Note: Intro -- Contents -- sqrtε Law: Centennial of the First Exact Result of Classical Radiative Transfer Theory -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Mathematical Prologue -- 2.1 The Green Function -- 2.2 Derivation of the sqrtε Law -- 3 Ancient History of sqrtε -- 3.1 Scattering Atmospheres -- 3.2 Milne-Eddington Model -- 3.3 Milne Equation -- 4 Resonance Radiation: Lévy Flights and sqrtε -- 4.1 Biberman-Holstein Equation -- 4.2 Transfer of Excitation in Scattering Media -- 4.3 Boundary Layer -- 4.4 Refinements -- 5 H-Functions, Fraunhafer Lines and sqrtε -- 5.1 Emergent Radiation. H-functions -- 5.2 Account for Continuum Absorption -- 6 Finite Layer: sqrtε and Scaling -- 6.1 Boundary Layers -- 6.2 Interior Solution -- 7 Methods of Derivation of the sqrtε Law -- 8 Polarization: Generalizations of the sqrtε Law -- 8.1 Second Solar Spectrum -- 8.2 Resonance Scattering. Vectors -- 8.3 Resonance Scattering. Matrices -- 8.4 Magnetic Field. Hanle Effect -- 9 Lévy Flights: Approximations Inspired by the sqrtε Law -- 9.1 An Illustration -- 9.2 Basic Approximation -- 9.3 Discussion -- 9.4 Notes -- 9.5 Finite Layer -- 10 Conclusion -- References -- Solar Heating of the Cryosphere: Snow and Ice Sheets -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Differential Models for Radiative Transfer in Light Scattering Media -- 2.1 Transport Approximation -- 2.2 The Simplest Differential Approximations -- 2.3 Propagation of Solar Radiation in Snow -- 2.4 Modified Solution for Refracting Host Medium -- 3 Computational Model for Combined Heat Transfer -- 4 Heating of a Snowpack by Solar Radiation -- 4.1 Spectral Optical Properties of Pure Snow -- 5 Effect of Snow Pollution on Radiative Heating of Snowpack -- 5.1 Internal Versus External Mixture of Soot -- 6 Solar Heating of Ice Containing Gas Bubbles -- 6.1 Optical Properties of Ice Containing Numerous Gas Bubbles. , 6.2 Absorption of Solar Radiation in Scattering Ice Sheet -- 6.3 The Case Study for Solar Heating of Ice Sheet -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Stereological Methods in the Theory of Light Scattering by Nonspherical Particles -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Fraunhofer Diffraction -- 2.1 Single Obstacle Approximation -- 2.2 Diffraction by a Screen -- 2.3 Discussion -- 3 Rayleigh-Gans Approximation -- 3.1 Solution for a Single Particle -- 3.2 Densely Packed Random Medium -- 4 Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin Approximation and Anomalous Diffraction -- 4.1 Single Particle -- 4.2 Comparison with the Discrete-Dipole Approximation -- 4.3 Discussion -- 5 Geometrical Optics -- 5.1 Extinction and Absorption -- 5.2 Scattering Phase Function -- 5.3 Polarization -- 5.4 Numerical Comparison with Some Models -- 6 Application to Optics of Snow and White Ice -- 6.1 Theory -- 6.2 In Situ Measurements -- 6.3 Laboratory Measurements -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Inverse Methods in Studies of Terrestrial Atmosphere -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Remote Sensing Instrumentation -- 3 The Coupled Atmosphere-Surface Properties and Satellite Processing Chains -- 4 Inverse Problems -- 4.1 Classification of Inverse Problems -- 4.2 The Inversion Theory -- 4.3 Machine Learning Methodologies -- 4.4 Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) -- 4.5 Random Forests -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Light-Absorbing Particles in Snow and Ice: A Brief Journey Across Latitudes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 A Journey Across Latitudes -- 2.1 Middle Latitudes -- 2.2 Tropical Areas -- 2.3 Polar Regions -- 3 Optical Properties of LAPs on Snow and Ice -- 3.1 Non-carbonaceous Particles -- 3.2 Carbonaceous Particles -- 3.3 Biogenic Particles -- 3.4 Cryoconite -- 4 Proximal and Remote Sensing of LAPs -- 4.1 Field Spectroscopy -- 4.2 Airborne Sensor Data -- 4.3 Satellite Data -- 5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- Machine Learning Based Retrieval Algorithms: Application to Ocean Optics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Physical Model -- 3 Machine Learning Model -- 4 Important Aspects of ML -- 4.1 Data -- 4.2 Quality of Fit -- 4.3 Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) -- 4.4 Hyperparameters -- 4.5 Activation Functions -- 4.6 Optimization Methods -- 5 ML Based Ocean Optics Retrieval Algorithms -- 5.1 Conclusion -- References -- Radiative Properties of Non-spherical Black Carbon Aerosols -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Morphological Characteristics of BC -- 2.1 Bare BC -- 2.2 Coated BC -- 3 Modeling of the Radiative Properties of Non-spherical BC -- 3.1 Light Scattering Methods -- 3.2 Models -- 3.3 Radiative Properties of Non-spherical BC -- 4 The Optical Measurements Constrained by BC Morphologies -- 4.1 The Retrieval of BC Size Distribution -- 4.2 The Retrieval of BC Refractive Index -- 4.3 The Retrieval of BrC Absorption -- 5 Paramerization of Radiative Properties of BC with Non-spherical Morphologies -- 6 Coupling Non-spherical BC Radiative Model with the Chemical Transport Model -- 7 Summary and Future Remarks -- References -- Scattering of Shaped Beams by Large Particles: Theoretical Interpretation and Numerical Techniques -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theoretical Framework of Variable Separation Method. , 3 Beam Shape Coefficients in Different Coordinate Systems -- 3.1 BSC in Spherical Coordinate System -- 3.2 BSC in Other Coordinate Systems -- 4 Scattering Coefficients -- 5 Calculation of Physical Quantities and Software ABSphere -- 6 Angular Spectrum Decomposition -- 6.1 Angular Spectrum Decomposition of a Shaped Beam -- 6.2 Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Plane Waves -- 6.3 Shaped Beams with Simple Symmetry -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Introduction to Remote Sensing -- 1.1 Remote Sensing: From the Past to the Present -- 1.2 Satellite Remote Sensing -- 1.2.1 General Methodology -- 1.2.2 The Need for Atmospheric Research from Space -- 1.2.3 Satellite Orbits -- 1.2.4 Scan Modes, Geometry of Observation and Swaths -- 1.3 Data Processing in Remote Sensing -- 1.3.1 General Scheme -- 1.3.2 Level 0-Level 1 (Radiometric Calibration) -- 1.3.3 Level 1-Level 2 (Retrieval) -- 1.3.4 Big Data in Remote Sensing -- 1.4 Electromagnetic Spectrum -- 1.5 Instruments in Remote Sensing -- 1.5.1 Measurement Principles -- 1.5.2 The Instrumental Spectral Response Function -- 1.5.3 Spatial, Temporal and Spectral Resolution -- 1.5.4 Signal-to-Noise Ratio -- 1.5.5 Spectrometers and Imagers -- 1.5.6 Spectrometers -- 1.5.7 Imagers -- 1.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 2 Physical Properties of the Terrestrial Atmosphere -- 2.1 Physical Properties of the Atmosphere at the Sea Level -- 2.2 Atmospheric Retention -- 2.3 Pressure Profile -- 2.4 Temperature Profile -- 2.5 Gaseous Composition of the Atmosphere -- 2.6 Radiation Transfer from the Sun to the Earth -- 2.7 Earth's Energy Balance Based on the Stefan-Boltzmann Law -- 2.8 Solar Spectrum and Terrestrial Thermal Emission -- 2.9 Qualitative Description of the Greenhouse Effect -- 2.10 Radiative Forcing and Climate Sensitivity -- 2.11 Equilibrium Time -- 2.12 Feedbacks -- 2.13 Atmospheric Aerosols -- 2.14 Clouds -- References -- 3 Light Scattering, Absorption, Extinction, and Propagation in the Terrestrial Atmosphere -- 3.1 Radiative Transfer Theory: Phenomenological Approach -- 3.2 Radiance -- 3.3 Irradiance -- 3.4 Radiation Density and Moments of the Radiation Field -- 3.5 Radiance and Photon Flux -- 3.6 Radiance and Poynting Vector -- 3.7 Radiative Transfer and the First Principle Derivations. , 3.8 Polarization: Historical Outlook -- 3.9 Stokes Parameters, Polarization Ellipse for Monochromatic Light -- 3.10 Polarization of Quasi-monochromatic Light -- 3.11 Stokes Vector and Degree of Polarization -- 3.12 Measurement Principles of Stokes Polarization Parameters -- 3.13 Rotation Transformation Rule for the Stokes Parameters -- 3.14 Circular Basis Representation of the Stokes Parameters -- 3.15 Light Scattering, Absorption and Extinction by Atmospheric Particles -- 3.16 Single-Scattering Phase Functions -- 3.17 Modeled Phase Functions -- 3.18 Phase Matrix -- 3.19 Techniques for Computing Phase Functions/Matrices -- 3.20 Molecular Scattering -- 