Note: Cover -- Contents -- Advisory board -- About the authors -- Acknowledgements -- 1. About this book -- 2. Habitat protection -- Key messages -- 2.1. Legally protect habitats -- 2.2. Ensure connectivity between habitat patches -- 2.3. Provide or retain un-harvested buffer strips -- 3. Education and awareness raising -- Key messages -- 3.1. Raise awareness amongst the general public through campaigns and public information -- 3.2. Provide bird feeding materials to families with young children -- 3.3. Enhance bird taxonomy skills through higher education and training -- 3.4. Provide training to conservationists and land managers on bird ecology and conservation -- 4. Threat: Residential and commercial development -- Key messages -- 4.1. Angle windows to reduce collisions -- 4.2. Mark or tint windows to reduce collision mortality -- 5. Threat: Agriculture -- Key messages - All farming systems -- Key messages - Arable farming -- Key messages - Livestock farming -- Key messages - Perennial, non-timber crops -- Key messages - Aquaculture -- All farming systems -- 5.1. Support or maintain low-intensity agricultural systems -- 5.2. Practise integrated farm management -- 5.3. Food labelling schemes relating to biodiversity-friendly farming -- 5.4. Increase the proportion of natural/semi-natural vegetation in the farmed landscape -- 5.5. Pay farmers to cover the costs of conservation measures -- 5.6. Cross compliance standards for all subsidy payments -- 5.7. Reduce field size (or maintain small fields) -- 5.8. Provide or retain set-aside areas in farmland -- 5.9. Manage hedges to benefit wildlife -- 5.10. Plant new hedges -- 5.11. Manage stone-faced hedge banks to benefit birds -- 5.12. Manage ditches to benefit wildlife -- 5.13. Protect in-field trees -- 5.14. Plant in-field trees -- 5.15. Tree pollarding and tree surgery. , 5.16. Plant wild bird seed or cover mixture -- 5.17. Plant nectar flower mixture/wildflower strips -- 5.18. Create uncultivated margins around intensive arable or pasture fields -- 5.19. Plant grass buffer strips/margins around arable or pasture fields -- 5.20. Use mowing techniques to reduce chick mortality -- 5.21. Provide refuges in fields during harvest or mowing -- 5.22. Mark bird nests during harvest or mowing -- 5.23. Relocate nests at harvest time to reduce nestling mortality -- 5.24. Make direct payments per clutch for farmland birds -- 5.25. Control scrub on farmland -- 5.26. Take field corners out of management -- 5.27. Reduce conflict by deterring birds from taking crops -- Arable farming -- 5.28. Increase crop diversity -- 5.29. Implement 'mosaic management' -- 5.30. Leave overwinter stubbles -- 5.31. Plant nettle strips -- 5.32. Leave unharvested cereal headlands within arable fields -- 5.33. Plant crops in spring rather than autumn -- 5.34. Undersow spring cereals,with clover for example -- 5.35. Plant more than one crop per field (intercropping) -- 5.36. Revert arable land to permanent grassland -- 5.37. Reduce tillage -- 5.38. Add 1%barley into wheat crop for corn buntings -- 5.39. Leave uncropped, cultivated margins or plots (includes lapwing and stone curlew plots) -- 5.40. Create skylark plots -- 5.41. Create corn bunting plots -- 5.42. Plant cereals in wide-spaced rows -- 5.43. Create beetle banks -- Livestock farming -- 5.44. Maintain species-rich, semi-natural grassland -- 5.45. Reduce management intensity on permanent grasslands -- 5.46. Reduce grazing intensity -- 5.47. Provide short grass for waders -- 5.48. Raise mowing height on grasslands -- 5.49. Delay mowing date or first grazing date on grasslands -- 5.50. Leave uncut rye grass in silage fields -- 5.51. Plant cereals for wholecrop silage. , 5.52. Maintain lowland heathland -- 5.53. Maintain rush pastures -- 5.54. Maintain traditional water meadows -- 5.55. Maintain upland heath/moor -- 5.56. Plant Brassica fodder crops -- 5.57. Use mixed stocking -- 5.58. Use traditional breeds of livestock -- 5.59. Maintain wood pasture and parkland -- 5.60. Exclude grazers from semi-natural habitats (including woodland) -- 5.61. Protect nests from livestock to reduce trampling -- 5.62. Mark fences to reduce bird collision mortality -- 5.63. Create open patches or strips in permanent grassland -- Perennial, non-timber crops -- 5.64. Maintain traditional orchards -- 5.65. Manage perennial bioenergy crops to benefit wildlife -- Aquaculture -- 5.66. Reduce conflict with humans to reduce persecution -- 5.67. Scare birds from fish farms -- 5.68. Disturb birds at roosts -- 5.69. Use electric fencing to exclude fish-eating birds -- 5.70. Use netting to exclude fish-eating birds -- 5.71. Disturb birds using foot patrols -- 5.72. Use 'mussel socks ' to prevent birds from attacking shellfish -- 5.73. Translocate birds away from fish farms -- 5.74. Increase water turbidity to reduce fish predation by birds -- 5.75. Provide refuges for fish within ponds -- 5.76. Use in-water devices to reduce fish loss from ponds -- 5.77. Spray water to deter birds from ponds -- 5.78. Deter birds from landing on shellfish culture gear -- 6. Threat:Energy production and mining -- Key messages -- 6.1. Paint wind turbines to increase their visibility -- 7. Threat:Transportation and service corridors -- Key messages - Verges and airports -- Key messages - Power lines and electricity pylons -- Verges and airports -- 7.1. Mow roadside verges -- 7.2. Sow roadside verges -- 7.3. Scare or otherwise deter birds from airports -- Power lines and electricity pylons -- 7.4. Bury or isolate power lines to reduce incidental mortality. , 7.5. Remove earth wires to reduce incidental mortality -- 7.6. Thicken earth wire to reduce incidental mortality -- 7.7. Mark power lines to reduce incidental mortality -- 7.8. Use raptor models to deter birds and so reduce incidental mortality -- 7.9. Add perches to electricity pylons to reduce electrocution -- 7.10. Insulate power pylons to prevent electrocution -- 7.11. Use perch-deterrents to stop raptors perching on pylons -- 7.12. Reduce electrocutions by using plastic, not aluminium, leg rings to mark birds -- 8. Threat: Biological resource use -- Key messages - reducing exploitation and conflict -- Key messages - reducing fisheries bycatch -- Reducing exploitation and conflict -- 8.1. Use legislative regulation to protect wild populations -- 8.2. Increase 'on-the-ground' protection to reduce unsustainable levels of exploitation -- 8.3. Promote sustainable alternative livelihoods -- 8.4. Use education programmes and local engagement to help reduce persecution or exploitation of species -- 8.5. Employ local people as 'biomonitors -- 8.6. Mark eggs to reduce their appeal to egg collectors -- 8.7. Relocate nestlings to reduce poaching -- 8.8. Use wildlife refuges to reduce hunting disturbance -- 8.9. Introduce voluntary 'maximum shoot distances' -- 8.10. Provide 'sacrificial' grasslands to reduce the impact of wild geese on crops -- 8.11. Move fish-eating birds to reduce conflict with fishermen -- 8.12. Scare fish-eating birds from areas to reduce conflict -- Reduce fisheries bycatch -- 8.13. Set longlines at night to reduce seabird bycatch -- 8.14. Turn deck lights off during night-time setting of longlines to reduce bycatch -- 8.15. Use streamer lines to reduce seabird bycatch on longlines -- 8.16. Use larger hooks to reduce seabird bycatch -- 8.17. Use a water cannon when setting longlines to reduce seabird bycatch. , 8.18. Set lines underwater to reduce seabird bycatch -- 8.19. Set longlines at the side of the boat to reduce seabird bycatch -- 8.20. Use a line shooter to reduce seabird bycatch -- 8.21. Use bait throwers to reduce seabird bycatch -- 8.22. Tow buoys behind longlining boats to reduce seabird bycatch -- 8.23. Dye baits to reduce seabird bycatch -- 8.24. Use high-visibility longlines to reduce seabird bycatch -- 8.25. Use a sonic scarer when setting longlines to reduce seabird bycatch -- 8.26. Weight baits or lines to reduce longline bycatch of seabirds -- 8.27. Use shark liver oil to deter birds when setting lines -- 8.28. Thaw bait before setting lines to reduce seabird bycatch -- 8.29. Reduce seabird bycatch by releasing offal overboard when setting longlines -- 8.30. Use bird exclusion devices such as 'Brickle curtains' to reduce seabird mortality when hauling longlines -- 8.31. Use acoustic alerts on gillnets to reduce seabird bycatch -- 8.32. Use high-visibility mesh on gillnets to reduce seabird bycatch -- 8.33. Reduce gillnet deployment time to reduce seabird bycatch -- 8.34. Mark trawler warp cables to reduce seabird collisions -- 8.35. Reduce 'ghost fishing' by lost//discarded gear -- 8.36. Reduce bycatch through seasonal or area closures -- 9. Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance -- Key messages -- 9.1. Use wildlife refuges to reduce hunting disturbance -- 9.2. Use signs and access restrictions to reduce disturbance at nest sites -- 9.3. Set minimum distances for approaching birds (buffer zones) -- 9.4. Provide paths to limit the extent of disturbance -- 9.5. Reduce visitor group size -- 9.6. Use voluntary agreements with local people to reduce disturbance -- 9.7. Start educational programmes for personal watercraft owners -- 9.8. Habituate birds to human visitors. , 9.9. Use nest covers to reduce the impact of research on predation of ground-nesting seabirds.