Anmerkung: Intro -- Concentration Fluctuations and Averaging Time in Vapor Clouds -- Contents -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 1. Background and Objectives -- 2. Sampling and Averaging Time Definitions -- Calculating Mass-Weighted Sampling Time -- Effective Sampling Time ts,a for Block Time Averages -- 3. Effect of Averaging Time on Mean Calculations -- Ensemble Averaging and Zero Sample Time Meandering -- Field Data for Sampling and Averaging Time Effects -- Plume Spread Sampling Time Effects Deduced from Velocity Fluctuation Statistics -- Measurement of Crosswind-Velocity Sampling Time Exponent pv -- Averaging Time Effects on Plume Spread σy -- Random Force Model for Sampling Time Effects on Crosswind Spread -- Comparing the Random Force Model to CONDORS Data -- Comparing the Random Force Model with σy ~ ts0.2 -- 4. Concentration Fluctuation Modeling -- Overview -- Types of Concentration Fluctuation Models -- Conditional Statistics for Fluctuation Calculations -- Wind Tunnel Simulation versus Field Testing for Model Validation -- 5. Probability Distributions -- Exponential Probability Distribution -- Clipped-Normal Probability Distribution -- Log-Normal Probability Distribution -- Gamma Probability Distribution -- Recommended Probability Distribution and Conditional Intensity Functions -- 6. Release Height and Source Size Effects on Fluctuation Intensity -- Internal Fluctuations in Jets and Plumes with No Meandering -- Fluctuation Intensity in Meandering Plumes from Ground Level Releases -- Meandering Plume Models for Source Size Effects on Elevated Releases -- Comparison with Chatwin and Sullivan's Similarity Model -- Release Momentum Effects on Source Size -- Fluctuations Near the Ground: Dissipation by Wind Shear -- Terrain Roughness, Atmospheric Stability, and Compatibility with Existing Hazard Assessment Models. , 7. Source Density Effects on Fluctuations -- Dense Plumes -- Buoyant Plumes -- 8. Buildings and Obstacles -- Modeling Concentration Fluctuations in Building Wakes -- 9. Threshold Crossing and Peak Levels -- Time Sequence versus Ensemble Repeat Averages -- 10. Framework for an Operational Model -- Adjusting Mean Concentration for Averaging Time -- Concentration Fluctuation Statistics -- Concentration Fluctuation Intensity -- Fraction of Time Threshold Concentration Is Exceeded -- Once-per-Event Peak Concentration -- Summary -- Appendix A Averaging and Sampling Time Effects on Plume Spread Velocity and Concentration Fluctuations -- Inertialess Fluctuation Spectrum -- Concentration Fluctuations -- Effect of Averaging Time on Concentration Variance -- Power Law Exponent qc for Averaging Time -- Effect of Sampling Time on Concentration Variance -- Power Law Exponent pc for Increased Sampling Time -- Velocity Fluctuations -- Sampling Time Effects on Crosswind Velocity Variance -- Sampling Time Effects for the Transverse Isotropic Spectrum -- Averaging Time Effects for Finite Sampling Time -- Gifford's Random Force Model for σy -- Wilson's Power Law Approximation to Gifford's Random Force Model -- Relative "Instantaneous" Spread vs. Fixed Axis Zero Sample Time Spread -- General Power-Law Plume Spread Equation -- Appendix B Peak Values and Threshold Crossing Probability -- Hazard Probability of Exceeding a Threshold for a Random Starting Time in an Established Steady Release -- Probability of G*(t) of First Crossing Threshold c* -- Hazard Rate h* for a Steady Release Rate -- Quasi-Steady Approximation for Time-Varying Release -- Peak-to-Mean Concentrations -- Rice's Theory for Threshold Upcrossing Rate N+ -- Threshold Crossing N+ Using In-Plume Statistics -- Exponential pdf for Derivatives -- Markov Spectrum for Derivatives. , Von Karman Spectrum for Derivatives -- Cutoff Frequency for Concentration Derivative Spectrum -- Estimating In-Plume Derivative for Threshold Crossing Rate -- Dependence of Peak Concentration on Averaging and Sampling Times -- Summary of Working Equations for Threshold Crossing -- Appendix C Eulerian and Lagrangian Turbulence Scales -- Crosswind Velocity Time Scale -- Vertical Velocity Time Scale -- Recommendation -- REFERENCES -- NOMENCLATURE -- INDEX.

