Anmerkung: Intro -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1 Polarized Radiative Transfer in Optically Active Light Scattering Media -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Radiation Transfer Problems for Disperse Optically Anisotropic Media -- 1.2.1 The Radiation Transport Equation for Sparse Disperse Media Derived from the Maxwell Equations for an Ensemble of Scatterers -- 1.2.2 Optically Active Anisotropic Media -- 1.2.3 Quasi-Isotropic Approximation of Geometrical Optics -- 1.3 Radiation Transport Problems for Optically Active Media -- 1.3.1 The Radiation Transport Equation for Isotropic Optically Active Media -- 1.3.2 Radiation Transport Problems for Slabs of Isotropic Optically Active Medium -- 1.3.3 Boundary Conditions -- 1.3.4 Coherently Scattered Radiation in a Slab of Chiral Medium -- 1.3.5 The Equivalent System of Equations for Parameters of Polarization Ellipse -- 1.3.6 Radiation Transfer Problems for Slabs of Chiral Media with Reflecting Boundaries -- 1.4 The Estimation of Medium Weak Anisotropy Influence by a Perturbation Method -- 1.4.1 The Reduction of Transport Problem for Anisotropic Medium to a Recurrently Solvable System of Problems for Isotropic Media -- 1.4.2 The Estimation of Weak Medium Anisotropy Influence -- 1.4.3 An Example: The Estimation of Polarization Characteristics Perturbation in a Slab of Isotropic Medium with Non-Block-Diagonal Scattering Phase Matrix -- 1.5 An Outline of Some Results on Radiation Transfer Problems in Anisotropic Media of Another Types -- 1.5.1 Anisotropic Media in the Earth Atmosphere Remote Sensing Problems -- 1.5.2 Magneto-Gyrotropic Media -- 1.5.3 Optically Active Media Occurred in Bio-Medical Field of Research -- 1.5.4 Multilayered Anisotropic Media -- 1.5.5 Liquid Crystals and Optical Fibers -- Acknowlegements -- References -- 2 Advances in Spectro-Polarimetric Light-Scattering by Particulate Media -- 2.1 Introduction. , 2.2 Problem of Light-Scattering by Particulate Media -- 2.2.1 Single Light-Scattering -- 2.2.2 Multiple Light-Scattering -- 2.3 Spectral Light-Scattering -- 2.4 Polarimetric Light-Scattering -- 2.5 Spectral Polarimetric Light-Scattering -- 2.6 Quantitative Spectro-Polarimetric Light-Scattering -- 2.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Light Scattering by Large Bubbles -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Rigorous Approaches -- 3.2.1 Lorenz-Mie Theory and Its Generalizations -- 3.2.1.1 Spherical Homogenous Bubble with a Plane Wave Illumination -- 3.2.1.2 Other Bubble and Incident Beam Shapes -- 3.2.2 Scattering by an Optically Thin Bubble Cloud -- 3.2.3 Complex Shaped but Small to Moderate Sized Bubbles -- 3.3 Approximations for Large Bubbles -- 3.3.1 Spherical Bubbles -- 3.3.1.1 Geometrical Optics Approximation -- 3.3.1.2 Coupling Geometrical and Physical Optics Approximations -- Forward Diffraction -- Near Critical-Angle Region and the Tunneling Phase -- Goos-Hänchen Angular Shift -- Physical Approximation of the Near Critical-Angle Scattering -- Conclusion -- 3.3.1.3 Zero-Order Transitional Complex Angular Momentum Approximation -- 3.3.2 Complex Shaped Bubbles -- 3.3.2.1 Geometrical Optics Approximations -- 3.3.2.2 Physical-Optics Approximations -- Forward Diffraction -- Near-Critical-Angle Scattering -- 3.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Volume Scattering Function of Seawater -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 A New Approach on Measurement of Volume Scattering Functions of Seawater -- 4.2.1 Traditional Methods of Measuring the Properties of Light Scattering in Seawater -- 4.2.2 New Principles of Measurements of Volume Scattering Function Over the Wide Range of Scattering Angles in Seawater -- 4.3 Laboratory Testing of VSF Meter. , 4.3.1 Primary Experiments to Measure Angular Scattering Properties in Clean Seawater, and in Water with Bubbles of Different Size -- 4.3.2 Intercomparison with Scattering Instrumentation Developed in U.S -- 4.3.3 Measurements of VSF of Monodisperse Latex Beads Solution in Pure Water -- 4.3.4 Volume Scattering Functions of Phytoplankton Monocultures -- 4.4 Features of the Optical Properties of Pure Water Discovered Through Volume Scattering Meter -- 4.5 Field Measurements of Volume Scattering Function -- 4.5.1 Volume Scattering Function Measurements in the Middle Atlantic Bight -- 4.5.2 Volume Scattering Function Measurements in Other US Coastal Waters -- 4.5.3 Volume Scattering Function Measurements in European Seas -- 4.5.3.1 Adriatic Sea -- 4.5.3.2 Tyrrhenian Sea -- 4.5.3.3 Southern Baltic Sea -- 4.5.3.4 Black Sea -- 4.6 Volume Scattering Function Variability -- 4.7 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Remote Sensing of Crystal Shapes in Ice Clouds -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 In Situ and Laboratory Measurements -- 5.2.1 General Classification of Ice Habits -- 5.2.2 Aspect Ratios of Ice Crystals -- 5.2.3 Microscale Structure of Ice Crystals -- 5.3 Ice Crystal Optical Properties -- 5.3.1 Definitions of Optical Properties -- 5.3.2 Dependence of Optical Properties on Crystal Shape -- 5.4 Remote Sensing of Ice Crystal Shapes -- 5.4.1 Lidar Measurements -- 5.4.2 Multi-angular Measurements -- 5.4.2.1 Multi-angular Total Reflectances -- 5.4.2.2 Multi-angular Polarized Reflectances -- 5.4.2.3 Data Selection -- 5.4.2.4 Overview of Results -- 5.5 Prospective -- 5.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Light Scattering in Combustion: New Developments -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Soot -- 6.2.1 Laser Induced Incandescence (LII) -- 6.2.2 Cavity Ring Down (CRD) -- 6.2.3 Extinction and Scattering -- 6.2.4 Aggregrates -- 6.3 Coal and Ash -- 6.4 Drops and Sprays. , 6.5 Conclusions -- References -- Some Additional Reviews -- Index.

