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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Buoyancy-Driven Flows. (2012)
    New York :Cambridge University Press,
    Details
    Keywords: Buoyant convection. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: This book summarizes our present understanding of buoyancy-driven flows, ranging from buoyant coastal currents to dense overflows in the ocean, and from avalanches to volcanic pyroclastic flows. It is an invaluable resource for advanced students and researchers in oceanography, geophysical fluid dynamics, atmospheric science and the wider Earth sciences.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (446 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9781139340069
    URL: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=866808
    DDC: 551.48
    Language: English
    Note: Cover -- BUOYANCY-DRIVEN FLOWS -- TITLE -- COPYRIGHT -- Contents -- Contributors -- Introduction -- References -- 1: Gravity Currents - Theory and Laboratory Experiments -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Reduced Gravity -- 1.3 Frontogenesis -- 1.4 Nondimensional Parameters -- 1.5 Scaling Analysis -- 1.6 Theories for the Froude Number -- 1.6.1 Yih's Theory -- 1.6.2 Von Kármán's Theory -- 1.6.3 Benjamin's Theory -- 1.6.3.1 Mass and Momentum Conservation -- 1.6.3.2 Energy Conservation -- 1.6.3.3 Comparison with Experiment -- 1.6.4 Energy-Conserving Theory -- 1.6.4.1 Partial-Depth Lock Releases -- 1.6.4.2 Mass and Momentum conservation -- 1.6.4.3 Energy Conservation -- 1.6.4.4 Comparison with Experiments -- 1.6.4.5 Energy Transfers -- 1.7 Shallow Water Theory -- 1.7.1 Similarity Solution -- 1.7.1.1 Comparison with Experiment -- 1.8 Stratified Ambient Fluid -- 1.8.1 Criticality -- 1.8.2 Comparison with Data for Stratified Ambient Fluids -- 1.8.2.1 Current Speed -- 1.8.3 Current Depth -- 1.9 Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2: Theory of Oceanic Buoyancy-Driven Flows -- 2.1 General Considerations and a Laboratory Example -- 2.1.1 Introduction -- 2.1.2 A Laboratory Example: Formulation -- 2.1.3 The Linear Problem -- 2.1.4 The Interior -- 2.1.5 Sidewall Boundary Layers σS < -- < -- 1 -- 2.1.6 The Hydrostatic Layer -- 2.1.7 The Buoyancy Layer -- 2.1.8 Matching the boundary conditions at r = ro -- 2.1.9 The Purely Mechanically Driven Flow -- 2.1.10 The Buoyancy Driven Flow in the Cylinder -- 2.1.11 A Laboratory Example -- 2.2 Buoyancy-Driven Flows in Beta-Plane Basins:The Relation Between Buoyancy Forcing and the Location of Vertical Motion -- 2.2.1 Introduction -- 2.2.2 The Model Formulation -- 2.2.3 Interior Solution -- 2.2.4 Boundary Layer Structure -- 2.2.4.1 The diffusion layer -- 2.2.4.2 The Hydrostatic Layer -- 2.2.5 Matching. , 2.2.6 An Example -- 2.2.7 Nonlinear Theory -- 2.3 Buoyancy Forced Flows with Weak Stratification: Downstream Variation Effects -- 2.3.1 Introduction -- 2.3.2 The Model -- 2.3.3 The Interior -- 2.3.4 The Sidewall Boundary Layer for σH S < -- < -- EH 2/3(D/L)2/3 -- 2.3.5 An Example -- 2.3.6 Discussion -- References -- 3: Buoyancy-Forced Circulation and Downwelling in Marginal Seas -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Buoyancy-Forced Circulation and Exchange -- 3.2.1 Influence of a Boundary -- 3.2.2 Influence of Sloping Topography -- 3.2.3 Moving Further Toward a More Realistic Configuration -- 3.2.4 Influence of Wind Forcing -- 3.3 Dynamics of Downwelling -- 3.3.1 Dissipative, Stratified Flows -- 3.3.2 Weak Dissipation, Stratified Flows -- 3.3.3 Weakly Stratified Flows -- 3.3.3.1 Along-Channel Evolution -- 3.3.3.2 The Nonhydrostatic Layer -- 3.3.3.3 Cooling Distribution -- 3.3.3.4 