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  • 1
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    Impacts of multiple stressors on a benthic foraminiferal community: a long-term experiment assessing response to ocean acidification, hypoxia and warming (2021)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Bernhard, J. M., Wit, J. C., Starczak, V. R., Beaudoin, D. J., Phalen, W. G., & McCorkle, D. C. Impacts of multiple stressors on a benthic foraminiferal community: a long-term experiment assessing response to ocean acidification, hypoxia and warming. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, (2021): 643339, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.643339.
    Description: Ocean chemistry is changing as a result of human activities. Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations are increasing, causing an increase in oceanic pCO2 that drives a decrease in oceanic pH, a process called ocean acidification (OA). Higher CO2 concentrations are also linked to rising global temperatures that can result in more stratified surface waters, reducing the exchange between surface and deep waters; this stronger stratification, along with nutrient pollution, contributes to an expansion of oxygen-depleted zones (so called hypoxia or deoxygenation). Determining the response of marine organisms to environmental changes is important for assessments of future ecosystem functioning. While many studies have assessed the impact of individual or paired stressors, fewer studies have assessed the combined impact of pCO2, O2, and temperature. A long-term experiment (∼10 months) with different treatments of these three stressors was conducted to determine their sole or combined impact on the abundance and survival of a benthic foraminiferal community collected from a continental-shelf site. Foraminifera are well suited to such study because of their small size, relatively rapid growth, varied mineralogies and physiologies. Inoculation materials were collected from a ∼77-m deep site south of Woods Hole, MA. Very fine sediments (〈53 μm) were used as inoculum, to allow the entire community to respond. Thirty-eight morphologically identified taxa grew during the experiment. Multivariate statistical analysis indicates that hypoxia was the major driving factor distinguishing the yields, while warming was secondary. Species responses were not consistent, with different species being most abundant in different treatments. Some taxa grew in all of the triple-stressor samples. Results from the experiment suggest that foraminiferal species’ responses will vary considerably, with some being negatively impacted by predicted environmental changes, while other taxa will tolerate, and perhaps even benefit, from deoxygenation, warming and OA.
    Description: This work was supported by the US NSF SEES-OA grant OCE-1219948 to JB and the Investment in Science Program at WHOI. DM also received support from the NSF Independent Research and Development Program.
    Keywords: Deoxygenation ; Ocean acidification ; Benthic communities ; Benthic foraminifera ; Climate change ; Propagule bank ; Global warming
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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    PAPER (OA)
  • 2
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    Closing the oxygen mass balance in shallow coastal ecosystems (2020)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Long, M. H., Rheuban, J. E., McCorkle, D. C., Burdige, D. J., & Zimmerman, R. C. Closing the oxygen mass balance in shallow coastal ecosystems. Limnology and Oceanography, 64(6), (2019): 2694-2708, doi: 10.1002/lno.11248.
    Description: The oxygen concentration in marine ecosystems is influenced by production and consumption in the water column and fluxes across both the atmosphere–water and benthic–water boundaries. Each of these fluxes has the potential to be significant in shallow ecosystems due to high fluxes and low water volumes. This study evaluated the contributions of these three fluxes to the oxygen budget in two contrasting ecosystems, a Zostera marina (eelgrass) meadow in Virginia, U.S.A., and a coral reef in Bermuda. Benthic oxygen fluxes were evaluated by eddy covariance. Water column oxygen production and consumption were measured using an automated water incubation system. Atmosphere–water oxygen fluxes were estimated by parameterizations based on wind speed or turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates. We observed significant contributions of both benthic fluxes and water column processes to the oxygen mass balance, despite the often‐assumed dominance of the benthic communities. Water column rates accounted for 45% and 58% of the total oxygen rate, and benthic fluxes accounted for 23% and 39% of the total oxygen rate in the shallow (~ 1.5 m) eelgrass meadow and deeper (~ 7.5 m) reef site, respectively. Atmosphere–water fluxes were a minor component at the deeper reef site (3%) but a major component at the shallow eelgrass meadow (32%), driven by diel changes in the sign and strength of atmosphere–water gradient. When summed, the measured benthic, atmosphere–water, and water column rates predicted, with 85–90% confidence, the observed time rate of change of oxygen in the water column and provided an accurate, high temporal resolution closure of the oxygen mass balance.
    Description: This work was substantially improved by comments from two anonymous reviewers. We thank Victoria Hill, David Ruble, Jeremy Bleakney, and Brian Collister for assistance in the field and the staff of the Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences and the Anheuser‐Busch Coastal Research Center for logistical support. This work was supported by NSF OCE grants 1657727 (to M.H.L. and D.C.M.), 1635403 (to R.C.Z. and D.J.B.), and 1633951 (to M.H.L.).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 3
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    Quantifying the effects of nutrient enrichment and freshwater mixing on coastal ocean acidification (2020)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Rheuban, J. E., Doney, S. C., McCorkle, D. C., & Jakuba, R. W. Quantifying the effects of nutrient enrichment and freshwater mixing on coastal ocean acidification. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 124, (2019): 9085-9100, doi: 10.1029/2019JC015556.