Anmerkung: Preliminaries -- Table of contents -- List of contributors -- Foreword -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The dark-land MODIS collection 5 aerosol retrieval: algorithm development and product evaluation -- 3 The time series technique for aerosol retrievals over land from MODIS -- 4 Iterative procedure for retrieval of spectral aerosol optical thicknessand surface reflectance from satellite data using fast radiative transfer code and its application to MERIS measurements -- 5 Aerosol retrieval over land using the (A)ATSR dual-view algorithm -- 6 Aerosol optical depth from dual-view (A)ATSR satellite observations -- 7 Oxford-RAL Aerosol and Cloud (ORAC): aerosol retrievals from satellite radiometers -- 8 Benefits and limitations of the synergistic aerosol retrieval SYNAER -- 9 Retrieval of aerosol properties over land using MISR observations -- 10 Polarimetric remote sensing of aerosols over land surfaces -- 11 Optimal estimation applied to the joint retrieval of aerosol optical depth and surface BRF using MSG/SEVIRI observations -- 12 Remote sensing data combinations: superior global maps for aerosol optical depth -- Index.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Light Scattering Reviews 7 -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Notes on the contributors -- Preface -- Part I Light Scattering and Radiative Transfer -- 1 Light scattering by densely packed systems of particles: near-field effects -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Scattering of electromagnetic waves by a system of spherical particles. Basic notions and equations -- 1.3 Shielding of particles by each other in the near field -- 1.3.1 Mutual shielding in simple systems of particles -- 1.3.2 Mutual shielding of particles in chaotically oriented large clusters -- 1.4 Interaction of particles in the near field and the opposition phenomena -- 1.4.1 The field inhomogeneity near the scatterers -- 1.4.2 Different scattering mechanisms: comparison of contributions to the scattering characteristics of simple clusters -- 1.4.3 Near-field effects in the large clusters -- 1.4.4 The near-field and weak-localization effects: the ranges of influence -- 1.5 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 Multi-spectral luminescence tomography with the simplified spherical harmonics equations -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Challenges in tissue optics -- 2.2.1 Tissue scattering and absorption -- 2.2.2 Tomography and light source reconstruction -- 2.3 Methods of multi-spectral luminescence tomography -- 2.3.1 Radiative transfer model -- SP3 equations -- Analytical solutions -- Numerical solutions -- 2.3.2 Source reconstruction methods -- Algebraic reconstruction technique and maximum-likelihood expectation-maximization -- Gradient-based source reconstruction -- Stochastic source reconstruction -- 2.4 Applications -- 2.4.1 Multi-spectral bioluminescence tomography -- 2.4.2 Multi-spectral Cerenkov light tomography -- 2.4.3 Multi-spectral fluorescence tomography -- Hyper-spectral excitation-resolved fluorescence tomography -- 2.5 Summary and Outlook. , Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Markovian approach and its applications in a cloudy atmosphere -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Stochastic radiative transfer -- 3.3 Markovian cloud models -- 3.3.1 Levermore-Pomraning model -- 3.3.3 Generalized Titov model -- 3.4 Estimation of model parameters -- 3.4.1 Vertically-integrated statistics -- 3.4.2 Vertically-resolved statistics -- 3.5 Long-term and enhanced observational datasets -- 3.5.1 Multi-year statistics -- 3.5.2 Scanning cloud radar observations -- 3.6 Application of Markovian models -- 3.7 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Dedication -- Appendix A: Markov processes and fields -- Appendix B: Functions associated with 'direct-beam' exponential components and asymptotic cases -- Appendix C: Estimation of cloud statistics -- List of abbreviations -- References -- 4 Database of optical and structural data for the validation of forest radiative transfer models -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Study site -- 4.3 Instrumentation -- 4.3.1 PROBA/CHRIS imaging spectrometer -- 4.3.2 Airborne spectrometer UAVSpec -- 4.3.3 Spectrometer FieldSpec-Pro VNIR -- 4.3.4 Spectrometer GER-2600 -- 4.3.5 LAI-2000 plant canopy analyzer (Li-Cor) -- 4.3.6 Coolpix-4500 digital camera -- 4.3.7 Nikon total station DTM-332 -- 4.3.8 Leica ALS50-II airborne laser scanner -- 4.4 Measurements -- 4.4.1 Stand structure -- Ground measurements -- Airborne measurements -- 4.4.2 Spectroscopic measurements -- Reflectance spectra of phytoelements -- Reflectance of ground vegetation -- Airborne measurements -- CHRIS images -- Illumination conditions -- 4.5 Data processing -- 4.5.1 Stand structure -- 4.5.2 Leaf and needle optical properties -- 4.5.3 Correction of UAVSpec data -- 4.5.4 Satellite data -- destriping of images -- Atmospheric correction -- CHRIS calibration revised -- 4.6 Data -- 4.6.1 Illumination conditions -- 4.6.2 Stands. , 4.6.2.1 Birch stand -- 4.6.2.2 Pine stand -- 4.6.2.3 Spruce stand -- 4.7 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part II Optical Properties of Snow and Natural Waters -- 5 Reflection properties of snow surfaces -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Basic definitions and terminologies -- 5.3 Feedback effect between snow physical parameters and albedo -- 5.4 Atmospheric effects on snow albedo -- 5.4.1 Radiative transfer model for the atmosphere-snow system -- 5.4.2 Aerosol and cloud effects on spectral surface albedo -- 5.4.3 Effect of the difference in atmospheric type on spectrally integrated albedo -- 5.4.4 Aerosol and cloud effects on spectrally integrated albedo -- 5.5 Effects of snow physical parameters on spectral albedo and bidirectional reflectance -- 5.5.1 Observational condition, instrumentation, and radiative transfer model -- 5.5.2 Spectral albedo -- 5.5.3 Observation of HDRF -- 5.5.4 Theoretical calculations of HDRF and comparison with the measurements -- 5.6 Effects of snow physical parameters on broadband albedos -- 5.6.1 Instrumentation, observational condition, and radiative transfer model -- 5.6.2 Effects of the snow grain size on broadband albedos -- 5.6.3 Effects of the snow impurities on broadband albedos -- 5.7 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Measuring optical backscattering in water -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Generic sensor description -- 6.3 Bead method calibration -- 6.3.1 Overview -- 6.3.2 Determination of the weighting function, -- 6.3.3 Determining theoretical phase functions -- 6.3.4 Experimental calibration and application -- 6.3.5 Dependence of the scattering signal on attenuation -- 6.4 Derivation of bb from VSF measurements at single or multiple angles -- 6.5 Analysis of measurement uncertainties -- 6.5.1 Calibration -- 6.5.2 Instrument resolution and electronic noise. , 6.5.3 Long-term stability in background dark offsets (baseline noise) -- 6.5.4 Long-term stability in scaling factors -- 6.5.5 Environmentally induced uncertainties -- 6.5.5.1 Ambient light -- 6.5.5.2 Temperature -- 6.5.5.3 Electromagnetic interference (EMI) -- 6.5.6 Conversion coefficient (χ factor) uncertainties -- 6.5.7 Measurement uncertainty summary -- 6.6 Sensor comparisons in the field -- 6.7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7 Molecular light scattering by pure seawater -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 General theory of scattering -- 7.2.1 Isotropic particles -- 7.2.2 Anisotropic particles -- 7.2.3 Liquid solutions -- 7.2.4 Seawater -- 7.3 Brief review and discussion -- 7.3.1 Density derivative -- 7.3.2 Depolarization ratio -- 7.3.3 Effects of sea salts -- 7.3.4 Other relevant issues -- 7.3.4.1 Spectral dependence -- 7.3.4.2 Temperature dependence -- 7.3.4.3 Polarization -- 7.4 Conclusions -- References -- Index.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Contents -- sqrtε Law: Centennial of the First Exact Result of Classical Radiative Transfer Theory -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Mathematical Prologue -- 2.1 The Green Function -- 2.2 Derivation of the sqrtε Law -- 3 Ancient History of sqrtε -- 3.1 Scattering Atmospheres -- 3.2 Milne-Eddington Model -- 3.3 Milne Equation -- 4 Resonance Radiation: Lévy Flights and sqrtε -- 4.1 Biberman-Holstein Equation -- 4.2 Transfer of Excitation in Scattering Media -- 4.3 Boundary Layer -- 4.4 Refinements -- 5 H-Functions, Fraunhafer Lines and sqrtε -- 5.1 Emergent Radiation. H-functions -- 5.2 Account for Continuum Absorption -- 6 Finite Layer: sqrtε and Scaling -- 6.1 Boundary Layers -- 6.2 Interior Solution -- 7 Methods of Derivation of the sqrtε Law -- 8 Polarization: Generalizations of the sqrtε Law -- 8.1 Second Solar Spectrum -- 8.2 Resonance Scattering. Vectors -- 8.3 Resonance Scattering. Matrices -- 8.4 Magnetic Field. Hanle Effect -- 9 Lévy Flights: Approximations Inspired by the sqrtε Law -- 9.1 An Illustration -- 9.2 Basic Approximation -- 9.3 Discussion -- 9.4 Notes -- 9.5 Finite Layer -- 10 Conclusion -- References -- Solar Heating of the Cryosphere: Snow and Ice Sheets -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Differential Models for Radiative Transfer in Light Scattering Media -- 2.1 Transport Approximation -- 2.2 The Simplest Differential Approximations -- 2.3 Propagation of Solar Radiation in Snow -- 2.4 Modified Solution for Refracting Host Medium -- 3 Computational Model for Combined Heat Transfer -- 4 Heating of a Snowpack by Solar Radiation -- 4.1 Spectral Optical Properties of Pure Snow -- 5 Effect of Snow Pollution on Radiative Heating of Snowpack -- 5.1 Internal Versus External Mixture of Soot -- 6 Solar Heating of Ice Containing Gas Bubbles -- 6.1 Optical Properties of Ice Containing Numerous Gas Bubbles. , 6.2 Absorption of Solar Radiation in Scattering Ice Sheet -- 6.3 The Case Study for Solar Heating of Ice Sheet -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Stereological Methods in the Theory of Light Scattering by Nonspherical Particles -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Fraunhofer Diffraction -- 2.1 Single Obstacle Approximation -- 2.2 Diffraction by a Screen -- 2.3 Discussion -- 3 Rayleigh-Gans Approximation -- 3.1 Solution for a Single Particle -- 3.2 Densely Packed Random Medium -- 4 Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin Approximation and Anomalous Diffraction -- 4.1 Single Particle -- 4.2 Comparison with the Discrete-Dipole Approximation -- 4.3 Discussion -- 5 Geometrical Optics -- 5.1 Extinction and Absorption -- 5.2 Scattering Phase Function -- 5.3 Polarization -- 5.4 Numerical Comparison with Some Models -- 6 Application to Optics of Snow and White Ice -- 6.1 Theory -- 6.2 In Situ Measurements -- 6.3 Laboratory Measurements -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Inverse Methods in Studies of Terrestrial Atmosphere -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Remote Sensing Instrumentation -- 3 The Coupled Atmosphere-Surface Properties and Satellite Processing Chains -- 4 Inverse Problems -- 4.1 Classification of Inverse Problems -- 4.2 The Inversion Theory -- 4.3 Machine Learning Methodologies -- 4.4 Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) -- 4.5 Random Forests -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Index.