Parameter Dependencies -- 3.4 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4: Buoyant Coastal Currents -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 A Simple Model for Buoyant Coastal Currents over a Sloping Bottom -- 4.3 Evaluating the Buoyant Coastal Current Model -- 4.3.1 Laboratory model -- 4.3.2 Numerical Model -- 4.3.3 Ocean Observations - The Chesapeake Bay Buoyant Coastal Current -- 4.4 Response of Buoyant Coastal Currents to Wind Forcing -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5: Overflows and Convectively Driven Flows -- 5.1 Introduction to Overflows -- 5.1.1 What Are Dense Overflows? -- 5.1.2 Denmark Straits Overflow -- 5.1.3 Faroe Bank Channel Overflow -- 5.1.4 Red Sea Overflow -- 5.1.5 Mediterranean Overflow -- 5.1.6 Antarctic Overflows -- 5.1.7 Midocean Ridge Overflows -- 5.1.8 Common Features of Overflows -- 5.2 Overflow Processes: Focus on Entrainment -- 5.2.1 The Entrainment Concept -- 5.2.2 Causes of Entrainment -- 5.2.3 Parameterizing Entrainment -- 5.2.4 Detrainment. , 5.2.5 The Frictional Bottom Boundary Layer -- 5.2.6 Inhomogeneities Across the Overflow Plume -- 5.2.7 Summary -- 5.3 Convectively Driven Ocean Flows -- 5.3.1 Convective Plumes -- 5.3.2 Horizontal Inhomogeneities in Convective Flows -- 5.3.2.1 Localized Buoyancy Forcing -- 5.3.2.2 Convection in the Presence of Lateral Buoyancy Gradients -- 5.3.3 Summary: Contrasting Convection and Overflows -- References -- Appendix: Notation -- 6: An Ocean Climate Modeling Perspective on Buoyancy-Driven Flows -- 6.1 Buoyancy in Ocean Climate Models -- 6.1.1 Reduced Complexity (Box) Models -- 6.1.2 Ocean General Circulation Models for Climate -- 6.1.3 Numerical Constraints and Artifacts -- 6.1.4 Surface Forcing -- 6.1.5 Coupling -- 6.1.6 Concluding remarks on Section 6.1 -- 6.2 Convective Boundary Layers -- 6.2.1 The Ocean Boundary Layer -- 6.2.2 Similarity Theory -- 6.2.3 Penetrative Convection and Spice Injection -- 6.2.4 Concluding Remarks on Section 6.2 -- 6.3 Ventilation in Ocean Models -- 6.3.1 Ideal Age -- 6.3.2 Transit Time Distributions -- 6.3.3 Shallow Ventilation -- 6.3.4 NADW and the AMOC -- 6.3.5 Concluding Remarks on Section 6.3 -- 6.4 Parameterized Overflows -- 6.4.1 Characteristics of Buoyancy-Driven Overflows -- 6.4.2 A Parameterized Mediterranean Overflow -- 6.4.3 Nordic Sea Overflows (Denmark Strait -- Faroe Bank Channel) -- 6.4.4 Comparison with Observations of Ventilation -- 6.4.5 Concluding Remarks on Section 6.4 -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 7: Buoyancy-Driven Currents in Eddying Ocean Models -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Dynamics of Water Mass Formation and Spreading -- 7.1.2 Representing Eddies in Numerical Models: A Historical Perspective -- 7.2 Characteristics of Numerical Models of the Ocean -- 7.3 Interplay of Numerics and Parameterizations -- 7.4 Modeling Deep Flow Through the Romanche Fracture Zone. , 7.5 Modeling the Spreading of Mediterranean Water in the Atlantic -- 7.5.1 The initial descent -- 7.5.2 The Mediterranean undercurrent -- 7.5.3 The Mediterranean Salt Tongue -- 7.6 Conclusion -- List of Acronyms -- References -- 8: Atmospheric Buoyancy-Driven Flows -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 The Atmosphere -- 8.1.2 The Weather and the Climate -- 8.1.3 Buoyancy in a Perfect Gas -- 8.2 Circulations -- 8.2.1 Atmospheric Frontal Systems -- 8.2.1.1 The Baroclinic Zone -- 8.2.1.2 Baroclinic Development -- 8.2.1.3 Frontogenesis -- 8.2.2 Atmospheric Convection -- 8.2.2.1 Convective Inhibition and Convective Available Potential Energy -- 8.2.2.2 Downdrafts and Cold Density Currents -- 8.2.2.3 Organization of Convection -- 8.2.3 Direct Cells -- 8.2.3.1 Land/Sea Breeze -- 8.2.3.2 Mountain Breeze -- 8.3 Simulations -- 8.3.1 Overview of Atmospheric Simulations -- 8.3.2 Modeling Buoyancy-Driven Flows -- References -- 9: Volcanic Flows -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Magma Injection and Eruption Triggering -- 9.3 Second Boiling and Eruption Triggers -- 9.4 Magma Mixing -- 9.4.1 Mixing Prior to Eruption -- 9.4.2 Mixing During Eruption -- 9.5 Eruption Dynamics -- 9.5.1 Eruption Columns -- 9.5.2 Ash Flows -- 9.6 Related Volcanic Processes -- 9.6.1 Submarine Eruptions -- 9.6.2 Hydrothermal Eruptions -- 9.6.3 Lake Nyos Explosion -- 9.7 Summary -- References -- 10: Gravity Flow on Steep Slope -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 A Physical Picture of Gravity Flows -- 10.2.1 Debris Flows -- 10.2.2 Snow Avalanches -- 10.3 Anatomy of Gravity Currents on Slope -- 10.3.1 Anatomy of Debris Flows -- 10.3.2 Anatomy of Powder-Snow Avalanches -- 10.4 Fluid-Mechanics Approach to Gravity Currents -- 10.4.1 Scaling and Flow Regimes -- 10.4.2 Rheology -- 10.4.3 Segregation and Particle Migration -- 10.4.4 Sliding-Block and Box Models -- 10.4.5 Depth-Averaged Equations. , 10.4.6 Asymptotic Expansions -- 10.5 Dense Flows -- 10.5.1 Simple Models -- 10.5.2 Depth-Averaged Equations -- 10.5.3 Elongating Viscoplastic Flows -- 10.6 Dilute Inertia-Dominated Flows -- 10.6.1 Sliding Block Model -- 10.6.2 Depth-Averaged Equations -- 10.7 Comparison with Data -- 10.7.1 Comparison with Laboratory Data -- 10.7.2 Comparison with Field Data -- 10.8 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives -- References -- Index.
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  • 2
    Book
    Book
    Buoyancy-driven flows (2012)
    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Details Availability
    Keywords: Buoyant convection ; Ocean circulation ; Atmospheric circulation ; Strömungsmechanik ; Strömungsmechanik ; Auftrieb ; Fluid ; Auftrieb
    Description / Table of Contents: "This book summarizes present understanding of buoyancy-driven flows for advanced students and researchers in oceanography, geophysical fluid dynamics, atmospheric science, and Earth science"--Provided by publisher
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: vii, 436 p., [16] p. of plates , ill. (some col.), maps , 27 cm
    ISBN: 1107008875 , 9781107008878
    URL: http://assets.cambridge.org/97811070/08878/cover/9781107008878.jpg
    URL: http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy1201/2011044342-b.html
    URL: http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy1201/2011044342-t.html
    URL: http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy1205/2011044342-d.html
    URL: http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy1205/2011044342-d.html
    URL: http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy1201/2011044342-b.html
    DDC: 551.48
    RVK:
    UF 4000
    Language: English
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index , Machine generated contents note: 1. Gravity currents: theory and laboratory Paul Linden; 2. Theory of oceanic buoyancy-driven flows Joseph Pedlosky; 3. Buoyancy-forced circulation and downwelling in marginal seas Michael Spall; 4. Buoyant coastal currents Steve Lentz; 5. Overflows and convectively driven flows Sonya Legg; 6. An ocean climate modeling perspective on buoyancy-driven flows William Large; 7. Buoyancy-driven flows in eddying ocean models Anne Marie Tre;guier, Bruno Ferron, and Raphael Dussin; 8. Atmospheric buoyancy-driven flows Sylvie Malardel; 9. Volcanic flows Andy Woods; 10. Gravity flow on a steep slope Christophe Ancey.