    Description: The U.S. Northeast is vulnerable to ocean and coastal acidification because of low alkalinity freshwater discharge that naturally acidifies the region, and high anthropogenic nutrient loads that lead to eutrophication in many estuaries. This study describes a combined nutrient and carbonate chemistry monitoring program in five embayments of Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts to quantify the effects of nutrient loading and freshwater discharge on aragonite saturation state (Ω). Monitoring occurred monthly from June 2015 to September 2017 with higher frequency at two embayments (Quissett and West Falmouth Harbors) and across nitrogen loading and freshwater discharge gradients. The more eutrophic stations experienced seasonal aragonite undersaturation, and at one site, nearly every measurement collected was undersaturated. We present an analytical framework to decompose variability in aragonite Ω into components driven by temperature, salinity, freshwater endmember mixing, and biogeochemical processes. We observed strong correlations between apparent oxygen utilization and the portion of aragonite Ω variation that we attribute to biogeochemistry. The regression slopes were consistent with Redfield ratios of dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity to dissolved oxygen. Total nitrogen and the contribution of biogeochemical processes to aragonite Ω were highly correlated, and this relationship was used to estimate the likely effects of nitrogen loading improvements on aragonite Ω. Under nitrogen loading reduction scenarios, aragonite Ω in the most eutrophic estuaries could be raised by nearly 0.6 units, potentially increasing several stations above the critical threshold of 1. This analysis provides a quantitative framework for incorporating ocean and coastal acidification impacts into regulatory and management discussions.
    Description: We thank Kelly Luis, Michaela Fendrock, Will Oesterich, Sheron Luk, Marti Jeglinksi, and Tony Williams for their help with field sample collection and logistical support and Chris Neill, Lindsay Scott, Rich McHorney, and Paul Henderson for laboratory sample analysis. We also thank the Waquoit Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve for loaning their handheld water quality meters and two anonymous reviewers for their feedback on this manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (grant no. 14‐106159‐000‐CFP), MIT Sea Grant (subaward 5710004045) and the West Wind Foundation. The data used in this analysis can be found in the NOAA NCEI repository for carbonate chemistry measurements, the Ocean Carbon Data System at the following link: https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/ocads/data/0206206.xml.
    Keywords: Coastal Acidification ; Eutrophication
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 4
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    Selective preservation of coccolith calcite in Ontong-Java Plateau sediments (2020)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2019. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 34, (2019): 2141-2157, doi: 10.1029/2019PA003731.
    Description: Dissolution of calcite in deep ocean sediments, which is required to balance global marine CaCO3 production and burial fluxes, is still a poorly understood process. In order to assess the mechanisms of dissolution in sediments, we analyzed four multicore tops taken along a depth transect on the Ontong‐Java Plateau. These cores were taken directly on the equator, and span water column calcite saturation states from ∼0.93 to ∼0.74, allowing us to assess the effect of dissolution on carbonate sediment composition. The top 2 cm of each multicore was sectioned and sieved to separate coccolith from foraminiferal calcite, and the %CaCO3, δ13C, Δ14C, and Mg/Ca were evaluated. The mass ratio of coccoliths to foraminifera increases by a factor of 3 as a function of water depth, reflecting the preferential dissolution of foraminifera. Carbon isotope (δ13C and Δ14C) data suggest that most dissolution takes place at the sediment‐water interface and primarily affects foraminifera. Mg/Ca analyses indicate that the Mg content of the entire foraminiferal assemblage decreases as a function of dissolution. In contrast, coccolith dissolution takes place within the sediments, rather than at the interface. Together these two processes cause coccoliths to be up to 1,000 radiocarbon years younger than foraminifera from the same depth horizon. Despite this within‐sediment coccolith dissolution flux, sediments below the calcite saturation horizon remain enriched in coccolith calcite. Combined with global seafloor hypsometry and calcium carbonate content, this enrichment suggests that globally, coccoliths may outweigh foraminifera in deep ocean sediments by a factor of 1.8.
    Description: A. V. S. thanks the NOSAMS facility and the WHOI/NOSAMS postdoc scholar program, James Funds, and the Bessette family for funding and support. A. Q. acknowledges Williams College research and travel funds. We thank the Stanley W. Watson Director's Discretionary Fund for the Picarro‐Automate analyzer. We thank Ellen Roosen at the WHOI core repository for help with sample identification and sectioning. Thanks to Gretchen Swarr and the WHOI plasma mass spectrometry facility. Finally, we thank Bill Martin and Wally Broecker for enlightening discussions on dissolution and radiocarbon dating of deep ocean sediments. All data are included as supporting information files and are archived with NOAA's World Data Service for Paleoceanography (WDS Paleo; https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/28150).