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Cloud Optics -- Contents -- Foreword -- Chapter 1 MICROPHYSICS AND GEOMETRY OF CLOUDS -- 1.1 Microphysical Characteristics of Clouds -- 1.1.1 Droplet Size Distributions -- 1.1.2 Sizes and Shapes of Crystals -- 1.1.3 Refractive Indices of LiquidWater and Ice -- 1.2 Geometrical Characteristics of Clouds -- Chapter 2 OPTICS OF A SINGLE PARTICLE -- 2.1 VectorWave Equation -- 2.2 Mie Theory -- 2.3 Differential and Integral Light Scattering Characteristics -- 2.3.1 Amplitude Scattering Matrix -- 2.3.2 Cross Sections -- 2.3.2.1 Scattering and absorption cross sections -- 2.3.2.2 Extinction cross section -- 2.3.3 Mueller Matrix -- 2.3.4 Spherical Polydispersions -- 2.3.5 Local Optical Characteristics of Clouds -- 2.4 Geometrical Optics -- 2.4.1 Water Droplets -- 2.4.1.1 Scattered light intensity -- 2.4.1.2 Cross sections -- 2.4.1.3 van de Hulst approximation -- 2.4.1.4 The asymmetry parameter -- 2.4.1.5 Polarization characteristics -- 2.4.2 Ice Crystals -- Chapter 3 RADIATIVE TRANSFER -- 3.1 The Radiative Transfer Equation -- 3.2 Reflection and Transmission Functions -- 3.3 Polarization Characteristics -- 3.4 Optically Thin Clouds -- 3.5 Small-Angle Approximation -- 3.6 Optically thick clouds -- 3.6.1 Fundamental Relationships -- 3.6.2 Asymptotic Equations -- 3.6.3 Weak Absorption Limit -- 3.6.3.3 The reflection function of a semi-infinite layer R∞(ξ, η) -- 3.6.4 Nonabsorbing Optically Thick Clouds -- 3.6.4.1 Main equations -- 3.6.5 Exponential Approximation -- 3.6.5.1 Statistical physics approach -- 3.6.5.2 The radiative transfer in the gaseous absorption band -- 3.6.6 Polarization of Light by Optically Thick Clouds -- 3.7 Clouds Over Reflective Surfaces -- 3.8 Vertically Inhomogeneous Clouds -- 3.9 Horizontally Inhomogeneous Clouds -- 3.9.1 Independent Pixel Approximation -- 3.9.2 Multidimensional Radiative Transfer in Clouds. , 3.9.2.1 General remarks -- 3.9.2.2 The three-dimensional radiative transfer equation -- 3.9.2.3 Numerical results -- Chapter 4 APPLICATIONS -- 4.1 Optical Phenomena in Clouds -- 4.1.1 Corona -- 4.1.2 Glory -- 4.1.3 Rainbow -- 4.1.4 Halo -- 4.2 Cloud Remote Sensing -- 4.2.1 Penetration Depth -- 4.2.2 Cloud Optical Thickness -- 4.2.2.1 Retrieval procedure -- 4.2.2.2 Hurricane Erin -- 4.2.2.3 The influence of ground albedo -- 4.2.3 The Size of Droplets and Crystals -- 4.2.4 Single Scattering Albedo -- 4.2.5 Cloud Thermodynamic Phase -- 4.2.6 Cloud Top Height and Cloud Fraction -- 4.2.7 Cloud Bottom Height -- 4.3 Laser Beam Propagation Through a Cloud -- 4.4 Image Transfer Through Clouds and Fogs -- 4.5 Clouds and Climate -- Chapter A APPENDIX A. REFRACTIVE INDICES -- Chapter B APPENDIX B. PHASE FUNCTIONS -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Editor and Contributors -- Part IRadiative Transfer -- 1 The Discrete Ordinate Algorithm, DISORT for Radiative Transfer -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Equation of Transfer in DISORT -- 2.1 Radiative Transfer Equation Uncoupled in Azimuth -- 3 Discrete Ordinate Approximation-Matrix Formulation -- 4 Discrete Ordinate Approximation-Solution -- 4.1 Homogeneous Solution -- 4.2 Particular Solution -- 4.3 General Solution -- 4.4 Intensities at Arbitrary Angles -- 4.5 Boundary and Interface Conditions -- 4.6 Scaling Transformation -- 5 Flux, Flux Divergence, and Mean Intensity -- 6 Optimizing Efficiency and Accuracy for Intensities -- 6.1 δ-M Transformation -- 6.2 Correction of the Intensity Field -- 7 Numerical Considerations -- 7.1 Computation of Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions -- 7.2 Numerical Solution for the Constants of Integration -- 7.3 Removable Singularities in the Intensities -- 7.4 Fourier Expansion of the Surface BRDF -- 7.5 ω = 1 Special Case -- 7.6 Simplified Albedo and Transmissivity Computations -- 8 DISORT Test Cases -- 9 A Brief History of DISORT -- 10 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 Community Radiative Transfer Model for Air Quality Studies -- 1 Introduction -- 2 What Are the Common Air Pollutants? -- 2.1 Air Pollutants -- 2.1.1 Ozone -- 2.1.2 Particulate Matter -- 2.1.3 Carbon Monoxide -- 2.1.4 Nitrogen Oxides -- 2.1.5 Sulfur Dioxide -- 2.1.6 Lead -- 3 Satellite Data for Studying Air Quality -- 4 Community Radiative Model -- 4.1 Radiative Transfer Equation and Solver -- 4.2 Atmospheric Transmittance Models -- 4.3 Scattering Properties -- 4.4 Molecules -- 4.5 Aerosols -- 4.6 Clouds -- 4.7 Surface Reflectivity and Emissivity Models -- 5 Aerosol Models -- 5.1 Goddard Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport Model (GOCART). , 5.2 The Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) Modeling System -- 5.3 Global Modeling: GOCART in NEMS GFS Aerosol Component (NGAC) -- 5.4 Regional Modeling: CMAQ in National Air Quality Forecasting Capability (NAQFC) -- 6 Satellite Data Assmilation and Air Quality Forecasting -- 7 Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Analytical Solution of Radiative Transfer Using Cumulant Expansion -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Derivation of Cumulants to an Arbitrary Order -- 3 Gaussian Approximation of the Distribution Function -- 4 Cumulant Solution for Polarized Radiative Transport Equation -- 5 Applications of the Cumulant Solution of Radiative Transfer -- 5.1 Early Photon Tomography (EPT) -- 5.2 Retrieving Parameters of Water Cloud from CALIPSO Data -- 6 Summary -- References -- 4 Radiative Transfer in Spherically and Cylindrically Symmetric Media -- 1 Radiation Fields in Infinite Media Illuminated by a Point Source -- 1.1 Infinite Homogeneous Media with a Planar Source -- 1.2 The Relationship Between Radiation Field Characteristics in an Infinite Medium with Point or Plane Sources -- 1.3 Exact Expressions for the Source Function and the Radiation Intensity in an Infinite Medium Illuminated by an Isotropic Point Source -- 2 The Radiation Field in an Infinite Medium with a Spherical Symmetric Distribution of Sources -- 2.1 The System of Eigenfunctions of the Homogeneous Equation of Radiative Transfer in a Spherically Symmetric Medium -- 2.2 