Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Authors -- 1: Introduction -- 1.1 General Introduction -- 1.2 Summary of Chapters -- 1.3 Conclusion -- References -- 2: Criteria Air Pollutants: Chemistry, Sources and Sinks -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Air Pollution Sources and Their Emissions -- 2.2.1 Anthropogenic Sources -- 2.2.2 Natural Sources -- 2.2.3 Stationary Sources -- 2.2.3.1 Point Source -- 2.2.3.2 Area Sources -- 2.2.3.3 Fugitive Sources -- 2.2.3.4 Volume Sources -- 2.2.4 Mobile Sources -- 2.3 Particulate Matter (PM) -- 2.3.1 Particulate Matter in Atmosphere -- 2.3.2 Health Effects of PM10 -- 2.3.3 Chemistry of Particulate Matter -- 2.3.3.1 Chemical Composition of PM -- 2.3.3.2 Gas-Particle Conversion and Secondary Aerosol Formation -- 2.3.4 Ambient PM and Their Atmospheric Processes -- 2.3.4.1 Hygroscopicity and Ageing of PM -- 2.4 Carbon Monoxide (CO) -- 2.4.1 Sources -- 2.4.2 CO Level and Trend -- 2.4.3 Chemistry and Sink of CO -- 2.5 Lead (Pb) -- 2.5.1 Sources -- 2.5.2 Levels and Distribution of Lead -- 2.5.3 Exposure, Chemistry and Sink of Lead -- 2.6 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) -- 2.6.1 Sources of NO2 -- 2.6.2 Levels and Distribution of NO2 -- 2.6.3 Chemistry of NO2 in the Atmosphere -- 2.6.4 Sink of NO2 -- 2.7 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) -- 2.7.1 Sources -- 2.7.2 Emissions of Oxides of Sulphur -- 2.7.3 Levels and Trend of SO2 -- 2.7.4 Chemistry of SO2 -- 2.7.5 Sink of SO2 -- 2.8 Tropospheric Ozone (O3) -- 2.8.1 Chemistry of Tropospheric Ozone -- 2.8.2 Sinks of the Tropospheric Ozone -- 2.9 Conclusions -- References -- 3: Primary Criteria Air Pollutants: Environmental Health Effects -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Environmental Health Effects -- 3.2.1 Impact of SO2 and NO2 on Environmental Health -- 3.2.1.1 Acid Rain -- Impact of Acid Rain on Ecosystem -- Impact of Acid Rain on Plants and Trees -- Impact of Acid Rain on Fish and Wildlife. , Episodic Acidification -- Effects of Acid Rain on Materials -- Acid Rain Effects on Human Health -- 3.2.2 Particulate Matter and Its Impact on Environment -- 3.2.2.1 Deposition of PM -- 3.2.2.2 Coarse (PM10) and Fine Fraction (PM2.5) Particles -- 3.2.2.3 Mode of Depositions -- Dry Deposition -- Wet Deposition -- Occult Deposition -- 3.2.2.4 PM Deposition onto Vegetation and Their Effects -- 3.2.2.5 Plant Responses to Stress Caused by PM -- 3.2.2.6 Health Effects of PM -- 3.2.2.7 Burden of Disease Related to Exposure to PM -- 3.2.2.8 PM Effects on Climate -- Direct Effect -- PM Indirect Effect on Climate -- 3.2.2.9 Acid Rain and Eutrophication -- 3.2.2.10 Atmospheric Haze -- 3.2.3 Impact of Carbon Monoxide on Environmental Health -- 3.2.3.1 CO Toxicity -- 3.2.3.2 Health Effects -- Effects on Humans -- Neurological and Behavioural Effects -- Cardiovascular Effects -- Developmental Effects -- 3.2.3.3 Impact of Indoor CO -- 3.2.4 Impact of Lead and Environmental Health -- 3.2.4.1 Lead Sources and Routes of Exposure -- 3.2.4.2 Effects of Lead in Children -- 3.2.4.3 Effects of Lead in Adults -- 3.2.4.4 Environmental Effects of Lead -- 3.3 Conclusions -- References -- 4: Secondary Criteria Air Pollutants: Environmental Health Effects -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Secondary Criteria Air Pollutant: Tropospheric Ozone -- 4.2.1 Tropospheric Ozone Formation -- 4.2.2 Overall Trends of Tropospheric Ozone Levels: Present Status and Future Predicted Trends -- 4.2.2.1 Global Ozone Distribution -- 4.2.2.2 Tropospheric Ozone: An Indian Scenario -- 4.2.3 O3 Concentrations Predictions -- 4.3 Impact of Tropospheric Ozone