Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1 Trend Analyses of Seasonal Mean Temperature Series Pertaining to the Tapi River Basin Using Monthly Data -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Data -- 1.3 Study Area -- 1.4 Methodology -- 1.5 Results -- 1.5.1 Trend Analysis of Regional Winter Tmean Series Corresponding to the Period 1971-2004 -- 1.5.2 Trend Analysis of Regional Pre-monsoon Tmean Series Corresponding to the Period 1971-2004 -- 1.5.3 Trend Analysis of Regional Monsoon Tmean Series Corresponding to the Period 1971-2004 -- 1.5.4 Trend Analysis of Regional Post-monsoon Tmean Series Corresponding to the Period 1971-2004 -- 1.6 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Dry Spell and Wet Spell Characterisation of Nandani River Basin, Western Maharashtra, India -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Objective -- 2.3 Study Area and Methodology -- 2.3.1 Data Used -- 2.3.2 Method -- 2.3.3 Identification of Wet and Dry Spell -- 2.4 Results and Discussion -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Assessment of Climate Change on Crop Water Requirement in Tandula Command of Chhattisgarh (India) -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Study Area and Data Used -- 3.3 Methodology -- 3.3.1 Statistical Downscaling -- 3.3.2 Reference Crop Evapotranspiration (ETo) -- 3.3.3 Computation of Irrigation Water Requirement -- 3.4 Analysis of Results -- 3.4.1 Future Projection of Climate Parameters and Rainfall -- 3.4.2 Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Water Requirement -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Impact of Climate Change on Hydrological Regime of Narmada River Basin -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Literature Review -- 4.3 Methodology -- 4.3.1 Study Area -- 4.3.2 Data and Methodology -- 4.3.3 Model Working Flowchart -- 4.4 ANN Used in Runoff Modelling -- 4.5 Wavelet Transform: A Data Processing Technique -- 4.6 Efficiency Parameters -- 4.7 Conclusion -- References. , 5 Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in Ethiopia -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Water Resources of Ethiopia -- 5.3 Ethiopian Contribution to Global Greenhouse Emission -- 5.4 Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in Ethiopia -- 5.4.1 Observed (Historical) Impacts on Water Resource -- 5.4.2 Potential Impacts on Water Resource -- 5.5 State Reaction for Threats of Climate Change in Ethiopia -- 5.6 Adaptation and Mitigation Techniques in Ethiopia -- 5.7 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- 6 Spatio-Temporal Trend Analysis of Long-Term IMD-Gridded Precipitation in Godavari River Basin, India -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Study Area and Datasets Used -- 6.3 Methodology -- 6.4 Results and Discussion -- 6.5 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Forecasting Reference Evapotranspiration Using Artificial Neural Network for Nagpur Region -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Study Area -- 7.3 Methodology -- 7.4 Results and Discussions -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Time-Varying Downscaling Model (TVDM) and its Benefit to Capture Extreme Rainfall -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area -- 8.3 Materials and Methodology -- 8.3.1 Data Used -- 8.3.2 Methodology -- 8.4 Results and Discussion -- 8.4.1 Calibration Period -- 8.4.2 Validation Period -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- 9 An Assessment of Impact of Land Use-Land Cover and Climate Change on Quality of River Using Water Quality Index -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Land Use-Land Cover -- 9.1.2 Climate Change -- 9.1.3 Water Quality Index -- 9.2 Study Area -- 9.3 Methodology -- 9.3.1 Estimation of Water Quality Index (WQI) -- 9.3.2 Analysis of WQI and Data -- 9.3.3 Relationship Between Land Use, Climate Change and Water Quality -- 9.4 Discussion -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Assessment of Tail Behavior of Probability Distributions of Daily Precipitation Data Over India -- 10.1 Introduction. , 10.2 The Dataset -- 10.3 Methodology -- 10.3.1 Defining the Tail -- 10.3.2 Fitting Method -- 10.3.3 The Fitted Distribution Tails -- 10.4 Results and Discussion -- 10.5 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Benefit of Time-Varying Models Developed Using Graphical Modeling Approach for Probabilistic Prediction of Monthly Streamflow -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Methodology -- 11.3 Application of the Time-Varying GM Approach -- 11.3.1 Study Area and Data Source -- 11.3.2 Model Performance and Discussion -- 11.4 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Determination of Effective Discharge Responsible for Sediment Transport in Cauvery River Basin -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Methodology -- 12.2.1 Goodness-of-Fit Test for Stream Flow Data -- 12.2.2 Determination of Effective Discharge Using MFA -- 12.2.3 Recurrence Interval Prediction -- 12.3 Study Area and Data Considered for MFA -- 12.4 Results and Discussions -- 12.4.1 KS Test for Fitting Probability Distributions to Daily Stream Flow Data -- 12.4.2 Stream Flow Distribution and Sediment Transport Analysis -- 12.4.3 Effective Discharge and Recurrence Interval Determination -- 12.4.4 Duration of Effective Discharge -- 12.5 Conclusions -- References -- 13 A Comparative Study of Potential Evapotranspiration in an Agroforestry Region of Western Ghats, India -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Materials and Methods -- 13.2.1 Penman-Monteith Method (PM) -- 13.2.2 Priestley-Taylor Method (PT) -- 13.2.3 Hargreaves Method (HG) -- 13.2.4 Turc's Method (TC) -- 13.3 Study Area -- 13.4 Results and Discussion -- 13.4.1 Comparisons of Daily ETo Methods -- 13.4.2 Comparisons of Monthly ET0 Methods -- 13.5 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Influence of Air Temperature on Local Precipitation Extremes Across India -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Study Area and Data -- 14.3 Methodology. , 14.3.1 Pairing the Maximum Daily Temperature and Daily Rainfall of Wet Days -- 14.3.2 Clausius-Clapeyron (C-C) Scaling -- 14.4 Results and Discussions -- 14.4.1 Relationship Between Rainfall and Daily Maximum Temperature -- 14.4.2 Evolution of the Scaling Relationship Over Time -- 14.4.3 Relationship Between Rainfall and Maximum Temperature of Preceding Days -- 14.