Green's Function for the Radiative Transfer Equation in an Infinite Medium with a Spherically Symmetric Distribution of the Sources -- 3 Radiation Fields in a Sphere and in a Spherical Envelope -- 3.1 Main Methods for Solving Equation of Radiative Transfer in Spherically Symmetric Media -- 3.2 The Integral Equation for the Source Function in the Case of a Sphere. , 3.3 The Structure of Green's Function for Media with Spherical Symmetry -- 3.4 Integral Relations Between the Green's Functions -- 3.5 Eigenfunctions Biorthogonal at the Half Interval of the Variation of the Angular Variable -- 3.6 Coefficients of Reflection and Transmission of Light -- 4 Asymptotic Formulae of the Theory of Radiative Transfer in an Infinite Medium, a Sphere, and a Spherical Shell -- 4.1 The Asymptotic Light Regime in an Infinite Medium Far from a Point Source -- 4.2 The Asymptotic Expression of Green's Function for an Infinite Medium with a Spherically Symmetric Distribution of Sources -- 4.3 Asymptotic Radiation Fields in Outer Layers of a Sphere of Large Optical Radius Far from Sources -- 4.4 The Asymptotic Behavior of the Radiation Field in an Optically Thick Spherical Envelope -- 4.5 The Asymptotic Behavior of the Radiation Field Far Away from a Source in a Medium with a Low True Absorption -- 5 Radiation Fields in Media with Cylindrical Symmetry -- 5.1 Basic Methods for Solving the Problems of the Radiative Transfer in Media with Cylindrical Symmetry -- 5.2 The Radiative Transfer Equation in Media with Cylindrical Symmetry -- 5.3 Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues of the Homogeneous Radiative Transfer Equation in a Media with Cylindrical Symmetry -- 6 Nonstationary Radiation Fields -- 6.1 Basic Equations of the Theory of Nonstationary Radiative Transfer -- 6.2 Asymptotic of the Nonstationary Radiation Field in Infinite Media -- 7 Concluding Remarks -- Appendix A: The Results of Calculation by Formula (33) -- Appendix B: The Exactness of Approximate Expressions for the Mean Radiation Intensity and the Radiation Flux -- References -- Part IISingle Light Scattering -- 5 The Debye Series and Its Use in Time-Domain Scattering -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Scattering by a Homogeneous Sphere in Lorenz-Mie Theory. , 3 Partial Wave Fresnel Coefficients for Scattering by a Homogeneous Sphere -- 4 Derivation of the Debye Series for Scattering by a Homogeneous Sphere -- 5 Derivation of the Ray Model of Light Scattering Using the Debye Series -- 6 Scattering of a Neumann Beam by a Homogeneous Sphere -- 7 Debye Series for a Scattering by a Coated Sphere and a Multi-layer Sphere -- 7.1 Scattering by a Coated Sphere -- 7.2 Scattering by a Multi-layer Sphere -- 8 Debye Series for a Plane Wave Diagonally Incident on a Cylinder -- 9 Debye Series for a Scattering by a Spheroid -- 9.1 Scattering of Scalar Waves -- 9.2 Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves -- 10 General Description of Time-Domain Scattering -- 11 Time-Domain Scattering and the Ray Limit of the Debye Series -- 12 The Signature of Subtle Scattering Effects in Time-Domain Scattering -- 12.1 Electromagnetic Surface Waves -- 12.2 The Time-Domain Signature of Diffraction -- 13 Summary -- References -- 6 Morphological Models for Inhomogeneous Particles: Light Scattering by Aerosols, Cometary Dust, and Living Cells -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Effective-Medium Approximations -- 3 Encapsulated Light-Absorbing Carbon Aggregates -- 4 Mineral Dust -- 5 Volcanic Ash -- 6 Cometary Dust -- 7 Biological Particles -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- 7 Some Wave-Theoretic Problems in Radially Inhomogeneous Media -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Wave Theory for Piecewise-Homogeneous Spheres -- 3 The Tunneling Analogy -- 4 The Two-Layer Inhomogeneous Sphere -- 4.1 TE Mode -- 4.2 TM Mode -- 4.3 The Potential Function -- 4.3.1 Case 1 and Case 2 -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8 Light Scattering and Thermal Emission by Primitive Dust Particles in Planetary Systems -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Models of Dust Agglomerates in Planetary Systems -- 2.1 Artificial Configuration of Constituent Grains. , 2.2 Coagulation Growth of Pristine Constituent Grains -- 3 Light-Scattering Techniques for Dust Agglomerates -- 3.1 T-Matrix Method and Generalized Multiparticle Mie Solution -- 3.2 Discrete Dipole Approximation -- 3.3 Effective Medium Approximations -- 4 Light Scattering by Dust Agglomerates -- 4.1 Single Scattering -- 4.2 Multiple Scattering -- 5 Thermal Emission from Dust Agglomerates -- 5.1 Spectral Energy Distribution -- 5.2 Characteristic Features of Minerals -- 6 Integral Optical Quantities of Dust Agglomerates -- 6.1 Bolometric Albedo -- 6.2 Radiation Pressure -- 6.3 Equilibrium Temperature -- 7 Concluding Remarks -- 8 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part IIIPolarimetry -- 9 Polarimetry of Man-Made Objects -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Mueller Matrices of Deterministic and Depolarizing Objects -- 3 Mueller Matrix Polarimetry -- 4 Radar Polarimetry -- 5 Applications of Optical and Radar Polarimetry -- 5.1 Contamination -- 5.1.1 Ocean -- 5.1.2 Chemical-Biological Materials -- 5.2 Urban Objects -- 5.3 Mines -- 5.4 Archaeology -- 5.5 Miscellaneous Man-Made Targets -- References -- Index.