3.21 Geometrical Optics Approximation -- 3.22 Absorption by Atmospheric Gases -- 3.23 Reflection and Transmission Functions -- 3.24 Surface Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function -- 3.25 Compilation of Atmospheric Parameters -- References -- 4 Radiative Transfer Models -- 4.1 Radiative Transfer Equation -- 4.2 Multiple Scattering Pseudo-source and Thermal Emission Source -- 4.3 Rotational Raman Scattering -- 4.4 Boundary Value Problems in Radiative Transfer -- 4.5 Exact and Approximate Solution Techniques -- 4.6 Azimuthal Expansion of the Radiative Transfer Equation -- 4.7 Discrete Ordinate Method -- 4.7.1 General Remarks -- 4.7.2 Quadrature Rule -- 4.7.3 Spatial Discretization -- 4.7.4 Matrix Exponential Method -- 4.7.5 Inverse of the Eigenvector Matrix -- 4.7.6 Solution for the Multilayer Atmosphere -- 4.7.7 Radiance Field Inside a Layer -- 4.7.8 Solution at a Given Viewing Zenith Angle: Source Function Integration and the Method of False Discrete Ordinates -- 4.8 Matrix Operator Method -- 4.9 The Spherical Harmonics Method -- 4.10 Radiative Transfer in the Coupled Atmosphere-Underlying Surface System -- 4.10.1 Source Function -- 4.10.2 Quadrature Scheme. , 4.10.3 Boundary Conditions for the Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean System -- 4.11 Required Number of Discrete Ordinates -- 4.12 Single-Scattering Approximation -- 4.13 Adding-Doubling Method -- 4.14 Successive Orders of Scattering -- 4.15 Padé and Taylor Series Approximations for Computing Matrix Exponentials -- 4.16 Small-Angle Approximation -- 4.17 Deep-Layer Regime -- 4.18 Optically Thick Layers -- 4.19 Phase Function Truncation Methods -- 4.20 Pseudo-spherical Model -- 4.21 Polarized Radiative Transfer Equation -- 4.22 Radiative Transfer Models for Horizontally Inhomogeneous Media -- 4.22.1 Deterministic Models -- 4.22.2 Stochastic Radiative Transfer Models -- References -- 5 Inverse Problems -- 5.1 Direct and Inverse Radiative Transfer Problems -- 5.2 Example of Trace Gas Vertical Column Density Retrieval -- 5.3 Radiance and Differential Radiance Models -- 5.4 Basic Retrieval Techniques -- 5.5 Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy -- 5.5.1 General -- 5.5.2 Retrieval of the Slant Column Density -- 5.5.3 Conversion of the Slant Column Density to the Vertical Column Density -- 5.5.4 Linearization and Generalized DOAS Equation -- 5.6 Temperature Profile Retrieval by Nadir Sounding -- 5.7 Inversion of the Linear Problem -- 5.7.1 Fredholm Equation -- 5.7.2 Discretization of the Linear Problem -- 5.7.3 Concept of Ill-Posedness -- 5.7.4 Algebraic Interpretation of Courant-Hadamard Conditions -- 5.7.5 Under-/over-Constrained Problems -- 5.7.6 The Singular Value Decomposition -- 5.7.7 Solvability -- 5.7.8 Least Square Solution in the Case of Noisy Data -- 5.7.9 Ill-Posedness of the Least-Square Solution -- 5.8 Regularization of Inverse Problems -- 5.8.1 Regularization Principles -- 5.8.2 Regularization Matrices -- 5.8.3 Tikhonov Regularization Based on a Priori Statistical Information -- 5.8.4 Bayesian Approach. , 5.8.5 Singular Value Decomposition for Regularized Solution -- 5.9 Choice of the Regularization Parameter -- 5.9.1 Error Characteristics in the State Space -- 5.9.2 Error Characteristics in the Data Space -- 5.10 Regularization Parameter Choice Methods -- 5.10.1 A Priori Parameter Choice Method -- 5.10.2 Discrepancy Principle -- 5.10.3 Generalized Cross-Validation and Maximum Likelihood Estimation Methods -- 5.10.4 L-Curve Method -- 5.11 Tikhonov Regularization for Nonlinear Problems -- 5.11.1 Definition of the Problem -- 5.11.2 Inversion of the Linearized Model -- 5.11.3 Quadratic Model -- 5.11.4 Global Optimization (Direct Search Methods) -- 5.12 Linearization Techniques -- 5.12.1 Definition -- 5.12.2 Automatic Differentiation -- 5.12.3 Analytical Differentiation -- 5.12.4 Adjoint Approach -- 5.13 Dimensionality Reduction Based Retrievals -- 5.13.1 Basic Concept of Dimensionality Reduction -- 5.13.2 Principal Component Analysis -- 5.13.3 Principal Component Regression Models -- 5.13.4 Principal Component Analysis in the Framework of DOAS -- 5.13.5 Retrieval in the Reduced Input Space -- References -- Appendix Useful links -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1 Dynamical Processes in the Arctic Atmosphere -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Large-Scale Circulation in the Troposphere and Stratosphere -- 1.2.1 Stratospheric Circulation -- 1.2.1.1 General Characteristics of the Arctic Stratosphere and Its Circulation -- 1.2.1.2 Arctic Stratosphere Variability and Change -- 1.2.2 Stratosphere-Troposphere Coupling -- 1.2.3 Tropospheric Large-Scale Circulation -- 1.3 Synoptic-Scale Cyclones -- 1.3.1 Theoretical Background -- 1.3.2 Observed Arctic Cyclones -- 1.3.3 Modeling Studies of Arctic Cyclones -- 1.4 Polar Lows -- 1.4.1 Introduction -- 1.4.2 In-Situ Observations of Polar Lows -- 1.4.3 Ambient Environments for Polar Low Genesis -- 1.4.3.1 Synoptic Scale Configuration -- 1.4.3.2 Forward and Reverse Shear Classification -- 1.4.4 Climatology of Polar Lows -- 1.4.4.1 Spatial Distribution -- 1.4.4.2 Selection Criteria -- 1.4.5 Dynamical Mechanisms -- 1.4.5.1 Diabatic Processes -- 1.4.6 Climate-Scale Interaction of Polar Lows with the Ocean and Sea-Ice -- 1.4.7 Forecasting of Polar Lows -- 1.5 Orographic Effects on Dynamics of the Arctic Atmosphere -- 1.5.1 Theoretical Background -- 1.5.2 Observations of Orographic Flow in the Arctic -- 1.5.3 Numerical Simulations of Orographic Flows in the Arctic -- 1.6 Atmospheric Boundary-Layer Dynamics -- 1.6.1 Theoretical Background -- 1.6.2 Observed ABL in the Arctic -- 1.6.3 ABL Modelling -- References -- 2 Thermodynamics of the Arctic Atmosphere -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Analysis and Corrections of the Radiosounding Measurements -- 2.2.1 Correction of Raw Pressure Measurements Provided by the Various Radiosonde Models and Results -- 2.2.2 Correction of Raw Temperature Measurements Provided by the Various Radiosonde Models -- 2.2.3 Correction of Raw Relative Humidity Measurements Provided by the Various Radiosonde Models. , 2.2.4 Calculation of the Vertical Profiles of Absolute Humidity for the RS Measurements Performed with the Various Radiosonde Models -- 2.3 Annual Variations in the Monthly Mean Vertical Profiles of Air Pressure and in the Monthly Mean Values of Surface-Level Pressure -- 2.4 Annual Variations in the Surface-Level Temperature Conditions of the Arctic Atmosphere -- 2.4.1 Seasonal Variations in the Vertical Profiles of Air Temperature -- 2.4.1.1 Seasonal Variations in the Structural Parameters of the Ground-Based Temperature Inversion -- 2.4.1.2 Seasonal Changes in the Thermal Characteristics of the Tropopause Region -- 2.5 Annual Variations in the Vertical Profiles of Absolute Humidity -- 2.6 Annual Cycles of Precipitable Water -- 2.7 Conclusions: Trends of Surface-Level Temperature, Surface-Level Absolute Humidity and Precipitable Water over the 2001-2015 Years in the Arctic Region -- References -- 3 Trace Gases in the Arctic Atmosphere -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Tropospheric Ozone and Halogens -- 3.2.1 Tropospheric Ozone -- 3.2.2 Halogen Chemistry -- 3.3 Greenhouse Gases -- 3.3.1 Introduction -- 3.3.2 The Arctic Carbon Cycle -- 3.3.3 Greenhouse Gas Measurements -- 3.3.4 Current Issues -- 3.4 Stratospheric Ozone -- 3.4.1 Introduction -- 3.4.2 Dynamical Processes in the Arctic Stratosphere -- 3.4.3 Chemical Processes in the Arctic Stratosphere -- 3.4.4 Ozone Recovery -- References -- 4 Arctic Aerosols -- 4.1 Arctic Haze -- 4.1.1 Introduction to Arctic Haze -- 4.1.2 Atmospheric Transport of Aerosol Pollutants to the Arctic -- 4.1.3 Long Term Observations of Arctic Haze -- 4.1.4 Vertical Distributions of Arctic Pollution -- 4.1.5 Potential Impacts of a Changing Climate on Arctic Haze -- 4.2 Background Arctic Aerosol -- 4.2.1 Introduction -- 4.2.2 Measurements of Aerosol Chemical Composition at Ny-Ålesund. , 4.2.2.1 PM10 Sampling and Calculation of Chemical Components -- 4.2.2.2 Chemical Composition of PM10 Collected at Ny-Ålesund -- 4.2.2.3 Multi-stage Sampling and Analysis of the Chemical Components at Ny-Ålesund -- 4.2.2.4 In-situ Measurements of the Aerosol Optical Parameters at Ny-Ålesund -- 4.2.2.5 Measurements of the BC, OC, EC and TC Mass Concentrations