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 15 Effect of Spatial and Temporal Land Use-Land Cover Change on the Rainfall Trend: A Case Study in Kerala -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Study Area and Description -- 15.3 Data and Methodology -- 15.3.1 Rainfall Data -- 15.3.2 Land Use-Land Cover Maps -- 15.3.3 Rainfall Trend -- 15.4 Results and Discussion -- 15.4.1 Land Use-Land Cover Change -- 15.4.2 Rainfall Trend Estimation -- 15.4.3 Relating LULC Modification to Rainfall Change -- 15.5 Conclusion -- References -- 16 Innovations and Application of Operational Ocean Data Products for Security of Marine Environment -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.1.1 Argo Floats -- 16.1.2 Drifter Program -- 16.1.3 Soop/XBT -- 16.1.4 Moored Buoy -- 16.1.5 Satellite Oceanography -- 16.2 Ocean Data and Information System (ODIS) -- 16.3 Ocean Information and Advisory Services -- 16.4 Conclusions -- References -- 17 Statistical Downscaling of Sea Level by Support Vector Machine and Regression Tree Approaches -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Methods -- 17.2.1 Support Vector Regression -- 17.2.2 Regression Tree -- 17.3 Data Collection -- 17.4 Identification of Predictors -- 17.5 Development of Statistical Downscaling Model -- 17.6 Conclusions -- References -- 18 Assessing the Impacts of Climate Change on Crop Yield in Upper Godavari River Sub-basin Using H08 Hydrological Model -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Study Area and Database Development -- 18.3 Methodology and Hydrological Model: H08 -- 18.4 Results and Discussion. , 18.5 Conclusions -- References -- 19 Evaluation of Time Discretization of Daily Rainfall From the Literature for a Specific Site -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Site Description -- 19.3 Time Distribution Curves from the Literature -- 19.4 Data and Methodology -- 19.5 Results and Discussion -- 19.6 Conclusions -- References -- 20 Quality Checks on Continuous Rainfall Records: A Case Study -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Site Description -- 20.3 Screening of Hydrological Data -- 20.3.1 Check for Trend: Spearman's Rank Correlation Method -- 20.3.2 Check for Trend: Kendall's Tau Test -- 20.3.3 Test for Change Point: Cumulative Deviation from the Mean -- 20.3.4 Check for Stability of Variance: Fisher's Test -- 20.3.5 Check for Stability of Means: T-Test -- 20.3.6 Check for Persistence of Data: Lag 1 Serial Correlation Coefficient Test -- 20.3.7 Check for Randomness: Wald-Wolfowitz Test -- 20.4 Conclusions -- References -- 21 Assuring Water Intake Sustainability Under Changing Climate -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Motivation and Objective -- 21.3 Methodology -- 21.4 Basic Governing Equations -- 21.5 Results and Discussion -- 21.6 Conclusions -- References -- 22 Characteristics of Gldas Evapotranspiration and Its Response to Climate Variability Across Ganga Basin, India -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.2 Study Area -- 22.3 Datasets -- 22.3.1 Evapotranspiration -- 22.3.2 Rainfall -- 22.3.3 Temperature -- 22.4 Methods -- 22.4.1 Mann-Kendall Test -- 22.4.2 Modified Mann-Kendall Test -- 22.5 Results and Discussion -- 22.6 Conclusions -- References -- 23 Seasonal and Inter-Annual Variability of Sea Surface Temperature and Its Correlation with Maximum Sustained Wind Speed in Bay of Bengal -- 23.1 Introduction -- 23.2 Data and Methodology -- 23.3 Results and Discussion -- 23.4 Conclusions -- References. , 24 Comparison of CMIP5 Wind Speed from Global Climate Models with In-Situ Observations for the Bay of Bengal.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1 Applications of Geospatial and Information Technologies Toward Achieving Sustainable Development Goals -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Sustainable Development Goals -- 1.2.1 Targets -- 1.2.2 Sustainable Development Goals Index (SDGI) and Its Global Perspective -- 1.2.3 Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on SDGs Implementation -- 1.3 Importance and Scope of Geospatial Technology on SDGs Implementation -- 1.4 Application of Geospatial Techniques Toward Achieving SDGs -- 1.5 Application of Information and Communication Technology Toward Achieving SDGs -- 1.5.1 Application of Big Data -- 1.5.2 Application of Artificial Intelligence -- 1.5.3 Application of Internet of Things -- 1.6 Integration of Geospatial Technology with ICT and Its Significance -- 1.7 Gaps or Challenges -- 1.7.1 Data-Related Challenges -- 1.7.2 Lack of Technology Infrastructure -- 1.7.3 Skilled/Trained Manpower -- 1.7.4 Lack of Awareness -- 1.7.5 Others -- 1.8 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Comparison of Maximum Likelihood, Neural Networks, and Random Forests Algorithms in Classifying Urban Landscape -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Study Area -- 2.3 Methodology -- 2.3.1 Preprocessing -- 2.3.2 Classification Algorithms -- 2.3.3 Image Classification -- 2.4 Results and Discussion -- 2.4.1 Comparison of Overall Accuracies -- 2.4.2 Comparison of Producer's and User's Accuracies -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Crowd-Assisted Flood Disaster Management -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Background of Crowdsourced Data (CSD) -- 3.3 Challenges and Opportunities in CSD -- 3.4 Applications of CSD -- 3.5 Quality and Performance of CSD -- 3.5.1 Credibility of Crowdsourced Data -- 3.5.2 Relevance of Crowdsourced Data -- 3.6 Case Study: Flood Disaster Management -- 3.6.1 CSD Location Availability. , 3.6.2 CSD Credibility Analysis: A Naïve Bayesian Network-Based Model for CSD Credibility Detection -- 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Geospatial Big Earth Data and Urban Data Analytics -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Big Earth Data and their Characteristics -- 4.3 Big Earth Data Sources -- 4.4 Existing Platforms for Big Earth Data Processing and Management -- 4.5 Big Earth Data Analytics -- 4.6 Big Earth Data and Urban Studies -- 4.7 Big Data Urban Analytics Toward Society 5.0 -- 4.8 Challenges and Way Forward -- References -- 5 A Comparative Analysis of Spatiotemporal Drought Events from Remote Sensing and Standardized Precipitation Indexes in Central America Dry Corridor -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Case Study -- 5.3 Methodology -- 5.3.1 Data Acquisition -- 5.3.2 Drought Calculation -- 5.3.3 Drought Vegetation Monitoring Indexes -- 5.3.4 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index NDVI -- 5.3.5 Vegetation Condition Index VCI -- 5.3.6 Climatological Drought Indexes -- 5.3.7 Spatiotemporal Monitoring -- 5.4 Results and Discussion -- 5.4.1 Climatological Drought Index -- 5.4.2 Drought Vegetation Monitoring Indexes -- 5.4.3 Spatiotemporal Approach -- 5.4.4 Drought Tracking -- 5.5 Conclusions -- 5.6 Recommendations -- References -- 6 RETRACTED CHAPTER: Application of GIS and Remote Sensing Tools in Assessment of Drought Using Satellite and Ground-Based Data -- 7 