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Contents -- Contributors -- Application of Single and Multiple-Scattering Theories to Analyses of Space-Borne Cloud Radar and Lidar Data -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Single Scattering Properties of Cloud Particles -- 2.1 Discrete Dipole Approximation -- DDA -- 2.2 Scattering Theory Based on Geometric Optics: Physical Optics -- 3 Application of Scattering Theories to Analyze Lidar and Cloud Radar Data -- 3.1 Backscattering Properties of Cloud Particles at Lidar and Radar Wavelengths -- 3.2 Retrieval of Ice Microphysics from Space-Borne Lidar and Radar -- 4 Simulation and Observation of Multiple Scattering Effects from Clouds -- 4.1 Introduction of the PM Approach for Space-Borne Lidar Application -- 4.2 Polarimetric Property of Lidar Multiple Scattering in the VPM -- 4.3 Observation of Lidar Multiple Scattering from Ground-Based Lidar -- 4.4 Observation of Water and Mixed-Phase Clouds with MFMSPL -- 5 Summary and Future Studies -- References -- Airborne Remote Sensing of Arctic Clouds -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Airborne Remote Sensing Instrumentation -- 3 Challenges for Remote Sensing of Arctic Clouds Using Solar Radiation -- 3.1 Mixed-Phase Clouds -- 3.2 Surface Albedo -- 3.3 Horizontal Inhomogeneities and Three-Dimensional Effects -- 4 Retrieval of Cloud Properties Based on Spectral Radiation Measurements -- 4.1 Retrieval of Cloud Thermodynamic Phase -- 4.2 Combined Retrieval of Cloud and Snow Properties -- 5 Retrieval of Cloud Properties Based on Directional Observations -- 6 High Resolution Cloud Spectral Imaging -- 7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Snow Albedo and Radiative Transfer: Theory, Modeling, and Parameterization -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Snow Radiative Transfer Theory and Modeling -- 2.1 Basic Radiative Transfer Formulation -- 2.2 Snow on Land (Uniformly Refractive Layered Media). , 2.3 Snow on Ice (Non-uniformly Refractive Layered Media) -- 2.4 Other Theories and Models -- 3 Snow Single-Scattering Property Computation -- 3.1 Computational Methods -- 3.2 Snow Single-Scattering Properties -- 4 Snow Albedo Parameterizations -- 4.1 Accounting for Snow Grain Properties -- 4.2 Accounting for Snow Impurities -- 4.3 Accounting for Atmospheric Variables -- 5 Summary, Challenges, and Future Directions -- Appendix -- References -- Spectral Reflectance of Soil -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Reflectance Spectra -- 2.1 Factors Affecting Soil Reflectance Spectra -- 2.2 Bidirectional Reflectance Quantities -- 2.3 Non-lambertian Behavior of Soil Surfaces -- 2.4 Measurements of Soil Bidirectional Reflectance -- 2.5 Modeling of Soil Bidirectional Reflectance -- 3 Soil Albedo -- 3.1 Variation of Soil Albedo -- 3.2 Soil Albedo as a Parameter for Modeling Changes in the Climate of the Earth -- 3.3 Measurements of Diurnal Blue-Sky Albedo Variation of Soils -- 3.4 Equations Predicting Diurnal Blue-Sky Albedo Variation of Soils Taking into Account Their Roughness -- 3.5 Use of Laboratory Data to Predict the Annual Variation of Shortwave Radiation Reflected from Bare Arable Lands Taking into Account Their Roughness -- 4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Asymptotic Methods in the Theory of Light Scattering by Nonspherical Particles -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Fraunhofer Diffraction -- 2.1 Statement of the Problem -- 2.2 Solution for a Single Obstacle -- 2.3 Randomly Oriented Obstacles -- 2.4 Particular Case of Spherical Particles -- 2.5 Size-Distributed Obstacles -- 2.6 Approximating Formula -- 2.7 Hexagonal Prisms -- 3 Rayleigh-Gans Approximation -- 3.1 Statement of the Problem -- 3.2 Solution for a Single Particle -- 3.3 Randomly Oriented Particles -- 3.4 Approximating Formula -- 3.5 Total Scattering Cross-Section. , 3.6 Chaotically Oriented Cylinder and Size-Distributed Spheres -- 3.7 Inherent Optical Properties -- 4 Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) Approximation -- 4.1 Statement of the Problem -- 4.2 Extinction and Absorption -- 4.3 Scattering Phase Function -- 4.4 Comparison to the Discrete Dipole Approximation -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Index.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Contents -- UNL-VRTM, A Testbed for Aerosol Remote Sensing: Model Developments and Applications -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Current and Future Aerosol Remote Sensing -- 1.2 The Need for a Remote Sensing Testbed -- 2 The UNL-VRTM Forward Model -- 2.1 Definitions of Stokes Parameters -- 2.2 The Vector Radiative Transfer with VLIDORT -- 2.3 Atmospheric Profiles -- 2.4 Gaseous Absorption -- 2.5 Rayleigh Scattering -- 2.6 Aerosol Single Scattering -- 2.7 Surface Reflection Models -- 2.8 Jacobian Capability -- 2.9 Model Benchmarking and Verification -- 3 Optimized Inversion and Information Content Analysis -- 3.1 Maximum a Posteriori (MAP) Solution of an Inverse Problem -- 3.2 Information Theory -- 4 Applications -- 4.1 Spectral Fingerprints of Above-Cloud Smoke -- 4.2 Bi-Modal Aerosol Properties from Polarimetric Data -- 5 Summary and Outlook -- References -- Scattering of Radiation and Simple Approaches to Radiative Transfer in Thermal Engineering and Biomedical Applications -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Diffusion-Based Models for Radiative Transfer in Disperse Systems -- 2.1 Transport Approximation -- 2.2 The Simplest Differential Approximations -- 2.3 Radiation Scattering in Various Applied Problems -- 2.4 Radiative Heat Transfer in a Solid Propellant Rocket Engine -- 2.5 Radiative Heat Transfer in a Severe Accident in a Nuclear Reactor -- 2.6 Radiative Properties of Semi-transparent Dispersed Materials -- 2.7 Shielding of a Space Vehicle from Solar Radiation by Sublimating Particles -- 2.8 Light Scattering in Photothermal Therapy of Human Tissues -- 3 Conclusions -- References -- Bio-optical Properties of Terrestrial Snow and Ice -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Modelling Optical Properties of Cryospheric Algae -- 2.1 General Approach -- 2.2 Cell Size and Shape -- 2.3 Cell Composition -- 3 Empirical Measurements. , 3.1 Empirical Determination of Cellular Optics -- 3.2 