Anmerkung: Introduction to Biology -- CONTENTS -- 11TH HOUR GUIDE TO SUCCESS -- PREFACE -- Unit I: FROM ATOMS TO LIVING CELLS -- 1: Introduction to Biology -- TOPIC 1: A BRIEF HISTORY OF LIFE AND THE UNIVERSE -- TOPIC 2: MAJOR GENERALIZATIONS ABOUT LIFE -- TOPIC 3: SCIENTIFIC METHOD -- 2: Atoms, Bonds, Water, and Carbon -- TOPIC 1: ATOMS -- TOPIC 2: CHEMICAL BONDS -- TOPIC 3: WATER: pH AND HYDROGEN BONDS -- TOPIC 4: CARBON: TETRAHEDRAL BONDS AND ISOMERS -- 3: Molecules and Macromolecules of Life -- TOPIC 1: FUNCTIONAL GROUPS -- TOPIC 2: CARBOHYDRATES -- TOPIC 3: LIPIDS -- TOPIC 4: AMINO ACIDS AND PROTEINS -- TOPIC 5: NUCLEOTIDES AND NUCLEIC ACIDS -- 4: Membrane Structure and Function -- TOPIC 1: MEMBRANE STRUCTURE -- TOPIC 2: PASSIVE TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANES -- TOPIC 3: ACTIVE TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANES -- 5: Cellular Organization -- TOPIC 1: NUCLEUS, ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, AND GOLGI APPARATUS -- TOPIC 2: CELLULAR ORGANELLES -- TOPIC 3: CYTOSKELETON AND CELL JUNCTIONS -- 6: Energy and Enzymes -- TOPIC 1: THERMODYNAMICS, HEAT, AND ENTROPY -- TOPIC 2: FREE ENERGY AND COUPLING -- TOPIC 3: HOW ENZYMES WORK -- TOPIC 4: ENZYME REGULATION AND INHIBITION -- 7: Energy Metabolism and Cell Respiration -- TOPIC 1: OXIDATION, REDUCTION, AND NADH -- TOPIC 2: GLYCOLYSIS -- TOPIC 3: KREBS (CITRIC ACID) CYCLE -- TOPIC 4: ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION -- TOPIC 5: FERMENTATION -- 8: Photosynthesis: Harnessing Energy for Life -- TOPIC 1: CHLOROPLASTS AND CHLOROPHYLL -- TOPIC 2: LIGHT REACTIONS -- TOPIC 3: CALVIN (CALVIN-BENSON) CYCLE -- Unit I Exam -- Unit II: GENES, INFORMATION, AND HEREDITY -- 9: DNA Structure, Function, and Replication -- TOPIC 1: EVIDENCE THAT DNA IS THE GENETIC MATERIAL -- TOPIC 2: DNA STRUCTURE -- TOPIC 3: DNA REPLICATION -- 10: RNA and Protein: Transcription, Translation, and the Genetic Code -- TOPIC 1: TRANSCRIPTION. , TOPIC 2: KINDS OF RNA AND RIBOSOME CONSTRUCTION -- TOPIC 3: THE GENETIC CODE -- TOPIC 4: TRANSLATION -- 11: Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis -- TOPIC 1: THE CELL CYCLE AND MITOSIS -- TOPIC 2: MEIOSIS -- TOPIC 3: SEXUAL REPRODUCTION AND GENETIC VARIATION -- 12: Mendelian Genetics -- TOPIC 1: MENDEL'S RULES AND GENETIC VARIATION -- TOPIC 2: GENETIC CROSSES -- TOPIC 3: COMPLEXITIES -- TOPIC 4: PEDIGREE ANALYSIS -- 13: Recombination, Linkage, and Mapping -- TOPIC 1: SEX-LINKED INHERITANCE -- TOPIC 2: LINKAGE AND RECOMBINATION -- TOPIC 3: GENETIC MAPPING -- 14: Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses -- TOPIC 1: VIRUSES AND THEIR LIFE CYCLES -- TOPIC 2: BACTERIA: GENETIC RECOMBINATION AND PLASMIDS -- TOPIC 3: OPERONS AND THE REGULATION OF PROKARYOTIC GENE EXPRESSION -- 15: Gene Expression, Gene Technology, and Human Genetics -- TOPIC 1: REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS -- TOPIC 2: HUMAN GENETIC DISORDERS -- TOPIC 3: GENE TECHNOLOGY: CLONES, PLASMIDS, PCR, AND RFLPs -- Unit II Exam -- Unit III: EVOLUTION -- 16: Evolution and Natural Selection -- TOPIC 1: EVOLUTION: HISTORY AND EVIDENCE -- TOPIC 2: NATURAL SELECTION -- 17: Microevolution and Population Genetics -- TOPIC 1: MICROEVOLUTION AND HARDY-WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM -- TOPIC 2: GENETIC VARIATION IN POPULATIONS -- Unit IV: ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY -- 18: General Principles of Physiology -- TOPIC 1: TISSUES, ORGAN SYSTEMS, AND SURFACE AREA -- TOPIC 2: HOMEOSTASIS AND TEMPERATURE REGULATION -- 19: Cardiovascular System -- TOPIC 1: HEART -- TOPIC 2: ARTERIES, CAPILLARIES, VEINS, AND BLOOD -- 20: Endocrine System and Hormones -- TOPIC 1: MECHANISMS OF HORMONE ACTION -- TOPIC 2: ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND THEIR CONTROL IN VERTEBRATES -- TOPIC 3: EXAMPLES OF HORMONAL REGULATION -- 21: Neurons: Electrical and Synaptic Events -- TOPIC 1: NEURONS, CIRCUITS, AND RESTING POTENTIALS -- TOPIC 2: THE ACTION POTENTIAL. , TOPIC 3: RECEPTOR POTENTIALS AND SYNAPTIC POTENTIALS -- TOPIC 4: SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION -- 22: Immune System and Body Defenses -- TOPIC 1: THE BODY'S DEFENSE MECHANISMS -- TOPIC 2: B CELLS, T CELLS, AND THE IMMUNE RESPONSE -- Units III and IV Exam -- Unit V: ECOLOGY -- 23: Ecology -- TOPIC 1: FOOD WEBS AND PRODUCTIVITY -- TOPIC 2: CHEMICAL CYCLING IN ECOSYSTEMS -- TOPIC 3: LIFE HISTORY CHARACTERISTICS AND POPULATION DYNAMICS -- Final Exam -- INDEX.