on Climate -- 4.4 Impact of Tropospheric Ozone on Human Health -- 4.4.1 Acute Health Impacts -- 4.4.2 Chronic Health Impacts -- 4.4.3 Guidelines for Human Health: Ozone Exposure -- 4.5 Impact of Tropospheric Ozone on Plant Health. , 4.5.1 Ozone Relationship with Oxidative Stress and Other Physiological Responses -- 4.5.1.1 Ozone Generated ROS Formation and Signal Transduction -- 4.5.1.2 ROS Defence Mechanisms: Role of Antioxidants -- 4.5.2 Characterization of Ozone Exposure -- 4.5.3 Ozone Deposition Mechanism -- 4.5.4 Effects of Ozone on Physiology and Biochemistry of Plants -- 4.5.4.1 Impact of Tropospheric Ozone on Pigment Content -- 4.5.4.2 Impact of Tropospheric Ozone on Starch Content -- 4.5.4.3 Impact on Proline Content -- 4.5.4.4 Enzymatic Profiles and Role of Antioxidants -- 4.5.5 Impact of Tropospheric Ozone on Photosynthetic Rate, Stomatal Conductance and Photosynthetic Output Rate -- 4.5.5.1 Photosynthetic Pigments -- 4.5.5.2 RuBisCO Content -- 4.6 Conclusion -- References -- 5: Policy Regulations and Future Recommendations -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Source Emission Control -- 5.1.1.1 Elimination Approach -- 5.2 Choice of Fuel -- 5.3 Fuel Cleaning -- 5.4 Selection of Technology and Methods -- 5.4.1 Emission Control Approaches -- 5.5 Particle control system -- 5.5.1 Gas- and Vapour-Phase Control System -- 5.5.2 Policy Rules and Regulation -- 5.5.2.1 Bharat/Euro Emission Standards -- 5.6 Stringent Measures Taken to Control Sector-Wise Emissions -- 5.6.1 Transport Sector -- 5.6.2 Industrial Sector -- 5.6.3 Agricultural Sector -- 5.7 Pollutant-Wise Mitigation -- 5.8 Carbon Monoxide (CO) -- 5.9 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) -- 5.10 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) -- 5.11 Lead (Pb) -- 5.12 Ozone (O3) -- 5.13 NOx Reasonably Available Control Technology (RACT) -- 5.14 Ozone Transport Region (OTR) NOx Cap and Allowance Trading Program -- 5.15 EPA´s Ozone Transport NOx SIP Call -- 5.16 Particulate Matter (PM) -- 5.17 Policy Initiatives in India -- 5.18 Legal Framework -- 5.19 Legislation of Environment Programmes -- 5.20 Odd-Even Plan in Delhi -- 5.21 Strict Emission Norms. , 5.22 Restructuring the Growth -- 5.23 Institutional Framework -- 5.24 Green Technology in India -- 5.25 Conclusion -- References.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Air Pollution and Plant Health -- 1.2 Conclusion -- References -- 2: Air Quality: Global and Regional Emissions of Particulate Matter, SOx, and NOx -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Air Quality and Its Implications -- 2.1.2 Air Pollutants -- 2.2 Particulate Matter -- 2.2.1 Global and Regional Emissions of Particulate Matter -- 2.3 Oxides of Sulfur -- 2.3.1 Global and Regional Emissions of Oxides of Sulfur -- 2.4 Oxides of Nitrogen -- 2.4.1 Global and Regional Emissions of Oxides of Nitrogen -- 2.5 Conclusions -- References -- 3: Urban Air Pollutants and Their Impact on Biota -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Materials and Methods -- 3.3 Results and Discussion -- 3.3.1 Results of Monitoring -- 3.3.2 The Influence of Air Pollution on Plants -- 3.4 Conclusion -- References -- 4: Mechanisms of Plant Pollutant Uptake as Related to Effective Biomonitoring -- 4.1 Introduction -- Air Pollution and Biomonitoring -- Plants as Bioindicators -- 4.2 Comparison of PAH Accumulation in Plants -- PAH Accumulation in Pine Needles and Mosses -- Characteristics of PAHs -- Differences in PAH Accumulation in Pine Needles and Mosses -- PAH Proportions -- PAH Isomer Ratios -- 4.3 Influence of Plant Uptake Mechanisms on Their PAH Accumulation -- What Causes the Differences in the Accumulation of PAHs? -- Leaf Structure -- Uptake Mechanisms -- Influence of Soil Particles -- 4.4 Conclusion -- References -- 5: Role of Global Warming and Plant Signaling in BVOC Emissions -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 BVOC Emissions: Why and How -- 5.2.1 Mechanism of BVOC Emission -- 5.2.2 Role of Isoprene Synthase -- 5.3 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics of BVOCs -- 5.3.1 Production of Tropospheric Ozone -- 5.3.2 Secondary Aerosol Formation -- 5.4 Factors Affecting BVOC Emission. , 5.4.1 Taxonomic Characteristics -- 5.4.2 Temperature -- 5.4.2.1 Thermotolerance -- 5.4.3 Soil Moisture -- 5.5 BVOC Emission and Global Warming -- 5.6 BVOCs and Plant Signaling (Plant-Plant and Plant-Insect Herbivory) -- 5.7 Conclusion -- References -- 6: Biochemical Effects of Air Pollutants on Plants -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Effect on Pigment Content -- 6.3 Effect on Sugar Content -- 6.4 Effect on Proline Content -- 6.5 Effect on Enzymatic Activities and Role of Antioxidants -- 6.5.1 Enzymatic Activity and Peptide Defense -- 6.5.1.1 Catalase and Peroxidase -- 6.5.1.2 Dehydroascorbate Reductase (DHAR) -- 6.5.1.3 Ascorbate Reductase (APX) and Glutathione Reductase (GR) -- 6.5.2 Metabolic Compounds' Defense -- 6.5.2.1 Phenolic Compounds -- 6.5.2.2 Nitrogen Compounds -- Alkaloids -- Polyamines -- Amino Acids and Amines -- 6.5.2.3 Other Compounds -- Ascorbic Acid -- 6.6 Conclusion -- References -- 7: Air Pollutants and Photosynthetic Efficiency of Plants -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Leaf Damage -- 7.3 Effects of Gaseous Pollutants on the Photosynthetic Apparatus -- 7.3.1 Ozone -- 7.3.2 Sulphur Dioxide -- 7.3.3 Carbon Dioxide -- 7.3.4 Nitrogen Oxides -- 7.3.5 Pollutant Mixtures -- 7.4 Effect of Other Pollutants on the Photosynthesis -- 7.4.1 Peroxyacyl Nitrates -- 7.4.2 Fluorides -- 7.4.3 Acidic Rain and Fog -- 7.4.4 Particulate Matter -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- 8: Effect of Air Pollutants on Plant Gaseous Exchange Process: Effect on Stomata and Respiration -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Plant Responses to Air Pollutants -- 8.3 Entry and Effects of Pollutants on Plants -- 8.3.1 Uptake of Pollutants -- 8.3.2 Effect on Cuticle and Stomata -- 8.3.3 Effect on Plant Water Balance -- 8.3.4 Effect on Respiration -- 8.3.4.1 Respiratory Response to High Concentration of Pollutants. , 8.3.4.2 Respiratory Response to Low Concentration of Pollutants -- 8.3.4.3 Effect of Pollutants on Photorespiration -- 8.3.4.4 Changes in Respiration in Association with Photosynthesis -- 8.4 Conclusion -- References -- 9: Tropospheric Ozone: Impacts on Respiratory and Photosynthetic Processes -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Ozone Uptake and Effects -- 9.3 Effect of Ozone on Carbon Metabolism -- 9.3.1 Case of Woody Plants -- 9.3.2 Case of Herbaceous Plants -- 9.4 Ozone and Primary Metabolism -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- 10: Air Pollution Stress and Plant Response -- 10.1 The Cuticle and Its Interaction with Atmospheric Pollutants -- 10.2 Structural Changes Under the Effect of Air Pollution on Plants -- 10.2.1 Case Study 1 -- 10.2.2 Case Study 2 -- 10.3 Relationship Between Pollution and Fluctuating Asymmetry -- References -- 11: Biomonitoring and Remediation by Plants -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Significance of Biomonitoring -- 11.1.2 Definition of Biomonitoring and Terminology -- 11.2 Biomonitoring by the Deposition/Accumulation of Air Pollutants in Plant Tissue -- 