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  • 3
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    EuroSea Strategic vision (2023)
    EuroSea
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-12
    Description: This report provides recommendations to foster collaboration and cooperation between technologies and disciplines and for implementing truly integrated ocean observing systems. Based on an intensive literature review and a careful examination of different examples of integration in different fields, this work identifies the issues and barriers that must be addressed, and proposes a vision for a real implementation of this ocean integration ambition. This work is a contribution to the implementation of EOOS, a much-needed step forward in Europe, following the international guidance of GOOS.
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/book
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    Evaluation of global ocean–sea-ice model simulations based on the experimental protocols of the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project phase 2 (OMIP-2) (2020)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-08
    Description: We present a new framework for global ocean- sea-ice model simulations based on phase 2 of the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP-2), making use of the surface dataset based on the Japanese 55-year atmospheric reanalysis for driving ocean-sea-ice models (JRA55-do).We motivate the use of OMIP-2 over the framework for the first phase of OMIP (OMIP-1), previously referred to as the Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments (COREs), via the evaluation of OMIP-1 and OMIP-2 simulations from 11 state-of-the-science global ocean-sea-ice models. In the present evaluation, multi-model ensemble means and spreads are calculated separately for the OMIP-1 and OMIP-2 simulations and overall performance is assessed considering metrics commonly used by ocean modelers. Both OMIP-1 and OMIP-2 multi-model ensemble ranges capture observations in more than 80% of the time and region for most metrics, with the multi-model ensemble spread greatly exceeding the difference between the means of the two datasets. Many features, including some climatologically relevant ocean circulation indices, are very similar between OMIP-1 and OMIP- 2 simulations, and yet we could also identify key qualitative improvements in transitioning from OMIP-1 to OMIP- 2. For example, the sea surface temperatures of the OMIP- 2 simulations reproduce the observed global warming during the 1980s and 1990s, as well as the warming slowdown in the 2000s and the more recent accelerated warming, which were absent in OMIP-1, noting that the last feature is part of the design of OMIP-2 because OMIP-1 forcing stopped in 2009. A negative bias in the sea-ice concentration in summer of both hemispheres in OMIP-1 is significantly reduced in OMIP-2. The overall reproducibility of both seasonal and interannual variations in sea surface temperature and sea surface height (dynamic sea level) is improved in OMIP-2. These improvements represent a new capability of the OMIP-2 framework for evaluating processlevel responses using simulation results. Regarding the sensitivity of individual models to the change in forcing, the models show well-ordered responses for the metrics that are directly forced, while they show less organized responses for those that require complex model adjustments. Many of the remaining common model biases may be attributed either to errors in representing important processes in ocean-sea-ice models, some of which are expected to be reduced by using finer horizontal and/or vertical resolutions, or to shared biases and limitations in the atmospheric forcing. In particular, further efforts are warranted to resolve remaining issues in OMIP-2 such as the warm bias in the upper layer, the mismatch between the observed and simulated variability of heat content and thermosteric sea level before 1990s, and the erroneous representation of deep and bottom water formations and circulations. We suggest that such problems can be resolved through collaboration between those developing models (including parameterizations) and forcing datasets. Overall, the present assessment justifies our recommendation that future model development and analysis studies use the OMIP-2 framework.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 5
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    Resolving and Parameterising the Ocean Mesoscale in Earth System Models (2020)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-08
    Description: Purpose of Review: Assessment of the impact of ocean resolution in Earth System models on the mean state, variability, and future projections and discussion of prospects for improved parameterisations to represent the ocean mesoscale. Recent Findings: The majority of centres participating in CMIP6 employ ocean components with resolutions of about 1 degree in their full Earth System models (eddy-parameterising models). In contrast, there are also models submitted to CMIP6 (both DECK and HighResMIP) that employ ocean components of approximately 1/4 degree and 1/10 degree (eddy-present and eddy-rich models). Evidence to date suggests that whether the ocean mesoscale is explicitly represented or parameterised affects not only the mean state of the ocean but also the climate variability and the future climate response, particularly in terms of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) and the Southern Ocean. Recent developments in scale-aware parameterisations of the mesoscale are being developed and will be included in future Earth System models. Summary: Although the choice of ocean resolution in Earth System models will always be limited by computational considerations, for the foreseeable future, this choice is likely to affect projections of climate variability and change as well as other aspects of the Earth System. Future Earth System models will be able to choose increased ocean resolution and/or improved parameterisation of processes to capture physical processes with greater fidelity.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 6