at Ny-Ålesund (Spitsbergen) -- 4.2.2.6 A General Picture of the Chemical Composition Characteristics of Sub-Micrometric, Super-Micrometric and Overall Aerosol Particles at Ny-Ålesund (Spitsbergen, Svalbard) -- 4.2.3 Chemical Composition of PM10 Collected at Thule (Greenland) from 2010 to 2014 -- 4.2.3.1 Evaluation of the Optical Characteristics and Chemical Composition Features of Aerosol Particles at Thule -- 4.2.4 Measurements of Sub-Micrometric Aerosol Chemical Composition in the Central Arctic Ocean -- 4.2.5 Measurements of Aerosol Chemical Composition at Barrow (Alaska, USA) -- 4.2.5.1 Determination of the Chemical Composition of Sub-Micrometric Particles at Barrow -- 4.2.5.2 Determination of the Chemical Composition of Super-Micrometric Particles at Barrow -- 4.2.5.3 Measurements of the Optical Characteristics of Aerosol Particles at Barrow -- 4.2.5.4 Determination of the Mass Fractions of the Chemical Components of Sub-Micrometric, Super-Micrometric and Overall Aerosol Particles at Barrow and Their Optical Properties -- 4.2.6 Measurements of Aerosol Chemical Composition at Alert (Nunavut, Canada) -- 4.2.6.1 Evaluation of Sub-Micrometric and Super-Micrometric Particle Chemical Composition at Alert -- 4.2.6.2 Determination of the Chemical Composition of Sub-Micrometric, Super-Micrometric and Overall Aerosol Particles at Alert -- 4.2.7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 5 A Climatological Overview of Arctic Clouds -- 5.1 Lessons Learned from the Campaign Measurements. , 5.1.1 Frequent Presence of Cloud Liquid -- 5.1.2 Surface Cloud Radiative Forcing at High Latitudes -- 5.1.3 Cloud Interaction with Thermodynamic Structure -- 5.1.4 Surface to Cloud Decoupling Structure -- 5.2 Climatological View of Arctic Clouds from the Satellite Climate Data Records -- 5.3 Cloud Response to Decreasing Sea Ice Extent in the Arctic -- 5.4 How Do Moisture Intrusions Affect Clouds in the Arctic? -- References -- 6 Arctic Ice Fog: Its Microphysics and Prediction -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Ice Fog Physical Properties and Formation Mechanisms -- 6.3 Measurements of Ice Fog and Visibility -- 6.3.1 Ground Based In-Situ Measurements -- 6.3.2 Remote Sensing Based Observations -- 6.3.2.1 Satellite Based Monitoring -- 6.3.2.2 Microwave Radiometer (MWR) Based Monitoring -- 6.3.2.3 LiDAR, Radar, and Ceilometer Based Monitoring -- 6.4 Ice Fog Prediction -- 6.4.1 Visibility Definition -- 6.4.2 Parameterization for Ice Fog Visibility -- 6.4.3 Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation -- 6.4.3.1 Fletcher (1962) Parameterization -- 6.4.3.2 Koenig and Murray (1976) Parameterization -- 6.4.3.3 Meyers et al. (1992) Parameterization -- 6.4.3.4 Cooper (1986) Parameterization -- 6.4.3.5 Latest IN Parameterizations -- 6.4.4 Ni Estimation by Homogeneous Freezing Nucleation -- 6.5 Autoconversion Processes and Ice Fog -- 6.6 Challenges Related to Ice Fog Modeling for Weather and Climate -- 6.6.1 HRDPS Model -- 6.6.2 North American Mesoscale (NAM) Model -- 6.6.3 WRF Model -- 6.6.4 Ice Fog and LES Models -- 6.6.5 Climate Models and Ice Fog Radiative Impact -- 6.7 Discussion -- 6.7.1 Measurement Issues and Instruments -- 6.7.2 Modeling Issues and Future Challenges -- 6.7.3 Remote Sensing Issues for Ice Fog Detection and Microphysical Parameters -- 6.7.4 Overall Research Needs for Ice Fog Analysis -- 6.8 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Polar Stratospheric Clouds in the Arctic. , 7.1 Historical Overview -- 7.2 The Stratospheric Ozone -- 7.2.1 Opening Remarks -- 7.2.2 The Chapman Cycle and the Catalytic Cycles -- 7.2.3 Dynamics of the Stratosphere -- 7.2.3.1 Waves in the Stratosphere -- 7.2.3.2 Polar Vortex -- 7.3 CFCs and Heterogeneous Chemistry in the Polar Stratosphere -- 7.3.1 Stratospheric Sulphate Aerosol -- 7.3.2 Polar Stratospheric Clouds -- 7.3.3 The ClOOCl Dimer and His Role in the Ozone Loss -- 7.4 PSC Observations in the Arctic -- 7.4.1 Ground Based Measurements -- 7.4.2 Airborne Campaigns -- 7.4.3 Balloon Campaigns -- 7.4.4 The Satellite Picture -- 7.5 PSC Composition and Modelling -- 7.6 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Noctilucent Clouds: General Properties and Remote Sensing -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Brief History of NLC Research -- 8.3 Basic Characteristics of NLC -- 8.3.1 The Polar Summer Mesopause Region -- 8.3.2 Global Morphology of NLC -- 8.3.3 Microphysical Properties of NLC -- 8.4 Variability of NLC on Different Spatial and Temporal Scales -- 8.4.1 Solar Influence -- 8.4.2 Planetary Wave Signatures in NLC -- 8.4.3 Interhemispheric Coupling -- 8.4.4 Lunar Influence -- 8.4.5 Noctilucent Clouds as Potential Indicators for Climate Change -- 8.5 Remote Sensing of NLC -- 8.5.1 Passive Remote Sensing Methods -- 8.5.1.1 Ground-Based Visual Observations -- 8.5.1.2 Satellite Observations of NLC -- 8.5.2 Active Remote Sensing Methods -- 8.5.2.1 Lidar -- 8.5.3 Particle Size Observations -- 8.6 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Remote Sensing of Arctic Atmospheric Aerosols -- 9.1 Remote Sensing of Arctic Aerosols Using Ground-Based Optical Measurements -- 9.1.1 Introduction -- 9.1.2 The Sun-Photometric Method Used to Measure the Aerosol Extinction Properties at Visible and Near-Infrared Wavelengths. , 9.1.3 Ground-Based Sun-Photometer Measurements of Aerosol Optical Thickness and Ångström's Wavelength Exponent at Various Arctic Sites.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Multiple-Path Model of Reflection and Transmission for a Turbid Slab -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Probability Flux, Reflection, and Transmission -- 2.1 Path Length Probability Density -- 2.2 Boundary Conditions -- 3 Reflection and Transmission-No Internal Reflection -- 3.1 Reflection -- 3.2 Transmission -- 3.3 Summary-No Internal Reflection -- 4 Experiment-Dyed Fabric -- 5 Diffusion of Light in Paper -- 6 Reflection and Transmission-Internal Reflection -- 6.1 Boundary Conditions -- 6.2 Evaluation of Integral -- 6.3 Reflection and Transmission -- 6.4 Reflection -- 6.5 Transmission -- 6.6 Normalization -- 6.7 Plots of Reflectance and Transmittance-Internal Reflection -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Laboratory Measurements of Multi-spectral, Polarization, and Angular Characteristics of Light Reflected from Particulate Samples -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Basic Definitions and Design Tradeoffs -- 2.1 Reflectance Configuration and Nomenclature -- 2.2 Instrument Design Tradeoffs -- 3 The Three-Colour Goniometer -- 3.1 Construction Motivations -- 3.2 System Descriptions -- 3.3 System Characterizations -- 3.4 Typical Measurement Results -- 4 The Bi-directional Reflectance Imaging System -- 4.1 Construction Motivations -- 4.2 Overall Description -- 4.3 Calibration and Characterizations -- 4.4 Example Measurements -- 5 The Bi-directional Reflectance Spectrometer -- 5.1 Construction Motivations -- 5.2 System Descriptions -- 5.3 Characterizations and Calibrations -- 5.4 Typical Measurement Results -- 6 Summary -- References -- Spectropolarimetry of Snow and Ice Surfaces: Measurements and Radiative Transfer Calculation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Definition of Radiant Quantities Concerning the Polarization State of Light -- 3 Spectral Measurements and Instrumentation Device. , 4 Spectral Polarization Properties of Light Reflected from Snow and Ice Surfaces -- 4.1 Spectral Dependence on the DoLP, upper P Subscript qPq, upper P Subscript uPu and HDRF -- 4.2 Snow Grain Size Dependence on the DoLP -- 4.3 High DoLP for the Melt-Freeze Crust -- 4.4 Viewing Angle Dependence on the DoLP -- 4.5 Viewing and Azimuth Angle Dependence on the DoLP and Related Parameters upper P Subscript qPq and upper P Subscript uPu -- 4.6 Atmosphere Effects on the Polarization Properties of Snow Surface by Use of the Radiative Transfer Model -- 4.7 Possibility of the Use of Polarization Information for the Remote Sensing -- 5 Conclusion and Closing Remarks -- References -- Light Scattering by Large Densely Packed Clusters of Particles -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Model Description -- 2.1 DGTD Method -- 2.2 Parallel Light Scattering Code -- 2.3 Generation of Dense Clusters of Irregular Particles -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Non-absorbing