Field Spectroscopy -- 4 Remote Sensing -- 5 Outlook -- References -- Accurate Determination of the Size and Mass of Polymers, Nanoparticles, and Fine Bubbles in Water -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theory -- 2.1 Static Light Scattering -- 2.2 Dynamic Light Scattering -- 3 Experimental -- 3.1 Measurement Apparatus -- 3.2 Sample Preparation -- 3.3 Light-Scattering Measurements -- 4 Applications -- 4.1 Synthetic Polymers -- 4.2 Nanoparticles -- 4.3 Fine Bubbles -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Radiative Properties of Atmospheric Black Carbon (Soot) Particles with Complex Structures -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Observed BC Particle Structures -- 2.1 Fresh/Bare BC Aggregates -- 2.2 Coated/Aged BC Particles -- 3 Computational Methods for Particle Radiative Properties -- 3.1 Lorenz-Mie (LM) Theory -- 3.2 Rayleigh-Debye-Gans (RDG) Approximation -- 3.3 Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) Method -- 3.4 Discrete Dipole Approximation (DDA) -- 3.5 T-matrix Method -- 3.6 Geometric-Optics Surface-Wave (GOS) Method -- 4 Morphological Effects on Radiative Properties -- 4.1 Fresh/Bare BC Aggregates -- 4.2 Coated/Aged BC Particles -- 5 Atmospheric Implications -- 6 Future Directions -- References -- Multiple Scattering of Polarized Light in Plane-Parallel Media: Mueller Matrix Representation and Polarization Parameters in Two Dimensions -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Scattering Geometry -- 3 Monte Carlo Simulation -- 4 Backward Scattering in Isotropic Turbid Media -- 4.1 Scattering Mueller Matrix -- 4.2 Matrix Decompositions and Extracted Polarization Parameters -- 4.3 Effect of Optical Activity -- 5 Forward Scattering in Isotropic Turbid Media -- 5.1 Scattering Mueller Matrix -- 5.2 Polarization Parameters -- 6 Symmetry of the Scattering Mueller Matrix in Anisotropic Media -- 6.1 Calculation Procedure and Conditions. , 6.2 Results: Birefringence Parallel to the Slab Surface -- 6.3 Results: Birefringence Inclined to the Slab Surface -- 6.4 Transformations Due to Scattering Geometry -- 6.5 Symmetry Relationships in the Jones Matrix -- 7 Backward Scattering in Anisotropic Media -- 7.1 Birefringence Parallel to the Slab Surface -- 7.2 Birefringence Inclined to the Slab Surface -- 8 Forward Scattering in Anisotropic Slab Media -- 8.1 Birefringence Parallel to the Slab Surface -- 8.2 Birefringence Inclined to the Slab Surface -- 9 Conclusions -- References -- Speckle Correlation Based Single-Shot Wide-Field Imaging -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Holographic Imaging -- 1.2 Ballistic Photon Gating -- 1.3 Phase Conjugation -- 1.4 Wavefront Optimization Through Interference -- 1.5 Transmission Matrix Analysis -- 1.6 Time-Reversed Ultrasonic Encoded Light -- 2 Principle of Speckle Correlation -- 2.1 Memory Effect -- 2.2 Speckle Correlation -- 2.3 Correlation Holography -- 2.4 Spatial Stationarity of Statistical Optical Fields -- 2.5 Interferometric Approach for Phase Retrieval -- 2.6 Polarization Discrimination for Phase Retrieval -- 3 Imaging from the Speckle Using Intensity Correlation and Iterations -- 4 Quantitative Phase Contrast Imaging Through a Scattering Media Using Non-iterative Approach -- 5 Depth Sectioning Behind the Random Scattering Medium -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Index.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Part I Light Scattering -- 1 Light scattering by atmospheric mineral dust particles -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Physical properties of dust particles -- 1.2.1 Composition, structure, and shape -- 1.2.2 Mineral dust size distribution -- 1.3 Light-scattering measurements -- 1.4 Light-scattering modeling -- 1.4.1 Definitions -- 1.4.2 Models with simple homogeneous particles -- 1.4.2.1 Spheres -- 1.4.2.2 Spheroids -- 1.4.2.3 Ellipsoids -- 1.4.2.4 Polyhedra -- 1.4.3 Models with complex anisotropic, and inhomogeneous particles -- 1.4.3.1 Homogeneous, isotropic models -- 1.4.3.2 Inhomogeneous or anisotropic models -- 1.4.4 Impact of morphological details and anisotropy on scattering -- 1.4.4.1 Surface roughness -- 1.4.4.2 Inhomogeneity -- 1.4.4.3 Material anisotropy -- 1.5 Discussion and conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 A review of approximate analytic light-scattering phase functions -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Scattering phase function as a series expansion -- 2.2.1 Expansion in terms of Legendre polynomials -- 2.2.2 The Rayleigh phase function (RPF) -- 2.2.3 The δ −M phase function approximation -- 2.2.4 Peak truncated phase functions -- 2.3 Parametrized phase functions -- 2.3.1 One-parameter phase functions -- 2.3.1.1 The Henyey-Greenstein phase function (HGPF) -- 2.3.1.2 Combined Henyey-Greenstein (HGPF) and Rayleigh phase function -- 2.3.1.3 The Neer-Sandri phase function (NSPF) -- 2.3.1.4 Kagiwada-Kalaba phase function (KKPF) -- 2.3.1.5 The Schlick phase function -- 2.3.1.6 The binomial phase function -- 2.3.1.7 The delta-hyperbolic phase function -- 2.3.1.8 The transport phase function (TPF) -- 2.3.2 Two-parameter phase functions -- 2.3.2.1 The modified Henyey-Greenstein phase function -- 2.3.2.2 The Gegenbauer kernel phase function (GKPF). , 2.3.2.3 The delta-Eddington phase function -- 2.3.2.4 The Liu phase function (LPF) -- 2.3.2.5 The Draine phase function (DPF) -- 2.3.2.6 Phase function for planetary regoliths -- 2.3.3 Three-parameter phase functions (TPPF) -- 2.3.4 Five-parameter phase function -- 2.3.5 Six-parameter phase function -- 2.4 Analytic phase functions dependent on microphysical particle characteristics -- 2.4.1 Phase functions for small spherical particles -- 2.4.2 Larger particles -- 2.4.3 Zhao phase function (ZPF) -- 2.5 Densely packed particles -- 2.6 Role of phase function in ray