    Description: 2020-05-15
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 5
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    pH, temperature, salinity, and oxygen data from SeapHOx sensors deployed at three sites in the Florida Keys in June 2018 (2020)
    Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Dataset: Florida Keys SeapHOx
    Description: An eddy covariance system, known as ECHOES, was deployed at three sites offshore of Key Largo, Florida during June 2018. The ECHOES systems logged the three-dimensional velocity, depth, O2 optode, pH sensor, and triaxial Inertial Measurement Unit. A separate frame at each site contained a photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) sensor and a Seabird SeapHOx, measuring salinity, temperature, depth, O2, and pH. This dataset contains pH, temperature, salinity, and oxygen data recorded by the SeapHOx sensor. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/821091
    Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1657727
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Dataset
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  • 6
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    Current velocity, wave velocity, and O2, H+, and momentum flux from the ECHOES system deployed at three sites in the Florida Keys in June 2018 (2020)
    Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Dataset: Florida Keys velocity and flux
    Description: An eddy covariance system, known as ECHOES, was deployed at three sites offshore of Key Largo, Florida during June 2018. The ECHOES systems logged the three-dimensional velocity, depth, O2 optode, pH sensor, and triaxial Inertial Measurement Unit. A separate frame at each site contained a photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) sensor and a Seabird SeapHOx, measuring salinity, temperature, depth, O2, and pH. This dataset contains current velocities, wave velocities, and O2, H+, and momentum flux. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/820984
    Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1657727
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Dataset
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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  • 7
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    Community science for coastal acidification monitoring and research (2021)
    Taylor and Francis
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Gassett, P. R., O’Brien-Clayton, K., Bastidas, C., Rheuban, J. E., Hunt, C., Turner, E., Liebman, M., Silva, E., Pimenta, A., Grear, J., Motyka, J., McCorkle, D., Stancioff, E., Brady, D., & Strong, A. Community science for coastal acidification monitoring and research. Coastal Management, 49(5), (2021): 510-531, https://doi.org/10.1080/08920753.2021.1947131.
    Description: Ocean and coastal acidification (OCA) present a unique set of sustainability challenges at the human-ecological interface. Extensive biogeochemical monitoring that can assess local acidification conditions, distinguish multiple drivers of changing carbonate chemistry, and ultimately inform local and regional response strategies is necessary for successful adaptation to OCA. However, the sampling frequency and cost-prohibitive scientific equipment needed to monitor OCA are barriers to implementing the widespread monitoring of dynamic coastal conditions. Here, we demonstrate through a case study that existing community-based water monitoring initiatives can help address these challenges and contribute to OCA science. We document how iterative, sequential outreach, workshop-based training, and coordinated monitoring activities through the Northeast Coastal Acidification Network (a) assessed the capacity of northeastern United States community science programs and (b) engaged community science programs productively with OCA monitoring efforts. Our results (along with the companion manuscript) indicate that community science programs are capable of collecting robust scientific information pertinent to OCA and are positioned to monitor in locations that would critically expand the coverage of current OCA research. Furthermore, engaging community stakeholders in OCA science and outreach enabled a platform for dialogue about OCA among other interrelated environmental concerns and fostered a series of co-benefits relating to public participation in resource and risk management. Activities in support of community science monitoring have an impact not only by increasing local understanding of OCA but also by promoting public education and community participation in potential adaptation measures.
    Description: AGU Centennial Grant NOAA OAP OFFICE North American Association for Environmental Education Curtis and Edith Munson Foundation Sea Grant programs within the region Senator George J. Mitchell Center for Sustainability Solutions Funding acknowledgment: MIT Sea Grant award NA18OAR4170105 to Bastidas NERACOOS The WestWind foundation (to Rheuban) Woods Hole Sea Grant (NOAA Grant No. NA18OAR4170104)
    Keywords: Ocean acidification ; Community science ; Citizen science ; Total alkalinity ; Water monitoring
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 8
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    Isotopic characterization of water masses in the Southeast Pacific Region: paleoceanographic implications (2022)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Reyes-Macaya, D., Hoogakker, B., Martinez-Mendez, G., Llanillo, P. J., Grasse, P., Mohtadi, M., Mix, A., Leng, M. J., Struck, U., McCorkle, D. C., Troncoso, M., Gayo, E. M., Lange, C. B., Farias, L., Carhuapoma, W., Graco, M., Cornejo-D’Ottone, M., De Pol Holz, R., Fernandez, C., Narvaez, D., Vargas, C. A., García-Araya, F., Hebbeln, D. Isotopic characterization of water masses in the Southeast Pacific Region: paleoceanographic implications. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 127(1), (2022): e2021JC017525, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC017525.