Clusters -- 3.2 Absorbing Layers -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Light Backscattering by Atmospheric Particles: From Laboratory to Field Experiments -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 On the Complexity of Atmospheric Particles -- 1.2 On the Importance of Light Backscattering by Atmospheric Particles -- 1.3 Theoretical Considerations -- 1.4 State of the Art on LightBackscattering -- 1.5 Outline of this Book Chapter -- 2 Light Scattering at Near Backscattering Angles ( θ< -- π) -- 2.1 The Laboratory π+ε Polarimeter -- 2.2 Scattering Matrix Elements Retrieval at Near Backscattering ( θ< -- π) -- 2.3 Light Scattering by Mineral Dust at Near Backscattering Angles ( θ< -- π) -- 2.4 Comparison with T-matrix Numerical Simulations -- 3 Light Backscattering at Exact Backscattering Angle (θ=π) -- 3.1 The Laboratory π-polarimeter (θ=π) -- 3.2 Scattering Matrix Elements and Lidar PDR Retrieval at Backscattering (θ=π). , 3.3 Light Backscattering by Spherical Sulfates in Laboratory -- 3.4 Light Backscattering by Core-Shell Organic Sulfates in Laboratory -- 3.5 Light Backscattering by Soot Particles in Laboratory -- 3.6 Light Backscattering by Mineral Dust in Laboratory -- 4 Light Backscattering in the Atmosphere: Lidar Field Experiments -- 4.1 Atmospheric Lidar Implications -- 4.2 Field Version of the Laboratory π-polarimeter -- 4.3 Application Case Study: Time-Altitude Maps of Dust Particles Backscattering Revealing the Underlying Complex Physical-Chemistry -- 5 Conclusion and Outlooks -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Microphysics and Geometry of Snowpack -- 1.1 Ice Grains in Snow: Size, Density and Shape -- 1.2 The Snow Specific Surface Area -- 1.3 The Snow Water Equivalent -- 1.4 Layered Nature and Complex Geometry of Snow Fields -- 1.5 Snow Impurities: Soot, Dust, and Algae -- 1.6 Optical Constants of Ice -- References -- 2 Local Optical Properties of Snowpack -- 2.1 Geometrical Optics of Large Spherical Particles -- 2.1.1 Light Scattering -- 2.1.2 Light Absorption and Extinction -- 2.2 Local Optical Properties of Snowpack -- 2.2.1 Integral Light Scattering and Absorption Characteristics of Large Nonspherical Scatterers -- 2.2.2 Integral Light Scattering and Absorption Characteristics of Snowpack -- 2.2.3 Phase Function -- 2.2.4 Polarization Characteristics -- 2.2.5 Light Absorption by Polluted Snowpack -- References -- 3 Radiative Transfer in Snowpack -- 3.1 Radiative Transfer Characteristics -- 3.2 Radiative Transfer Equation -- 3.3 Light Field in Deep Layers of Semi-Infinite Weakly Absorbing Snowpack -- 3.4 Reflection of Light from a Semi-Infinite Snow Layer -- 3.4.1 Nonlinear Integral Equation for the Reflection Function -- 3.4.2 Reflection Function of Semi-Infinite Weakly Absorbing Snow Layers -- 3.4.3 Snow Albedo -- 3.4.4 Snow Broadband Albedo -- 3.5 Finite Optically Thick Snow Layers: Reflection and Transmission -- 3.5.1 Ambartsumian Approximation -- 3.5.2 Reflection and Transmission Functions of Nonabsorbing Snow Layers -- 3.5.3 Reflection and Transmission Functions of Weakly Absorbing Snow Layers -- 3.5.4 The Optically Thick Snow Layers with Arbitrary Level of Absorption -- 3.5.5 Account for Underlying Surface and Vertical Snow Inhomogeneity -- 3.6 The Polarization of Light Reflected from Snow -- References -- 4 Remote Sensing of Snow -- 4.1 Determination of Local Optical Parameters of Snow. , 4.1.1 Semi-Infinite Snow Layers -- 4.1.2 Finite Snow Layers -- 4.2 Snow Grain Size Retrieval -- 4.3 Determination of Snow Specific Surface Area -- 4.4 Determination of Snow Impurity Content -- 4.4.1 General Equations -- 4.4.2 Soot -- 4.4.3 Dust -- 4.5 Spaceborne Remote Sensing of Snow -- 4.5.1 Spaceborne Instrumentation -- 4.5.2 Cloud Screening -- 4.5.3 Atmospheric Correction -- 4.5.4 Snow Albedo, Snow Grain Size and Snow Specific Area -- 4.5.5 Snow Fraction and Snow Extent -- References -- Appendix -- A.1 Complex Refractive Index of Ice -- A.2 The Polarization Characteristics of Singly Scattered Light -- A.3 The Simplified Radiative Transfer Model -- References.