -- 2 Threat: Agriculture -- Key messages - Land use change -- Key messages - Intensive farming -- Land use change -- 2.1 Conserve old buildings or structures as roosting sites for bats -- 2.2 Retain dead/old trees with hollows and cracks as roosting sites for bats -- 2.3 Retain or plant trees to replace foraging habitat for bats -- 2.4 Protect or create wetlands as foraging habitat for bats -- 2.5 Retain or replace existing bat commuting routes -- Intensive farming -- 2.6 Convert to organic farming -- 2.7 Introduce agri-environment schemes -- 2.8 Encourage agroforestry -- 3 Threat: Energy production - wind turbines -- 3.1 Modify turbine design to reduce bat fatalities -- 3.2 Modify turbine placement to reduce bat fatalities -- 3.3 Leave a minimum distance between turbines and habitat features used by bats -- 3.4 Deter bats from turbines using radar -- 3.5 Deter bats from turbines using ultrasound -- 3.6 Remove turbine lighting to avoid attracting bats -- 3.7 Switch off turbines at low wind speeds to reduce bat fatalities -- 3.8 Automatically switch off wind turbines when bat activity is high -- 3.9 Close off nacelles in wind turbines to prevent roosting bats -- 4 Threat: Energy production - mining. , 4.1 Legally protect bat hibernation sites in mines from reclamation -- 4.2 Provide artificial hibernacula to replace roosts lost in reclaimed mines -- 4.3 Relocate bats from reclaimed mines to new hibernation sites -- 5 Threat: Transportation and service corridors -- Key messages - Roads -- 5.1 Install underpasses as road crossing structures for bats -- 5.2 Install overpasses as road crossing structures for bats -- 5.3 Install bat gantries or bat bridges as road crossing structures for bats -- 5.4 Install green bridges as road crossing structures for bats -- 5.5 Install hop-overs as road crossing structures for bats -- 5.6 Divert bats to safe crossing points with plantings or fencing.

Note: Intro -- Advisory board -- About the authors -- Acknowledgements -- About this book -- 1 Threat: Residential and commercial development -- Key messages -- 1.1 Protect brownfield or ex-industrial sites -- 1.2 Restrict herbicide, fungicide and pesticide use on and around ponds on golf courses -- 1.3 Legal protection of species -- 2 Threat: Agriculture -- Key messages - engage farmers and other volunteers -- Key messages - terrestrial habitat management -- Key messages - aquatic habitat management -- Engage farmers and other volunteers -- 2.1 Pay farmers to cover the costs of conservation measures -- 2.2 Engage landowners and other volunteers to manage land for amphibians -- Terrestrial habitat management -- 2.3 Manage cutting regime -- 2.4 Manage grazing regime -- 2.5 Reduce tillage -- 2.6 Maintain or restore hedges -- 2.7 Plant new hedges -- 2.8 Manage silviculture practices in plantations -- Aquatic habitat management -- 2.9 Exclude domestic animals or wild hogs by fencing -- 2.10 Manage ditches -- 3 Threat: Energy production and mining -- 3.1 Artificially mist habitat to keep it damp -- 4 Threat: Transportation and service corridors -- 4.1 Install culverts or tunnels as road crossings -- 4.2 Install barrier fencing along roads -- 4.3 Modify gully pots and kerbs -- 4.4 Use signage to warn motorists -- 4.5 Close roads during seasonal amphibian migration -- 4.6 Use humans to assist migrating amphibians across roads -- 5 Threat: Biological resource use -- Key messages - hunting and collecting terrestrial animals -- Key messages - logging and wood harvesting -- Hunting and collecting terrestrial animals -- 5.1 Use amphibians sustainably -- 5.2 Reduce impact of amphibian trade -- 5.3 Use legislative regulation to protect wild populations -- 5.4 Commercially breed amphibians for the pet trade -- Logging and wood harvesting. , 5.5 Thin trees within forests -- 5.6 Harvest groups of trees instead of clearcutting -- 5.7 Use patch retention harvesting instead of clearcutting -- 5.8 Use leave-tree harvesting instead of clearcutting -- 5.9 Use shelterwood harvesting instead of clearcutting -- 5.10 Leave standing deadwood/snags in forests.

Note: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Advisory board -- About the authors -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- Threat: residential and commercial development -- Threat: land use change due to agriculture -- Threat: pollution - agricultural and forestry effluents -- Threat: transportation and service corridors -- Threat: biological resource use -- Threat: natural system modification - natural fire and fire suppression -- Threat: invasive non-native species -- Threat: problematic native species -- Providing artificial nest sites for bees -- Captive breeding and rearing of wild bees (ex-situ conservation) -- Education and awareness-raising -- Index -- About Pelagic Publishing -- Backcover.