tracing by the Monte Carlo method -- 2.7 Distribution-specific analytic phase functions -- 2.7.1 Rayleigh-Gans phase function for modified gamma distribution -- 2.7.2 Junge size distribution -- 2.7.3 Phase function for ice clouds -- 2.8 Concluding remarks -- References -- 3 Scattering of electromagnetic plane waves in radially inhomogeneous media: ray theory, exact solutions and connections with po -- 3.1 Complementary levels of description in light scattering -- 3.2 Scattering by a transparent sphere: ray description -- 3.2.1 The ray path integral -- 3.3 Analysis of specific profiles -- 3.4 The generation of exact solutions for radially inhomogeneous media -- 3.4.1 A summary of the method -- 3.4.2 Specific profiles -- 3.4.2.1 Spherically stratified isotropic media -- 3.4.2.2 Cylindrically stratified isotropic media -- 3.4.3 The non-existence of bound state solutions -- 3.5 Scalar wave scattering by a transparent sphere -- 3.5.1 Morphology-dependent resonances: the effective potential Ul(r) (constant n) -- 3.6 Connection with the scattering matrix -- 3.7 The vector problem: the Mie solution of electromagnetic scattering theory -- 3.8 Conclusion -- Appendix 1: Properties of η(r) and interpretation of the ray path integral -- Appendix 2: Poles and resonances on the k-plane and E-plane. , References -- Part II Remote Sensing -- 4 Spectral dependence of MODIS cloud droplet effective radius retrievals for marine boundary layer clouds -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Operational MODIS re retrieval algorithm -- 4.3 Spectral dependence of MODIS re retrievals for MBL clouds -- 4.3.1 Geographical pattern -- 4.3.2 Correlation with key cloud parameters -- 4.4 Potential reasons for the spectral difference -- 4.4.1 Random error -- 4.4.2 Vertical cloud structure -- 4.4.3 Cloud droplet size distribution -- 4.4.4 Plane-parallel re bias -- 4.4.5 3D radiative transfer effect -- 4.5 Discussion -- 4.5.1 Which one is better? -- 4.5.2 Cloud regime classification -- 4.6 Outlook of future work -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Remote sensing of above cloud aerosols -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Above cloud aerosols (ACA), and their role in climate -- 5.2.1 Direct effects -- 5.2.2 Indirect and semi-direct effects -- 5.3 Orbital observations of ACA -- 5.3.1 Passive ultraviolet (UV) observations -- 5.3.1.1 Physical basis -- 5.3.1.2 Sources of uncertainty -- 5.3.2 Passive visible (VIS) near-infrared (NIR) observations -- 5.3.2.1 Physical basis -- 5.3.2.2 Sources of uncertainty -- 5.3.2.3 Ongoing developments -- 5.3.3 Passive hyperspectral observations -- 5.3.3.1 Physical basis -- 5.3.3.2 Sources of uncertainty -- 5.3.4 Passive polarimetric observations -- 5.3.4.1 Physical basis -- 5.3.4.2 Sources of uncertainty -- 5.3.4.3 Ongoing developments -- 5.3.5 Active Lidar observations -- 5.3.5.1 Physical basis -- 5.3.5.2 Sources of uncertainty -- 5.3.5.3 Validation and assessment -- 5.3.5.4 Ongoing developments -- 5.4 Validation with in situ and suborbital observations -- 5.4.1 In situ observations from field campaigns -- 5.4.2 Airborne sunphotometers -- 5.4.3 Active sensors -- 5.4.4 Spectrometers -- 5.4.5 Airborne polarimeters. , 5.4.6 RF assessment using observational data and regional climate models -- 5.5 The future for ACA retrievals -- 5.5.1 Upcoming orbital opportunities -- 5.5.2 Data fusion -- 5.5.3 Recommendations for future instruments -- 5.6 Conclusion -- Acronyms and symbols -- References -- Part III Polarimetry -- 6 Principles of the Mueller matrix measurements -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Mathematics of the Mueller matrix method -- 6.3 Complete Mueller polarimetry -- 6.4 Physical realizability of the experimental Mueller matrix -- 6.5 Partial Mueller polarimetry -- 6.6 Mueller polarimeter optimization -- 6.7 Conclusions -- Appendix A: Some multiplicative and additive Mueller matrix models -- References -- 7 Reflectance and polarization characteristics of various vegetation types -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Definitions -- 7.2.1 BRF, BRDF -- 7.2.2 Polarization -- 7.3 Theory and modeling -- 7.4 Field and laboratory measurements -- 7.5 Analysis -- 7.5.1 Special features by species -- 7.6 Discussion on specific remote sensing signatures -- 7.6.1 Heterogeneity, or spatial variations -- 7.6.2 Anisotropy -- 7.6.3 Spectral signature -- 7.6.4 Polarization-any new signals? -- 7.7 Discussion on measurement principles -- 7.8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Part IV Radiative Forcing -- 8 Diurnally averaged direct aerosol-induced radiative forcing from cloud-free sky field measurements performed during seven regi -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Definitions of diurnally averaged DARF at the ToAand BoA-levels and within the atmosphere -- 8.2.1 The instantaneous DARF effects at ToAand BoA-levels and in the atmosphere -- 8.2.2 Diurnally averaged DARF and aerosol fractional forcing -- 8.2.3 DARF efficiency -- 8.3 Field measurements and calculations of the diurnally averaged DARF at the ToAand BoA-levels and in the atmosphere, with corr. , 8.3.1 DARF evaluations from the CLEARCOLUMN (ACE-2) field measurements in southern Portugal -- 8.3.2 DARF evaluations from the PRIN-2004 project measurements in southern Italy -- 8.3.3 DARF evaluations obtained from the AEROCLOUDS project measurements in northern Italy -- 8.3.4 DARF evaluations from the Ev-K2-CNR project measurements in Himalaya (Nepal) -- 8.3.5 DARF evaluations from the POLAR-AOD project measurements performed at Arctic and Antarctic sites -- 8.3.6 DARF evaluations from the Aerosols99 measurements in the Atlantic Ocean -- 8.3.7 DARF evaluations from the DOE/ARM/AIOP project field measurements in north-central Oklahoma -- 8.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Index.