11.2.1 Biomonitoring of Nitrogen Deposition -- 11.2.2 Biomonitoring for Sulfur Deposition -- 11.2.3 Biomonitoring for Dust Deposition -- 11.2.4 Biomonitoring of the Chemical Component of Dust -- 11.2.4.1 Dustfall Fluxes of SO42- and NO3− on Foliar Surfaces -- 11.2.5 Biomonitoring of Deposition of Heavy Metals -- 11.2.6 Biomonitoring of Gaseous Pollutants Due To Changes Through Physiological and Biochemical Changes in Plants -- 11.2.6.1 Monitoring of Crops, Vegetables, and Trees Damaged by Air Pollution -- 11.2.6.2 Biomonitoring of Dust Particles Through Foliar Surface Morphology Observation -- 11.3 Phytoremediation of Atmospheric Pollutants -- 11.3.1 Principles of Phytoremediation -- 11.3.2 Two-Compartment Model for Phytoremediation. , 11.3.3 Properties of Air Phytoremediators: Ornamental Plants and Woody Trees -- 11.3.4 Examples of Phytoremediation of Various Air Pollutants -- 11.3.4.1 Particulate Matter -- 11.3.4.2 Heavy Metals -- 11.3.4.3 Inorganic Pollutants -- NOX and particulate N -- SO2 -- 11.3.4.4 Organic Pollutants -- 11.4 Applications of Genetic Engineering for Phytoremediation -- 11.4.1 Transgenic Plants for NO2 and VOC Pollution Control -- 11.4.2 Gas-Gas-Converting Plants That Convert Nitrogen Dioxide to Gaseous Nitrogen -- 11.5 Conclusion -- References -- 12: Air Pollution Control Policies and Regulations -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Control Method of Air Pollution -- 12.2.1 Source Emission Control -- 12.2.1.1 Replacement of Raw Material -- 12.2.1.2 Modification of Equipment -- 12.2.2 Pollution Control Equipment -- 12.2.2.1 Control Devices for Particulate Contaminants -- 12.2.2.2 Control Devices for Gaseous Contaminants -- Absorption -- Adsorption -- Condensation -- Combustion -- 12.2.3 Rules and Regulations -- 12.2.4 Bharat/Euro Emission Standards -- 12.2.5 Steps of Enforcement of Environmental Legislation -- 12.2.6 Case Study -- 12.3 IPCC and IPPC Recommendation for Plant Health -- References -- 13: Pollution and Plants: Changing Policy Paradigms -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Air Pollution: A Stinking Killer -- 13.2.1 Transportation Sector -- 13.2.2 Domestic Sector -- 13.2.3 Industrial Sector -- 13.2.4 Energy Sector -- 13.3 Need for Policies for Plants -- 13.3.1 National Forest Policy, 1988 -- 13.3.1.1 Green Belts as Sinks of Gases -- 13.3.2 Green India Mission -- 13.3.3 Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) -- 13.3.4 Compensatory Afforestation -- 13.4 Changing Policy Paradigm -- 13.5 Conclusion -- References -- 14: Tropospheric O3: A Cause of Concern for Terrestrial Plants -- 14.1 Introduction. , 14.2 Ozone Formation -- 14.3 Variations in Ozone Concentrations: Present Scenario and Future Projections -- 14.3.1 Worldwide O3 Distribution -- 14.3.2 Ozone Concentration: An Indian Perspective -- 14.3.3 Future Projections in O3 Concentrations -- 14.4 Ozone-Generated Oxidative Stress and Related Responses -- 14.4.1 Ozone-Induced ROS Formation and Signal Transduction -- 14.4.2 ROS Detoxification Mechanisms: Antioxidative Defense Responses -- 14.5 Physiological Responses -- 14.5.1 Photosynthetic Rate, Stomatal Conductance, and Photosynthetic Efficiency -- 14.5.2 Photosynthetic Pigments -- 14.5.3 RuBisCO Content -- 14.5.4 Secondary Metabolism -- 14.6 Secondary Responses -- 14.6.1 Herbs, Grasses, and Native Species -- 14.6.2 Plant Communities -- 14.6.3 Change in Competitive Hierarchies -- 14.6.4 Changes in Forage Quality and Herbivory Pattern -- 14.6.5 Induction and Suppression of Pathogenicity -- 14.7 Yield Response -- 14.8 IPCC Projections for O3 Concentrations and Yield Losses -- 14.9 Conclusions -- References.