Determining the Yield of Rice Using the Leaf Area Index (LAI) in Iran -- 7.1 Rice Cultivation in Iran -- 7.2 Types of Rice Cultivation in Iran -- 7.2.1 The Method of Transplanting -- 7.2.2 Direct Seeding Method -- 7.3 Rice Yield Remote Estimation Indices -- 7.4 Leaf Area Index -- 7.5 Detection of Rice Crop by Remote Sensing Method -- 7.5.1 Unsupervised Classification -- 7.5.2 Supervised Classification -- 7.6 Determining Rice Yield -- 7.7 Results Evaluation of Rice Yield -- 7.8 Discussion and Conclusion. , References -- 8 Soil Erosion Modeling Using Remote Sensing and GIS -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area -- 8.3 Methodology -- 8.3.1 Erosion Modeling Using RUSLE -- 8.3.2 Erosion Modeling Using MMF Model -- 8.3.3 Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) -- 8.3.4 Model Validation -- 8.4 Results and Discussion -- 8.4.1 Soil Loss by RUSLE Model -- 8.4.2 Soil Loss by MMF Model -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- 9 The Mapping of the Intensity of Degradation According to the Different Land Use in Arid Regions: The Case of the Bouhamed Watershed, Southern Tunisia -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Study Area Exposed to Desertification Problems -- 9.2.1 Arid Climate and Fragile Biophysical Context -- 9.2.2 Ancient and Changing Human Occupation -- 9.3 Methodological Approach to Mapping Land Degradation Based on Remote Sensing and GIS -- 9.3.1 Data and Tools -- 9.3.2 Soil Degradation Mapping Method -- 9.4 Study and Assessment of Degradation Intensity in the Bouhamed Watershed -- 9.4.1 Mapping of the Surface State by the Spectral Indices Approach -- 9.4.2 Mapping Human Occupation Patterns -- 9.4.3 Determination of the Intensity of Degradation -- 9.4.4 Assessment of the State of Desertification by Specification of the Sensitivity Level: Summary Map -- 9.5 Discussion -- 9.6 Conclusion -- 9.7 Recommendation -- References -- 10 Applicability of the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model Data for Basin-Scale Spatiotemporal Drought Assessment -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Materials and Methods -- 10.2.1 Case Study -- 10.2.2 WEAP Model -- 10.2.3 GLEAM Data -- 10.2.4 The Wet-Environment Evapotranspiration and Precipitation Standardized Index (WEPSI) -- 10.2.5 Experimental Setup -- 10.3 Results and Discussion -- 10.3.1 WEPSI Calculation and Performance Evaluation -- 10.3.2 Eligibility of a Global ET Dataset for Local WEPSI Applications -- 10.4 Conclusions -- References. , 11 Remote Sensing-Based Estimation of Shallow Inland Lake Morphometry: A Case Study of Sambhar Salt Lake, Ramsar Site-464, India -- 11.1 Introduction and Background -- 11.1.1 Why Lake Morphometry? -- 11.2 Significant Literature Inferences About Importance of Lake Morphometry -- 11.3 Material and Methods -- 11.3.1 Study Area-General Description -- 11.3.2 Image Preprocessing -- 11.3.3 Extraction of Water Surface -- 11.3.4 Calculation of the Lake Morphometric Parameters -- 11.4 Results and Discussion -- 11.4.1 Lake Water Surface Area (A) or (a) -- 11.4.2 Maximum Length (Lmax) -- 11.4.3 Maximum Width (Bmax) and Mean Width (overlineB) -- 11.4.4 Lake Water Depth (Maximum Depth Dmax) and (Mean Depth overlineD) -- 11.4.5 Lake Volume (V) and Form Factor (Vd) -- 11.4.6 Dynamic Ratio (DR), Erosion-Transportation (ET) Areas, and Accumulation Areas (Ao) -- 11.5 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Remote Sensing and GIS in Spatial Monitoring of the Wetlands: A Case Study of Loktak Lake Catchment, India -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Wetlands Classifications and Distributions -- 12.2.1 Ramsar Classification -- 12.2.2 Wetlands Classifications in India -- 12.2.3 Distributions of Wetlands in India -- 12.3 Drivers for Change in Wetland Conditions -- 12.4 Land Use Land Cover Change (LULCC) Modeling Techniques -- 12.4.1 Vector-Based CA (VEC-GCA) -- 12.4.2 CA-Support Vector Machine (SVM) (CA-SVM) -- 12.4.3 CA-MCE -- 12.5 Case Study of Herbaceous Wetlands (Phumdis) and Wetlands in Loktak Lake Catchment, Manipur, India -- 12.6 Results -- 12.7 Discussions -- 12.8 Conclusion and Recommendation -- References -- 13 Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zones in a Tropical River Basin Using Geospatial Techniques and Analytical Hierarchy Process -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Study Area -- 13.3 Data and Methodology -- 13.4 Results and Discussion -- 13.4.1 Lithology. , 13.4.2 Geomorphological Features -- 13.4.3 Land Use/Land Cover (LU/LC) -- 13.4.4 Soil Texture -- 13.4.5 Lineament Density -- 13.4.6 Slope Angle -- 13.4.7 Drainage Density -- 13.4.8 Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) -- 13.4.9 Rainfall -- 13.4.10 Relative Importance of the Factors -- 13.4.11 Groundwater Potential Zones (GWPZs) -- 13.4.12 Discussions -- 13.5 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 14 Management of Environmentally Stressed Areas in Watershed Using Multi-criteria Decision Tool in GIS: A Noble Technique to Conserve Soil for Agriculture -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.1.1 Rain Splash Erosion -- 14.1.2 Sheet Erosion -- 14.1.3 Rill Erosion -- 14.1.4 Gully Erosion -- 14.1.5 Bank Erosion -- 14.2 Soil Erosion in India -- 14.3 Assessment of Soil Erosion -- 14.4 Watershed Prioritization and Design of SWC Measures -- 14.5 Application of GIS -- 14.6 Case Study -- 14.6.1 Module-I: Prioritization -- 14.6.2 Module-II: Development of CAT Plan for SWC Measures -- 14.7 Study Area and Data Used -- 14.8 Results and Discussion -- 14.8.1 Module-I: Prioritization of Sub-watersheds -- 14.8.2 Module-II CAT Plan for Soil Water Conservation Measures -- 14.9 Conclusions -- References -- 15 Geospatial Technology for Estimating the Physical Vulnerability of Building Structures to Natural Hazards -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 The Study Area -- 15.3 Methodology -- 15.3.1 Identification and Grading of Relevant Hazards -- 15.3.2 Determination of Physical Vulnerability of Building Structures to Floods -- 15.3.3 Calculation of the Vulnerability Index (VI) -- 15.4 Risk Assessment for Physical Vulnerability of Building Structures to Floods -- 15.4.1 The Results of Hazard Assessment -- 15.4.2 Results of the Vulnerability Assessment -- 15.5 Conclusion -- 15.6 Future Directions -- References. , 16 Cooling Potential Simulation of Urban Green Space Using Remote Sensing and Web-Based GIS Integration in Panat Nikom Municipality, Thailand.