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    Cloud-based framework for inter-comparing submesoscale-permitting realistic ocean models (2022)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: With the increase in computational power, ocean models with kilometer-scale resolution have emerged over the last decade. These models have been used for quantifying the energetic exchanges between spatial scales, informing the design of eddy parametrizations, and preparing observing networks. The increase in resolution, however, has drastically increased the size of model outputs, making it difficult to transfer and analyze the data. It remains, nonetheless, of primary importance to assess more systematically the realism of these models. Here, we showcase a cloud-based analysis framework proposed by the Pangeo project that aims to tackle such distribution and analysis challenges. We analyze the output of eight submesoscale-permitting simulations, all on the cloud, for a crossover region of the upcoming Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) altimeter mission near the Gulf Stream separation. The cloud-based analysis framework (i) minimizes the cost of duplicating and storing ghost copies of data and (ii) allows for seamless sharing of analysis results amongst collaborators. We describe the framework and provide example analyses (e.g., sea-surface height variability, submesoscale vertical buoyancy fluxes, and comparison to predictions from the mixed-layer instability parametrization). Basin- to global-scale, submesoscale-permitting models are still at their early stage of development; their cost and carbon footprints are also rather large. It would, therefore, benefit the community to document the different model configurations for future best practices. We also argue that an emphasis on data analysis strategies would be crucial for improving the models themselves.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 7
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    Ocean Integration: The Needs and Challenges of Effective Coordination Within the Ocean Observing System (2022)
    Frontiers
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Understanding and sustainably managing complex environments such as marine ecosystems benefits from an integrated approach to ensure that information about all relevant components and their interactions at multiple and nested spatiotemporal scales are considered. This information is based on a wide range of ocean observations using different systems and approaches. An integrated approach thus requires effective collaboration between areas of expertise in order to improve coordination at each step of the ocean observing value chain, from the design and deployment of multi-platform observations to their analysis and the delivery of products, sometimes through data assimilation in numerical models. Despite significant advances over the last two decades in more cooperation across the ocean observing activities, this integrated approach has not yet been fully realized. The ocean observing system still suffers from organizational silos due to independent and often disconnected initiatives, the strong and sometimes destructive competition across disciplines and among scientists, and the absence of a well-established overall governance framework. Here, we address the need for enhanced organizational integration among all the actors of ocean observing, focusing on the occidental systems. We advocate for a major evolution in the way we collaborate, calling for transformative scientific, cultural, behavioral, and management changes. This is timely because we now have the scientific and technical capabilities as well as urgent societal and political drivers. The ambition of the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021–2030) and the various efforts to grow a sustainable ocean economy and effective ocean protection efforts all require a more integrated approach to ocean observing. After analyzing the barriers that currently prevent this full integration within the occidental systems, we suggest nine approaches for breaking down the silos and promoting better coordination and sharing. These recommendations are related to the organizational framework, the ocean science culture, the system of recognition and rewards, the data management system, the ocean governance structure, and the ocean observing drivers and funding. These reflections are intended to provide food for thought for further dialogue between all parties involved and trigger concrete actions to foster a real transformational change in ocean observing
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 8
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    Cold event in the South Atlantic Bight during summer of 2003 : model simulations and implications (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2007. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 112 (2007): C05022, doi:10.1029/2006JC003903.
    Description: A set of model simulations are used to determine the principal forcing mechanisms that resulted in anomalously cold water in the South Atlantic Bight (SAB) in the summer of 2003. Updated mass field and elevation boundary conditions from basin-scale Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) simulations are compared to climatological forcing to provide offshore and upstream influences in a one-way nesting sense. Model skill is evaluated by comparing model results with observations of velocity, water level, and surface and bottom temperature. Inclusion of realistic atmospheric forcing, river discharge, and improved model dynamics produced good skill on the inner shelf and midshelf. The intrusion of cold water onto the shelf occurred predominantly along the shelf-break associated with onshore flow in the southern part of the domain north of Cape Canaveral (29° to 31.5°). The atmospheric forcing (anomalously strong and persistent upwelling-favorable winds) was the principal mechanism driving the cold event. Elevated river discharge increased the level of stratification across the inner shelf and midshelf and contributed to additional input of cold water into the shelf. The resulting pool of anomalously cold water constituted more than 50% of the water on the shelf in late July and early August. The excess nutrient flux onto the shelf associated with the upwelling was approximated using published nitrate-temperature proxies, suggesting increased primary production during the summer over most of the SAB shelf.