    Description: In this study, we used stable isotopes of oxygen (δ18O), deuterium (δD), and dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13CDIC) in combination with temperature, salinity, oxygen, and nutrient concentrations to characterize the coastal (71°–78°W) and an oceanic (82°–98°W) water masses (SAAW—Subantarctic Surface Water; STW—Subtropical Water; ESSW—Equatorial Subsurface water; AAIW—Antarctic Intermediate Water; PDW—Pacific Deep Water) of the Southeast Pacific (SEP). The results show that δ18O and δD can be used to differentiate between SAAW-STW, SAAW-ESSW, and ESSW-AAIW. δ13CDIC signatures can be used to differentiate between STW-ESSW (oceanic section), SAAW-ESSW, ESSW-AAIW, and AAIW-PDW. Compared with the oceanic section, our new coastal section highlights differences in both the chemistry and geometry of water masses above 1,000 m. Previous paleoceanographic studies using marine sediments from the SEP continental margin used the present-day hydrological oceanic transect to compare against, as the coastal section was not sufficiently characterized. We suggest that our new results of the coastal section should be used for past characterizations of the SEP water masses that are usually based on continental margin sediment samples.
    Description: R/V Sonne cruises (SO102, SO211 ad SO245) were financed by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research projects #03G0102A, #03G0211A and #03G0245A. SO261 cruise was funded by the HADES-ERC Advanced Grant (“Benthic diagenesis and microbiology of hadal trenches” Grant agreement No. 669947) awarded to R. N. Glud (SDU, Denmark). SO245 cruise recived contributions from the Max Planck Society (Germany), the German State of Lower Saxony, the National Environmental Research Council of Great Britain and the Science Foundation of Ireland. R/V Meteor cruise M93 was financed by the Sonderforschungsbereich 754 “Climate-Biogeochemistry Interactions in the Tropical Ocean” (www.sfb754.de), which is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. “Expedición TAITAO” was financed by the grant “Concurso Nacional de Asignación de Tiempo de Buque ASG-61 Cabo de Hornos” AUB180003, FONDECyT grants 11161091 (DN), 1180954 (CF), and the COPAS Sur-Austral Center (CONICYT PIA APOYO CCTE AFB170006). Sampling at Time-Series station 18 off Concepción during 2015 was funded by several FONDECYT/ANID grants from researchers at the Department of Oceanography and Research Line 5 of COPAS Sur-Austral (UdeC). ANID—Chile National Competition for ship time (AUB 150006/12806) financed the expedition LowpHOX organized by the Millennium Institute of Oceanography (IMO). The expedition Crio1218 was financed by the PPR 137 titled “Proyecto de Estudio Integrado del Afloramiento Costero Frente a Perú" and sponsored by IMARPE-Perú. Additional funding was provided by the ANID—Millennium Science Initiative Program—NCN19_153 (Millennium Nucleus UPWELL), ANID/FONDAP (CR)2 15110009 (LF and EMG), FONDECYT Grant 1210171 (CAV), ANID/FONDAP IDEAL 15150003 (CBL), and the Millennium Institute of Oceanography (IMO, ICN12_019). Dharma A. Reyes-Macaya was supported by Becas Chile (17342817-0), DAAD (57144001) and FARGO project (FAte of ocean oxygenation in a waRminG wOrld, UKRI).
    Keywords: Oxygen and deuterium stable isotopes in seawater ; Carbon stable isotopes in dissolved inorganic carbon ; Southeast Pacific ; Water mass distribution ; Paleoceanography proxies
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 9
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    Spectral analyses of high-frequency data during two hour-long periods from the ECHOES system deployed at three sites in the Florida Keys in June 2018 (2020)
    Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Dataset: Florida Keys Spectral Analyses
    Description: Spectral analyses (power spectra and cross power spectral density (CPSD)) of high-frequency data (turbulence; momentum, oxygen and hydrogen ion fluxes) from two hour-long periods during a high-energy wave period (Hr 38) and a low-energy wave period (Hr 116). For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/821294
    Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1657727
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Dataset
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  • 10
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    Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) from Odyssey PAR sensors deployed at three sites in the Florida Keys in June 2018 (2020)
    Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Dataset: Florida Keys PAR
    Description: An eddy covariance system, known as ECHOES, was deployed at three sites offshore of Key Largo, Florida during June 2018. The ECHOES systems logged the three-dimensional velocity, depth, O2 optode, pH sensor, and triaxial Inertial Measurement Unit. A separate frame at each site contained a photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) sensor and a Seabird SeapHOx, measuring salinity, temperature, depth, O2, and pH. This dataset contains the PAR data. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/821036
    Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1657727
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Dataset
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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