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Establishing Sediment Rating Curves Using Optimization Technique -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Method -- 3 GRG Technique -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- A Study on Some Characteristics of an Alluvial Channel for Varying Flows -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Study -- 3 Experimental Set-Up -- 4 Analysis of Data -- 4.1 Fluvial View -- 4.2 Analytical View -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Model Study for Determination of Efficiency of a Typical Silt Ejector -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Related Work -- 3 Justification for Hydraulic Model Study -- 4 Hydraulic Model -- 5 Observations -- 5.1 Escape Discharge -- 5.2 Silt Movement -- 6 Model Run with Discharges Lower Than Design Discharge -- 7 Discussion -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Comparative Review on Model Selection for Hydrological Studies -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Types of Models -- 2.1 Process-Based/Deterministic Models -- 2.2 Stochastic Models -- 3 Descriptions of Some Hydrological Models -- 3.1 Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) Model -- 3.2 System Hydrologique European (MIKE-SHE) Model -- 3.3 Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning (HBV) Model -- 3.4 Topography Based Hydrological Model (TOPMODEL) -- 3.5 Agricultural Policy Environmental Extender (APEX) Model -- 3.6 Annualized Agricultural Non-point Source (AnnAGNPS) Model -- 3.7 Gridded Surface Subsurface Hydrologic Analysis (GSSHA) Model -- 3.8 Distributed Hydrology Vegetation Soil (DHVSM) Model -- 3.9 Patuxent landscape Model (PLM) -- 3.10 Hydrological Predictions for the Environment (HYPE) Model -- 3.11 Hydrologic Modelling System (HEC-HMS) -- 3.12 Precipitation Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) Model -- 3.13 Water and Energy Transfer Between Soil, Plants and Atmosphere (Wet Spa) Model -- 3.14 Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) Model. , 4 Conclusion -- References -- An Automatic Integrated Tool for Deriving Morphometric Parameters -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Integrated Tool -- 3 Study Area -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Flood Frequency Analysis in Seonath and Hasdeo River Basins -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Data Availability -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Analysis of Hydrological Data -- 3.2 Delineation of Homogeneous Regions -- 3.3 Discordancy Measure -- 3.4 Heterogeneity Test -- 3.5 Selection of Parametric Distribution -- 3.6 Locfit Approach -- 3.7 RFFA for Un-Gauged Catchments -- 3.8 Flood Quantiles Estimation and Comparison -- 4 Results and Discussions -- 4.1 Data Quality Check -- 4.2 Regionalisation -- 4.3 Parameter Estimation and Regional Formula -- 4.4 At-site Frequency Analysis -- 4.5 Comparative Analyses of Flood Quantiles -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Assessment of Plan Form Development Due to Erosion and Deposition of Soil -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Inferences -- 3 Objectives -- 4 Methodology -- 4.1 Details of the Experimental Set up -- 5 Experiment Method -- 6 Data Collected and Analysis -- 7 Graphical Representation -- 8 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- Assessment and Application of the Morphometric Attributes of the Bharathapuzha River Basin, India Using Geographical Information System -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Data Analysis and Discussion -- 4.1 Primary Morphometric Attributes -- 5 Secondary Morphometric Attributes -- 5.1 Linear Aspects of the Drainage Basin -- 5.2 Aerial Aspects of the Drainage Basin -- 5.3 Shape Parameters -- 5.4 Relief Aspects -- 6 Applications of the Obtained Morphometric Attributes -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Integrated Tool for Morphometric Analysis Using QGIS -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Study Area -- 4 Results Stream Order (U) -- 5 Conclusion. , References -- Short Term and Seasonal Observation on Shoreline Changes from Kanagachettikulam to Veerampattinam of the Puducherry Coastal Region Using GPS Technique -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Scope of the Present Study -- 3 Study Area -- 4 Materials and Methods -- 5 Results -- 6 Normal Zone (Kanaga Chettikulam to Periyamudaliyarchavady) -- 7 Results Based on Seasonal Observation -- 7.1 Accretion -- 7.2 Erosion -- 7.3 Structure Zone (Periya Mudaliyarchavady to Veerampattinam) -- 8 Accretion Results -- 9 Erosion Results -- 10 Results Based on Seasonal Observation -- 10.1 Accretion -- 10.2 Erosion -- 11 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- A Review of Computational Studies on Indian Coast Considering Climate Change Effects -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Rainfall and Temperature -- 1.2 Sea Level Rise and Floods -- 1.3 Wind and Wave Climate -- 2 Availability of Data -- 2.1 In-Situ Measured Data -- 2.2 Satellite Measurements -- 2.3 Global Climate Models -- 2.4 Climate Change Scenarios -- 3 Methods and Computational Tools Used in Climatology -- 3.1 Numerical Modelling -- 3.2 Artificial Neural Network -- 3.3 Analysis Based on Long-Term Probability Distributions -- 4 Computational Studies Along Indian Coast -- 5 Summary -- References -- Determination of Effective Discharge Responsible for Sediment Transport in Cauvery River Basin -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Goodness of Fit Test for Stream Flow Data -- 2.2 Determination of Effective Discharge Using MFA -- 2.3 Recurrence Interval Prediction -- 3 Study Area and Data Considered for MFA -- 4 Results and Discussions -- 4.1 KS Test for Fitting Probability Distributions to Daily Stream Flow Data -- 4.2 Stream Flow Distribution and Sediment Transport Analysis -- 4.3 Effective Discharge and Recurrence Interval Determination -- 4.4 Duration of Effective Discharge -- 5 Conclusions -- References. , Pervious Concrete as an Effective Urban Flood Management Tool -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Mix Proportion -- 1.2 Environment Benefits -- 2 Research Significance -- 3 Materials and Methodology -- 3.1 Composition and Mix Design -- 3.2 Sample Preparation -- 3.3 Experimental Set up -- 3.4 Properties of Concrete -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Compressive Strength -- 4.2 Porosity -- 4.3 Permeability -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Numerical Simulation of Wave Conditions for Mangrol Fishing Harbour -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Wave Transformation -- 4 Wave Tranquility -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Erodibility of Cohesive Sediments Using Jet Erosion Tests -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Experimental Equipment and Procedure -- 2.1 Properties of Clay and Sand Used -- 2.2 Tank for Experimentation on Jet-Scour -- 3 Methods of Analysis -- 4 Analysis, Results and