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Contributors -- Application of Single and Multiple-Scattering Theories to Analyses of Space-Borne Cloud Radar and Lidar Data -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Single Scattering Properties of Cloud Particles -- 2.1 Discrete Dipole Approximation -- DDA -- 2.2 Scattering Theory Based on Geometric Optics: Physical Optics -- 3 Application of Scattering Theories to Analyze Lidar and Cloud Radar Data -- 3.1 Backscattering Properties of Cloud Particles at Lidar and Radar Wavelengths -- 3.2 Retrieval of Ice Microphysics from Space-Borne Lidar and Radar -- 4 Simulation and Observation of Multiple Scattering Effects from Clouds -- 4.1 Introduction of the PM Approach for Space-Borne Lidar Application -- 4.2 Polarimetric Property of Lidar Multiple Scattering in the VPM -- 4.3 Observation of Lidar Multiple Scattering from Ground-Based Lidar -- 4.4 Observation of Water and Mixed-Phase Clouds with MFMSPL -- 5 Summary and Future Studies -- References -- Airborne Remote Sensing of Arctic Clouds -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Airborne Remote Sensing Instrumentation -- 3 Challenges for Remote Sensing of Arctic Clouds Using Solar Radiation -- 3.1 Mixed-Phase Clouds -- 3.2 Surface Albedo -- 3.3 Horizontal Inhomogeneities and Three-Dimensional Effects -- 4 Retrieval of Cloud Properties Based on Spectral Radiation Measurements -- 4.1 Retrieval of Cloud Thermodynamic Phase -- 4.2 Combined Retrieval of Cloud and Snow Properties -- 5 Retrieval of Cloud Properties Based on Directional Observations -- 6 High Resolution Cloud Spectral Imaging -- 7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Snow Albedo and Radiative Transfer: Theory, Modeling, and Parameterization -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Snow Radiative Transfer Theory and Modeling -- 2.1 Basic Radiative Transfer Formulation -- 2.2 Snow on Land (Uniformly Refractive Layered Media). , 2.3 Snow on Ice (Non-uniformly Refractive Layered Media) -- 2.4 Other Theories and Models -- 3 Snow Single-Scattering Property Computation -- 3.1 Computational Methods -- 3.2 Snow Single-Scattering Properties -- 4 Snow Albedo Parameterizations -- 4.1 Accounting for Snow Grain Properties -- 4.2 Accounting for Snow Impurities -- 4.3 Accounting for Atmospheric Variables -- 5 Summary, Challenges, and Future Directions -- Appendix -- References -- Spectral Reflectance of Soil -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Reflectance Spectra -- 2.1 Factors Affecting Soil Reflectance Spectra -- 2.2 Bidirectional Reflectance Quantities -- 2.3 Non-lambertian Behavior of Soil Surfaces -- 2.4 Measurements of Soil Bidirectional Reflectance -- 2.5 Modeling of Soil Bidirectional Reflectance -- 3 Soil Albedo -- 3.1 Variation of Soil Albedo -- 3.2 Soil Albedo as a Parameter for Modeling Changes in the Climate of the Earth -- 3.3 Measurements of Diurnal Blue-Sky Albedo Variation of Soils -- 3.4 Equations Predicting Diurnal Blue-Sky Albedo Variation of Soils Taking into Account Their Roughness -- 3.5 Use of Laboratory Data to Predict the Annual Variation of Shortwave Radiation Reflected from Bare Arable Lands Taking into Account Their Roughness -- 4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Asymptotic Methods in the Theory of Light Scattering by Nonspherical Particles -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Fraunhofer Diffraction -- 2.1 Statement of the Problem -- 2.2 Solution for a Single Obstacle -- 2.3 Randomly Oriented Obstacles -- 2.4 Particular Case of Spherical Particles -- 2.5 Size-Distributed Obstacles -- 2.6 Approximating Formula -- 2.7 Hexagonal Prisms -- 3 Rayleigh-Gans Approximation -- 3.1 Statement of the Problem -- 3.2 Solution for a Single Particle -- 3.3 Randomly Oriented Particles -- 3.4 Approximating Formula -- 3.5 Total Scattering Cross-Section. , 3.6 Chaotically Oriented Cylinder and Size-Distributed Spheres -- 3.7 Inherent Optical Properties -- 4 Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) Approximation -- 4.1 Statement of the Problem -- 4.2 Extinction and Absorption -- 4.3 Scattering Phase Function -- 4.4 Comparison to the Discrete Dipole Approximation -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Index.