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  • 1
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    The role of suction thrust in the metachronal paddles of swimming invertebrates (2020)
    Nature Research
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Colin, S. P., Costello, J. H., Sutherland, K. R., Gemmell, B. J., Dabiri, J. O., & Du Clos, K. T. The role of suction thrust in the metachronal paddles of swimming invertebrates. Scientific Reports, 10(1), (2020): 17790, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-74745-y.
    Description: An abundance of swimming animals have converged upon a common swimming strategy using multiple propulsors coordinated as metachronal waves. The shared kinematics suggest that even morphologically and systematically diverse animals use similar fluid dynamic relationships to generate swimming thrust. We quantified the kinematics and hydrodynamics of a diverse group of small swimming animals who use multiple propulsors, e.g. limbs or ctenes, which move with antiplectic metachronal waves to generate thrust. Here we show that even at these relatively small scales the bending movements of limbs and ctenes conform to the patterns observed for much larger swimming animals. We show that, like other swimming animals, the propulsors of these metachronal swimmers rely on generating negative pressure along their surfaces to generate forward thrust (i.e., suction thrust). Relying on negative pressure, as opposed to high pushing pressure, facilitates metachronal waves and enables these swimmers to exploit readily produced hydrodynamic structures. Understanding the role of negative pressure fields in metachronal swimmers may provide clues about the hydrodynamic traits shared by swimming and flying animals.
    Description: This work was funded by National Science Foundation (NSF OCE 1829913 to SPC), the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (to BJG) and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (8835 to KRS). The work was also supported by the Roger Williams Foundation to Promote Scholarship and Teaching.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 2
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    Population genetics of sugar kelp throughout the Northeastern United States genome-wide markers (2020)
    Frontiers Media
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    Publication Date: 2022-10-21
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Mao, X., Augyte, S., Huang, M., Hare, M. P., Bailey, D., Umanzor, S., Marty-Rivera, M., Robbins, K. R., Yarish, C., Lindell, S., & Jannink, J. Population genetics of sugar kelp throughout the Northeastern United States genome-wide markers. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7, (2020): 694, doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.00694.
    Description: An assessment of genetic diversity of marine populations is critical not only for the understanding and preserving natural biodiversity but also for its commercial potential. As commercial demand rises for marine resources, it is critical to generate baseline information for monitoring wild populations. Furthermore, anthropogenic stressors on the coastal environment, such as warming sea temperatures and overharvesting of wild populations, are leading to the destruction of keystone marine species such as kelps. In this study, we conducted a fine-scale genetic analysis using genome-wide high-density markers on Northwest Atlantic sugar kelp. The population structure for a total of 149 samples from the Gulf of Maine (GOM) and Southern New England (SNE) was investigated using AMOVA, FST, admixture, and PCoA. Genome-wide association analyses were conducted for six morphological traits, and the extended Lewontin and Krakauer (FLK) test was used to detect selection signatures. Our results indicate that the GOM region is more heterogeneous than SNE. These two regions have large genetic difference (between-location FST ranged from 0.21 to 0.32) and were separated by Cape Cod, which is known to be the biogeographic barrier for other taxa. We detected one significant SNP (P = 2.03 × 10–7) associated with stipe length, and 248 SNPs with higher-than-neutral differentiation. The findings of this study provide baseline knowledge on sugar kelp population genetics for future monitoring, managing and potentially restoring wild populations, as well as assisting in selective breeding to improve desirable traits for future commercialization opportunities.
    Description: We acknowledge funding support from the U.S. Depaertment of Energy ARPA-E (DE-AR0000915), and the Massachusetts Clean Energy Center (AmplifyMass).
    Keywords: Saccharina latissima ; Population structure ; Genome-wide analysis ; Cultivation ; Northeastern United States
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 3
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    Simulation of sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) breeding guided by practices to accelerate genetic gains (2022)
    Genetics Society of America
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    Publication Date: 2022-10-20
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Huang, M., Robbins, K. R., Li, Y., Umanzor, S., Marty-Rivera, M., Bailey, D., Yarish, C., Lindell, S., & Jannink, J.-L. Simulation of sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) breeding guided by practices to accelerate genetic gains. G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics, 12(3), (2022): jkac003, https://doi.org/10.1093/g3journal/jkac003.
    Description: Though Saccharina japonica cultivation has been established for many decades in East Asian countries, the domestication process of sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) in the Northeast United States is still at its infancy. In this study, by using data from our breeding experience, we will demonstrate how obstacles for accelerated genetic gain can be assessed using simulation approaches that inform resource allocation decisions. Thus far, we have used 140 wild sporophytes that were sampled in 2018 from the northern Gulf of Maine to southern New England. From these sporophytes, we sampled gametophytes and made and evaluated over 600 progeny sporophytes from crosses among the gametophytes in 2019 and 2020. The biphasic life cycle of kelp gives a great advantage in selective breeding as we can potentially select both on the sporophytes and gametophytes. However, several obstacles exist, such as the amount of time it takes to complete a breeding cycle, the number of gametophytes that can be maintained in the laboratory, and whether positive selection can be conducted on farm-tested sporophytes. Using the Gulf of Maine population characteristics for heritability and effective population size, we simulated a founder population of 1,000 individuals and evaluated the impact of overcoming these obstacles on rate of genetic gain. Our results showed that key factors to improve current genetic gain rely mainly on our ability to induce reproduction of the best farm-tested sporophytes, and to accelerate the clonal vegetative growth of released gametophytes so that enough gametophyte biomass is ready for making crosses by the next growing season. Overcoming these challenges could improve rates of genetic gain more than 2-fold. Future research should focus on conditions favorable for inducing spring reproduction, and on increasing the amount of gametophyte tissue available in time to make fall crosses in the same year.
    Description: We acknowledge the funding support from the US Department of Energy Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E, Funding number DE-AR0000915).
    Keywords: Sugar kelp ; Saccharina latissima ; Simulation ; Breeding ; Genetic gain ; Genomic selection ; Genomic Prediction ; GenPred ; Shared Data Resource
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 4
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    Ink release and swimming behavior in the oceanic Ctenophore Eurhamphaea vexilligera (2020)
    University of Chicago Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © University of Chicago, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of University of Chicago for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Biological Bulletin 238(3), (2020): 206-213. doi:10.1086/709504.
    Description: Of the more than 150 ctenophore species, the oceanic ctenophore Eurhamphaea vexilligera is notable for its bright orange-yellow ink, secreted from numerous small vesicles that line its substomodeal comb rows. To date, in situ observations by scuba divers have proved the most fruitful method of observing these animals’ natural behavior. We present the results of one such contemporary scuba-based observation of E. vexilligera, conducted in the Gulf Stream waters off the coast of Florida, using high-resolution photography and video. Utilizing underwater camera systems purpose built for filming gelatinous zooplankton, we observed E. vexilligera ink release and swimming behavior in situ. From these data, we describe the timeline and mechanics of E. vexilligera ink release in detail, as well as the animal’s different swimming behaviors and resulting ink dispersal patterns. We also describe a rolling swimming behavior, accompanied and possibly facilitated by a characteristic change in overall body shape. These observations provide further insight into the behavioral ecology of this distinctive ctenophore and may serve as the foundation for future kinematic studies.
    Description: This work was funded by National Science Foundation awards OCE-1829945 to BJG, OCE-1829932 to KRS, OCE-1829913 to SPC, and OCE-1830015 to JHC. We thank the captain and crew of Calypso Dive Charters’ Miss Jackie for their assistance and field expertise, as well as two anonymous reviewers, whose insightful comments have improved the quality of the manuscript.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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