Discussions -- 5 Conclusions and Suggestions -- References -- Numerical Simulation of Desilting Chamber Using Flow 3D -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Hydraulic Model Studies for Desilting Chamber -- 3 Numerical Modeling Through CFD -- 4 Mathematical Formulation -- 4.1 Meshing and Geometry -- 5 Velocity Profiles -- 6 Sediment Movement Inside Desilting Chamber -- 7 Pressure Profiles -- 8 Results -- 9 Conclusions -- References -- Flood Management-An Overview -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Impact of Flood -- 3.1 Impact of Flood in the State of West Bengal Within Last Fifty Years -- 4 1968 North Bengal Flood, West Bengal -- 5 1978 Flood in Midnapur and Other Districts, West Bengal -- 6 Purulia Flood of 1992, West Bengal -- 7 Flood of 2000 in West Bengal -- 8 Flood in Bankura and Jhargram Districts of West Bengal During the Year 2018 -- 9 Flood Impact Assessment and Management -- 10 Action Plan of Flood Management -- 11 Application of New Technology -- 12 Conclusions -- References. , Grid Sensitivity Study of Modular Ocean Model in Capturing Regional-Scale Dynamics of Bay of Bengal Under Seasonal Wind Patterns -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Model Description -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Bathymetry Retrieval Using Remote Sensing Techniques for Inter-tidal Regions of Tapi Estuary -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Existing Methods to Retrieve Bathymetry from Satellite Images -- 2.1 Tide Co-ordinated Shoreline Method -- 2.2 Band Ratio Method -- 3 Study Area -- 4 Datasets Used -- 4.1 Satellite Images -- 4.2 Bathymetry -- 4.3 Tide -- 5 Methodology -- 5.1 Tide Co-ordinated Shoreline (TC) Method -- 5.2 Band Ratio (BR) Method -- 5.3 Hybrid (TCBR) Method -- 6 Results and Discussion -- 6.1 Result from Tide Co-ordinated Shoreline (TC) Method -- 6.2 Result from Band Ratio (BR) Method -- 6.3 Result from Hybrid (TCBR) Method -- 7 Validation -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Numerical Model Studies to Assess Wave Transmission Through Array of Wave Energy Converters, with Different Configurations -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Numerical Model -- 2.2 Numerical Wave Flume -- 2.3 Experiments -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Comparison of Transmission Coefficients -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Physical and Numerical Modeling of Flow Pattern Near Upstream Guide Wall of Jigaon Dam Spillway, Maharashtra -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Physical Model -- 2 Numerical Model -- 2.1 Comparison of Numerical Model Results with Physical Model Results for Original Design of Spillway -- 2.2 Flow Conditions Over the Spillway for Fully Open Gate Operation -- 2.3 Velocity in the Upstream of the Spillway for Fully Open Gate Operation -- 3 Revised Design of Spillway -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Assessing the Impact of Ports on Tiruvallur Coast of Tamilnadu -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Data Used -- 4 Methodology. , 5 Result and Discussion.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Authors -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 What is Deep Learning? -- 1.2 Pros and Cons of Deep Learning -- 1.3 Recent Applications of Deep Learning in Hydrometeorological and Environmental Studies -- 1.4 Organization of Chapters -- 1.5 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- 2 Mathematical Background -- 2.1 Linear Regression Model -- 2.1.1 Simple Linear Regression -- 2.1.2 Multiple Linear Regression -- 2.2 Time Series Model -- 2.2.1 Autoregressive Model (AR) -- 2.3 Probability Distributions -- 2.3.1 Normal Distributions -- 2.3.2 Gamma Distribution -- 2.4 Exercises -- References -- 3 Data Preprocessing -- 3.1 Normalization -- 3.2 Data Splitting for Training and Testing -- 3.3 Exercises -- 4 Neural Network -- 4.1 Terminology in Neural Network -- 4.1.1 Components of Neural Network -- 4.1.2 Activation Functions -- 4.1.3 Error and Loss Function -- 4.1.4 Softmax and One-Hot Encoding -- 4.2 Artificial Neural Network -- 4.2.1 Simplest Network -- 4.2.2 Feedforward and Backward Propagation -- 4.2.3 Network with Multiple Input and Output Variables -- 4.2.4 Python Coding of the Simple Network -- 4.3 Exercises -- 5 Training a Neural Network -- 5.1 Initialization -- 5.2 Gradient Descent -- 5.3 Backpropagation -- 5.3.1 Simple Network -- 5.3.2 Full Neural Network -- 5.3.3 Python Coding of Network -- 5.4 Exercises -- Reference -- 6 Updating Weights -- 6.1 Momentum -- 6.2 Adagrad -- 6.3 RMSprop -- 6.4 Adam -- 6.5 Nadam -- 6.6 Python Coding of Updating Weights -- 6.7 Exercises -- References -- 7 Improving Model Performance -- 7.1 Batching and Minibatch -- 7.2 Validation -- 7.2.1 Python Coding of K-Fold Cross-Validation -- 7.3 Regularization -- 7.3.1 L-Norm Regularization -- 7.3.2 Dropout -- 7.3.3 Python Coding of Regularization -- 7.4 Exercises -- Reference -- 8 Advanced Neural Network Algorithms -- 8.1 Extreme Learning Machine (ELM). , 8.1.1 Basic ELM -- 8.1.2 Generalized ELM -- 8.1.3 Python Coding -- 8.2 Autoencoder -- 8.2.1 Vanilla Autoencoder -- 8.2.2 Regularized Autoencoder -- 8.2.3 Python Coding of Regularized AE -- 8.3 Exercises -- Reference -- 9 Deep Learning for Time Series -- 9.1 Recurrent Neural Network -- 9.1.1 Backpropagation -- 9.1.2 Backpropagation Through Time (BPTT) -- 9.2 Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) -- 9.2.1 Basics of LSTM -- 9.2.2 Example of LSTM -- 9.2.3 Backpropagation of a Simple LSTM -- 9.2.4 Backpropagation Through Time (BPTT) -- 9.3 Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) -- 9.3.1 Basics of GRU -- 9.3.2 Example of GRU -- 9.3.3 Backpropagation of a Simple GRU Model -- 9.4 Exercises -- References -- 10 Deep Learning for Spatial Datasets -- 10.1 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) -- 10.1.1 Definition of Convolution -- 10.1.2 Elements of CNN -- 10.2 Backpropagation of CNN -- 10.3 Exercises -- 11 Tensorflow and Keras Programming for Deep Learning -- 11.1 Basic Keras Modeling -- 11.2 Temporal Deep Learning (LSTM and GRU) -- 11.3 Spatial Deep Learning (CNN) -- 11.4 Exercises -- References -- 12 Hydrometeorological Applications of Deep Learning -- 12.1 Stochastic Simulation with LSTM -- 12.1.1 Mathematical Description for Stochastic Simulation with LSTM -- 12.1.2 Colorado Monthly Streamflow -- 12.1.3 Results of Colorado River -- 12.1.4 Python Coding -- 12.1.5 Matlab Coding -- 12.2 Forecasting Daily Temperature with LSTM -- 12.2.1 Preparing the Data -- 12.2.2 Methodology -- 12.2.3 Results -- 12.2.4 Python Coding -- 12.3 Exercises -- References -- 13 Environmental Applications of Deep Learning -- 13.1 Remote Sensing of Water Quality Using CNN -- 