    Description: The preparation of this paper was primarily supported by the Southeast Atlantic Coastal Ocean Observing System (SEACOOS) and the South Atlantic Bight Limited Area Model (SABLAM). SEACOOS is a collaborative, regional program sponsored by the Office of Naval Research under award N00014-02-1-0972 and managed by the University of North Carolina-General Administration. SABLAM was sponsored by the National Ocean Partnership Program (award NAG 13-00041). Data from ship surveys were collected and processed with the support from NSF grant OCE-0099167 (J. R. Nelson), NSF grant OCE-9982133 (J. O. Blanton, SkIO), NASA grant NAG-10557 (J. R. Nelson), and SEACOOS. NOAA NDBC buoy data and NOS coastal water level records were obtained through NOAA-supported data archives and web portals. Moored instrument data from the Carolina Coastal Ocean Observation and Prediction System (Caro-COOPS) were acquired from the system’s website (http://www.carocoops.org). Caro-COOPS is sponsored by NOAA grant NA16RP2543.
    Keywords: Summer upwelling ; Model simulations ; South Atlantic Bight
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 9
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    A regional modeling study of the entraining Mediterranean outflow (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2007. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 112 (2007): C12005, doi:10.1029/2007JC004145.
    Description: We have evaluated a regional-scale simulation of the Mediterranean outflow by comparison with field data obtained in the 1988 Gulf of Cádiz Expedition. Our ocean model is based upon the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) and includes the Richardson number–dependent entrainment parameterization of Xu et al. (2006). Given realistic topography and sufficient resolution, the model reproduces naturally the major, observed features of the Mediterranean outflow in the Gulf of Cádiz: the downstream evolution of temperature, salinity, and velocity profiles, the mean path and the spreading of the outflow plume, and most importantly, the localized, strong entrainment that has been observed to occur just west of the Strait of Gibraltar. As in all numerical solutions, there is some sensitivity to horizontal and vertical resolution. When the resolution is made coarser, the simulated currents are less vigorous and there is consequently less entrainment. Our Richardson number–dependent entrainment parameterization is therefore not recommended for direct application in coarse-resolution climate models. We have used the high-resolution regional model to investigate the response of the Mediterranean outflow to a change in the freshwater balance over the Mediterranean basin. The results are found in close agreement with the marginal sea boundary condition (MSBC): A more saline and dense Mediterranean deep water generates a significantly greater volume transport of the Mediterranean product water having only very slightly greater salinity.
    Description: National Science Foundation via grant OCE0336799 and the National Ocean Partnership Program (NOPP) via award N000140410676.
    Keywords: Mediterranean outflow ; Entrainment parameterization ; Climate
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 10
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    Improving oceanic overflow representation in climate models : the Gravity Current Entrainment Climate Process Team (2010)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2009. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 90 (2009): 657-670, doi:10.1175/2008BAMS2667.1.
    Description: Oceanic overflows are bottom-trapped density currents originating in semienclosed basins, such as the Nordic seas, or on continental shelves, such as the Antarctic shelf. Overflows are the source of most of the abyssal waters, and therefore play an important role in the large-scale ocean circulation, forming a component of the sinking branch of the thermohaline circulation. As they descend the continental slope, overflows mix vigorously with the surrounding oceanic waters, changing their density and transport significantly. These mixing processes occur on spatial scales well below the resolution of ocean climate models, with the result that deep waters and deep western boundary currents are simulated poorly. The Gravity Current Entrainment Climate Process Team was established by the U.S. Climate Variability and Prediction (CLIVAR) Program to accelerate the development and implementation of improved representations of overflows within large-scale climate models, bringing together climate model developers with those conducting observational, numerical, and laboratory process studies of overflows. Here, the organization of the Climate Process Team is described, and a few of the successes and lessons learned during this collaboration are highlighted, with some emphasis on the well-observed Mediterranean overflow. The Climate Process Team has developed several different overflow parameterizations, which are examined in a hierarchy of ocean models, from comparatively well-resolved regional models to the largest-scale global climate models.
    Description: The Gravity Current Entrainment Climate Process Team was funded by NSF grants OCE-0336850 and OCE-0611572 and NOAA as a contribution to U.S.CLIVAR.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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