13.1.1 Introduction -- 13.1.2 Study Area and Monitoring -- 13.1.3 Field Data Collection -- 13.1.4 Point-Centered Regression CNN (PRCNN) -- 13.1.5 Results and Discussion -- 13.1.6 Conclusion -- 13.1.7 Python Coding -- References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part I Hydrological Monitoring -- 1 Wireless Sensor Networks for Hydrological Monitoring, Helpful Tools for Accurate Models -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Methods -- 1.3 Results and Discussion -- 1.4 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Automatic Extraction of Surface Water Bodies from High-Resolution Multispectral Remote Sensing Imagery Using GIS and Deep Learning Techniques in Dubai -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Methods -- 2.2.1 Study Area -- 2.2.2 Input Data -- 2.2.3 Training Data of the Deep Learning Model -- 2.2.4 Load Model Architecture -- 2.2.5 Train the Model Through Learning Rate Tuning and Transfer Learning -- 2.2.6 Test Time Augmentation -- 2.2.7 Accuracy Assessment -- 2.3 Results and Discussion -- 2.3.1 Confidence Threshold and Accuracy of Water Bodies Dataset -- 2.3.2 Confusion Matrix -- 2.3.3 False Positives -- 2.3.4 Cartography Enhancement -- 2.3.5 Validate the Extracted Water Body Layer Against Reference Layers -- 2.3.6 Water Bodies Layer Dissemination -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- Part II Rainfall and Floods -- 3 Multiple Non-linear Reservoirs to Model Water Balance Components in Sandy Soils -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Methods -- 3.2.1 Assumption of Gravity-Driven Infiltration (GD) -- 3.2.2 One Non-linear Reservoir -- 3.2.3 Multiple Non-linear Reservoirs -- 3.3 Results and Discussion -- 3.3.1 Water Content Profiles for Constant Rainfall Intensity -- 3.3.2 Mass Water Balance -- 3.3.3 Effect of Number of Reservoirs -- 3.3.4 Comparison Between the GD Solution and the Richards Equation -- 3.3.5 Water Content Profiles for Variable Rainfall Intensity -- 3.4 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- 4 Flood Mapping and Assessment During Typhoon Ulysses (Vamco) in Cagayan, Philippines Using Synthetic Aperture Radar Images -- 4.1 Introduction. , 4.2 Study Area and Methodology -- 4.2.1 Description of Study Area -- 4.2.2 Satellite Data -- 4.2.3 Flooded Area Determination -- 4.2.4 Standing Crops Analysis -- 4.3 Results and Discussion -- 4.3.1 Quantification of Flooded Area -- 4.3.2 Affected Rice Area Analysis -- 4.4 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Trends in Annual Maximum Flood Data in New South Wales Australia -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Methods -- 5.2.1 Selection of AMF Data for Trend Analysis -- 5.2.2 Trend Analysis -- 5.3 Results and Discussion -- 5.4 Conclusions -- References -- 6 The Impact of Flash Floods on the Extreme Functioning of Undeveloped Basins: Case of the Srou Catchment (March 2010 Flood) (Oum Er-Rbia Basin, Morocco) -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Presentation Du Domaine D'etude -- 6.3 Climatic and Hydrological Framework -- 6.3.1 Development of Rainfall Characteristics -- 6.3.2 Monthly Flow Coefficient of Wadi Srou (1975-2016) -- 6.4 Material and Methodology -- 6.4.1 Extraction of Floods from Instantaneous References -- 6.5 Results and Discussion -- 6.5.1 Extraction of Floods Form Instantaneous References of the Srou Catchment (1975-2015) -- 6.5.2 Instantaneous Flood Recorded in 2010 -- 6.5.3 2010 Spring Flood Analysis -- 6.5.4 Flood Survey 2010 in Chacha Namalleh and Aval Lahri Station in m3/s -- 6.6 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Analysis of Non-stationary Return Levels Using Extreme Daily Rainfall for Surat City, India -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Methods -- 7.2.1 Study Area and Data Collection -- 7.2.2 Methodology -- 7.3 Result and Discussion -- 7.3.1 Trend Analysis -- 7.3.2 Detection of Non-stationarity in the Time Series -- 7.3.3 The Selection of Best Non-stationary Model -- 7.3.4 Model Diagnosis of the Selected GEV Models -- 7.4 Stationary and Non-stationary Return Levels -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- Part III Droughts. , 8 Analysis of Hydrological Drought in the Eastern Part of Slovakia Using Standardized Precipitation Index -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Material and Methods -- 8.3 Results and Discussion -- 8.4 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Low Flow in the Oued El Abid Basin (Morocco): Better Understand It to Better Manage It (Oum Errbia Basin-Morocco) -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Methods -- 9.3 Results and Discussion -- 9.3.1 The Appearance of Low Water Levels in the Oued El Abid Basin -- 9.3.2 Analysis of the Variability of CNds in the Watershed of Oued El Abid Upstream of the Bin El Ouidane Dam -- 9.3.3 Frequency Analysis of CNds in the Oued El Abid Watershed -- 9.3.4 Usefulness of VCNds for Managers -- 9.4 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Part IV Groundwater -- 10 Development of Long Short-Term Memory Model for Prediction of Water Table Depth in United Arab Emirates -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Materials and Methodology -- 10.3 Results and Discussion -- 10.4 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Assessment and Management of Seawater Intrusion in Gaza Aquifer Due to Over Pumping and Sea Level Rise -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methods -- 11.2.1 Study Area and Boundary Conditions -- 11.2.2 Numerical Model -- 11.3 Results -- 11.3.1 Current Situation of SWI in Gaza Aquifer -- 11.3.2 Numerical Model Verification -- 11.3.3 Seawater Intrusion in Wadi Gaza in Response to Over Pumping and Sea Level Rise -- 11.3.4 Management of SWI in Wadi Gaza -- 11.4 Discussions -- 11.5 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Analysis of a Joint Impact of Climate Change and Anthropogenic Interventions on Groundwater Depletion in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1 Aim -- 12.2 Aim -- 12.2.1 Methods -- 12.2.2 Data Collection and Analysis -- 12.3 Results and Discussion -- 12.3.1 Characteristics of Climate Parameters -- 12.3.2 Climate Condition. , 12.3.3 Results Related to Groundwater -- 12.3.4 Regulatory Framework -- 12.4 Conclusions -- References -- 13 Modeling and Prediction of Groundwater Level Fluctuations Using Geoinformatics and Artificial Neural Networks in Al Ain City, UAE -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Methodology -- 13.2.1 Data Processing -- 13.2.2 Artificial Neural Networks -- 13.2.3 Mapping and Visualization -- 13.3 Results and Discussion -- 13.4 Conclusions -- References -- 14 Factors Influencing the Site Selection Criteria for Efficient Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) System in Saline Regions -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Methods -- 14.3 Results and Discussion -- 14.3.1 Aquifer Hydraulic Conductivity and Hydraulic Gradient -- 14.3.2 Aquifer Thickness -- 14.3.3 Longitudinal and Transverse Dispersivity -- 14.3.4 Density Difference -- 14.4 Conclusions -- References -- 15 Estimation of Groundwater Resources According to Watershed and Groundwater Divide -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Methods -- 15.2.1 Selected MASCH -- 15.2.2 Fundamentals RENATA Code -- 15.3 Results and Discussion -- 15.3.1 RENATA Code Application -- 15.3.2 Recharge Distribution According to the Watershed and the Groundwater Divides -- 15.4 Conclusions -- References -- 16 CFD Analysis of a Microchannel Heat Exchanger Based 3-D Printed Solar Receiver -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Mathematical Modelling -- 16.3 Results and Discussion -- 16.4 Conclusions -- References -- 17 Mapping Groundwater Potential Zones in UAE Using GIS-Based Hydrogeological Modeling -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Hydrogeological Setting -- 17.3 Materials and Methods -- 17.4 Results and Discussion -- 17.5 Conclusion -- References -- 18 Trihalomethane Species Development in Drinking Water -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Methods -- 18.2.1 Sources of Water Samples -- 18.2.2 Experimental Procedure -- 18.2.3 Analytical Methods -- 18.3 Results and Discussion. , 18.4 Conclusions -- References -- 19 Climate Change Impact on Water Resources and Rainwater Harvesting Systems in the Semi-arid Regions of India -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Methods -- 19.3 Results and Discussion -- 19.3.1 Rainwater Harvesting -- 19.3.2 Rooftop and Storm Water Harvesting in Urban Area -- 19.3.3 Sustainable Environmental Technology to Harvest Rainwater in Rural Area -- 19.4 Conclusions -- References -- Part V Water Quality -- 20 Soil Erosion Prioritization of Yarmouk River Basin, Jordan Using Multiple Approaches in a GIS Environment -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Study Area -- 20.3 Data and Methods -- 20.3.1 Morphometric Analysis -- 20.3.2 Prioritization by Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) -- 20.4 Results and Discussion -- 20.4.1 Prioritization Based on Morphometric Analysis -- 20.4.2 Prioritization Based on Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) -- 20.5 Conclusions -- Appendix 1: Methodology Adopted for Computation of Morphometric Parameters -- Appendix 2: Morphometric Parameters of YRB -- Appendix 3: The Morphometric Parameters of Sub-watersheds in YRB -- References -- 21 Effects of Leachate from Osisioma Open Dumpsite in Aba, Abia State, Nigeria on Surrounding Borehole Water Quality -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.1.1 Description of the Study Area -- 21.2 Methods -- 21.2.1 Sample and Sampling Techniques -- 21.2.2 Groundwater and Leachate Sample Collection and Analysis -- 21.2.3 Statistical Analysis -- 21.3 Results and Discussion -- 21.3.1 Physiochemical and Microbiological Parameters Concentration with Distance from the Dumpsite -- 21.3.2 Concentration Variation in Physiochemical Parameters of Sampled Boreholes and Leachate -- 21.3.3 Concentration Variation in Chemical (Heavy Metals) Variables in Sampled Boreholes and Leachate -- 21.3.4 Concentration Variation in Microbiological Variables in Sampled Boreholes and Leachate. , 21.3.5 Relationship Between Sampled Borehole Water and W.H.O. Water Quality Standard.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Reduction of GHGs in Buildings-Indian Affordable Houses -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Analysis -- 5 Results -- 6 Discussions and Future Work -- References -- Modern Techniques for Earthquake Resistant Buildings: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Studies and Discussion -- 2.1 Fluid Viscous Dampers -- 2.2 Base Isolators -- 2.3 Elastomeric Polymer Bearings -- 2.4 Dampers -- 2.5 Self-righting and Aluminum Shear Links -- 2.6 Composite Materials -- 2.7 Moment Resisting Connections -- 3 Conclusion -- References -- Review of Modern Techniques and Automation in the Construction Industry -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Studies and Discussion -- 2.1 Conventional Methods Used in Construction -- 2.2 Modern Construction Methods -- 3 Automation in Construction Sector -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- COVID 19 and Urban Development -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Analysis of Future Urban Areas -- 4 Results and Discussions -- 5 Future Work -- References -- A Case Study on Flyover in Urban Context -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Objectives and Methodology -- 3 Result and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Planning for Pedestrian-Friendly Cities -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Problem Statement and Study Objectives -- 1.2 Research Objectives and Expected Goal -- 2 Literature Review -- 2.1 Most Advanced Pedestrian-Friendly Cities in Different Continents -- 2.2 Based on Terrain -- 2.3 Based on Regions -- 2.4 Based Upon Psychological Factors -- 3 Data Collection and Analysis -- 4 Proposed Suggestions -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Spatiotemporal Variation in Surface Velocity of Glaciers, Namely, Mount Kolahoi in the Lidder Basin Between 2016 and 2019 Using Landsat 8 Imagery -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Dataset -- 4 Methodology. , 5 Glacier Velocity Estimation -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 3D Reconstruction of Heritage Site Using Terrestrial LiDAR Scanner (Tls): A Case Study of a Section of Gulistan-E-Iram, Lucknow -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Principal of Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) -- 3 Components of Terrestrial LiDAR Scanner (TLS) -- 4 Architecture Inspection -- 5 Study Area -- 6 Methodology -- 7 Result of the Study -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Efficient Bus Transport System, Case Study of Dehradun -- 1 Background -- 2 Literature Study -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Pre-fieldwork -- 3.2 Fieldwork -- 3.3 Post-fieldwork -- 4 Road Characteristics -- 4.1 Road Network -- 4.2 Vehicular Growth -- 5 Current Posture of Public Transport -- 5.1 Condition of Public Transport in Dehradun -- 5.2 Existing Bus Transport Network -- 5.3 Existing Vikram Routes -- 6 Conclusion -- 7 Recommendation -- References -- Snow Cover Mapping Over the Region of Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) for 2008-2018 Using Cloud Mitigated Moderate Resolution Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Snow Cover Data -- 1 Introduction and Background -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Datasets Used -- 3.1 MODIS Snow Cover Data Products -- 3.2 Landsat Data Products -- 4 Methodology -- 5 Results -- 6 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Methods for Vehicle Detection Using Roadside Sensors in Complex Environment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Studies and Discussion -- 2.1 Importance of Vehicle Count in Traffic Engineering -- 2.2 Intrusive and Non-intrusive Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Model-Based Evaluation and Comparative Analysis of Biological Nutrient Removal Processes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 WWTP -- 2.2 Mathematical Model -- 2.3 Activated Sludge Model-1 -- 2.4 Activated Sludge Model -2 -- 2.5 Activated Sludge Model-3 -- 3 Result and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References. , Qualitative and Comparative Assessment of Pharmaceutical Industry Effluents in Selaqui Region -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 2.1 Studies on Characterization of Pharmaceutical Industry Effluents -- 2.2 Past Studies in Pharma City, Selaqui -- 2.3 Study Area -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 PH -- 3.2 Conductivity -- 3.3 COD -- 3.4 BOD -- 4 Compliance Check with CPCB Standards -- 5 Comparative Study -- 5.1 Effluent Comparison -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- FPGA Implementation of Area-Efficient Binary Counter Using Xilinx IP Cores -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Proposed Work -- 4 Comparison of Proposed and Existing Work -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Impact of Non-standardized Trucks on Vehicle Fill Rate (VFR) and Cost in Indian FMCG Sector: A Study -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Research Methodology -- 3.1 Case Description -- 3.2 Case Selection -- 3.3 Data Gathering -- 3.4 Data Analysis -- 4 Variability and Impact Analysis (In Terms of Vfr and Cost) -- 4.1 CASE 1: Study of Minimum Variation in Vehicle Dimension for a Similar Type of Truck and Its Effect on Vehicle Fill Rate (VFR) and Variable Distribution Cost Vehicle Direct Cost (VDC) -- 4.2 CASE 2: Study of Minimum Variation Loading Capacity for a Similar Type of Truck and Its Effect on Variable Distribution Cost  (VDC) -- 4.3 Discussion -- 5 Impact of Variabilty of Truck Size and Truck Carrying Capacity on Decision-Making -- 6 Real-Life Implication -- 7 Limitation and Scope of Further Research -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- A Characteristic Study on the Factors Influencing Dust Explosion in Different Industrial Sectors -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Conducted to Understand the Dust Movement -- 3 Combustible Property of Textile Dust -- 3.1 Case Study 1 -- 3.2 Case Study 2 -- 4 Conclusion -- References. , Piezoelectric Materials for Sustainable Energy and Fitness Monitoring of Civil Structures -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Technology Development -- 1.2 Piezoelectric Ceramics -- 1.3 Piezoelectric Constant -- 2 Experiment -- 2.1 Electromechanical Properties -- 2.2 Fabrication Technique -- 2.3 Building Fitness Monitoring -- 3 Conclusion -- References -- Study on Effectiveness of Parkinsonia Aculeate for Water Treatment: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Turbid Water Purification Using Parkinsonia Seeds [9] -- 3 Water Purification Using Purified Proteins [10] -- 4 Test for the Purification on Large Scale [13] -- 5 Comparison of Coagulating Properties of Crude Seed Extracts and Eluted Proteins [12] -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Floating Green Buildings and Towns -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Floating Cities and Residential Plots Overview -- 4 Methodology -- 5 Discussion and Future Scope of Work -- References -- Integrating Vastu Shastra for Green and Energy Efficient Building Under Byelaws -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Analysis of Development Control and Promotion Regulations for Regional Plans in Maharashtra -- 3 Identification of Deficiencies and Gap Analysis -- 3.1 Part 2-General Planning and Building Requirements -- 3.2 Part 3-General Guidelines for Residential Land-Use -- 3.3 Part3-General Guidelines for Commercial Complexes -- 3.4 Part 4-Guidelines for the Construction of Spiritual Places -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Efficient Municipal Solid Waste Management: A Case Study of Dehradun City -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Data Collection and Processing -- 3.1 Existing Situation Analysis -- 4 Result and Conclusion -- 5 Recommendation -- References -- A Study on Alternative Strategies for Public Transportation in Dehradun City -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Research Objectives -- 1.2 Methodology -- 2 Literature Review. , 3 Data Collection and Analysis -- 3.1 Boarding and Alighting Data Collected on Field -- 4 Results and Discussion-Alternate Strategies -- 4.1 Bus Transportation Completely Operated By Government -- 4.2 Both Transit and Paratransit Help the City to Turn Out Into a Smart City -- 4.3 Both Bus Transit and Paratransit Serve the City of Dehradun Simultaneously Under the Government Supervision -- 4.4 Privatisation -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Sustainability Assessment Need for Construction Phase in Construction Project -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Construction  Site & -- Pollution -- 3 Construction Site Sustainability -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Suitable Urban Land Development Model for Uttarakhand -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 2.1 Land Acquisition -- 2.2 Land Pooling -- 2.3 Town Planning Schemes (TPS) -- 2.4 Transferable Development Rights (TDR) -- 2.5 Accommodation and Reservation Principle -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Assessment of Urban Land Development Mechanism in Different States of India -- 4.1 Maharashtra -- 4.2 Gujarat -- 4.3 Delhi -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- 6 Recommended Framework -- 6.1 Land Pooling -- 6.2 TPS Mechanism -- 6.3 Transferrable Development Rights and Accommodation Reservation -- References -- Evacuation Methods During Fire in High-Rise Buildings: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Objectives -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Limitations -- 5 Outline -- 6 Behavioral Problems Regarding the Building Using -- 6.1 Office Building -- 6.2 Residential Building -- 6.3 Health Care Building -- 6.4 Egress Components -- 6.5 Stairs -- 6.6 Elevators -- 6.7 Sky Bridges -- 6.8 Refugee Floor -- 6.9 Egress Methods -- 7 Conclusion -- References.