Note: Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Editors -- List of Contributors -- Integrating Technologies to Minimize Environmental Impacts -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Developments and Emerging Trends in the Crop Protection Industry -- 3 Improving the Sustainability of Crop Production -- 3.1 Improved Properties of Synthetic Pesticides -- 3.2 Emerging Technologies -- 3.3 Enhanced Application Technologies -- 3.4 Better Land Management -- 4 Role of Regulation in Technology Development -- Acknowledgments -- References -- The Environmental Impact of Fertiliser Nutrients on Freshwater -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Requirements and Utilisation of N and P by Different Crops -- 3 The Loss, Impact and Management of Fertiliser N and P from Land to Water -- 3.1 The Availability of Nutrient Sources to Loss -- 3.2 Pathways of Nutrient Loss -- 3.3 Attenuation -- 3.4 Processing of N and P in Freshwaters -- 3.5 Strategies to Mitigate N and P Losses -- 4 Future Directions and Research Gaps -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Pesticides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Pesticides and Terrestrial Wildlife -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Pesticide Use and Impacts on Terrestrial Biodiversity: Past and Present -- 2.3 Wildlife Protection Goals in Pesticide Regulation -- 2.4 Direct Effects -- 2.5 Indirect Effects -- 2.6 Pesticides and Protected Sites and Habitats -- 2.7 Conclusion -- 3 Pesticide Resistance -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Herbicide Resistance -- 3.3 Fungicide Resistance -- 3.4 Insecticide Resistance -- 3.5 Managing Resistance -- 4 Pesticides in Water -- 4.1 What Is the Issue? -- 4.2 Pesticide Movement to Water -- 4.3 Regulatory Control -- 4.4 Mitigation -- 4.5 Looking Ahead: Do We Have All the Answers? -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Agroecology and Organic Farming as Approaches to Reducing the Environmental Impacts of Agricultural Chemicals -- 1 Introduction. , 2 What are Agroecology and Organic Farming? -- 2.1 Agroecology -- 2.2 Organic Farming -- 3 Typical Practices and Systems -- 3.1 What Role Does Chemistry Play in these Approaches? -- 3.2 Restricting Inputs or Redesigning Systems? -- 4 Performance of Agroecological Approaches Relative to Conventional Intensive Systems -- 4.1 Biodiversity -- 4.2 Resource Use and Emissions -- 4.3 Productivity -- 4.4 Financial Viability -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Crop Biotechnology for Weed and Insect Control -- 1 Global Trends of GM Crop Adoption -- 2 Herbicide Tolerance -- 2.1 A Driver for Changing Agronomic Practices -- 2.2 Conservation Tillage Agriculture -- 2.3 Managing Resistance -- 3 Pest/Disease Resistance -- 3.1 Bt Genes and Toxins -- 3.2 Reduction in Insecticide Use -- 3.3 Evolution of Insect Resistance to Cry Toxins -- 4 What Does the Future Hold? -- 4.1 Regulatory Hurdles and Asynchronous Approvals -- 4.2 What is the Future for Crop Biotechnology? -- References -- Aquaculture -- 1 Aquaculture - A Modern Food Industry with a Long History -- 1.1 Our Seas and Oceans as a Source of Food -- 1.2 A Changing Landscape -- 1.3 A Long History -- 1.4 The Present Day -- 2 Challenges -- 3 The Use of Chemicals for Pest/Disease/Parasite Control -- 3.1 The Requirement to Use Pesticides -- 3.2 Sea Lice Treatments in Salmon Aquaculture -- 3.3 Non-salmonid Aquaculture -- 3.4 Anti-fouling Compounds -- 3.5 Disinfectants -- 4 Potential Impacts on the Environment and Non-target Species -- 5 Strategies to Reduce Chemical Usage -- 5.1 Testing the Products -- 5.2 Changes to Husbandry -- 5.3 Minimising Infection Pressure by Cooperation Between Farms within a Geographically Connected Area -- 5.4 Bioremediation -- 5.5 Using Natural Compounds which are Environmentally Benign -- 5.6 Improving the Host's Resistance to Disease -- 5.7 Natural Predators -- 6 Conclusions. , Acknowledgments -- References -- Horticulture -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Overview -- 2.1 Fertilisers -- 2.2 Soil Health -- 2.3 Pests, Diseases and Weeds -- 2.4 Water Use and Water Quality -- 3 Case Studies -- 3.1 Case Study 1: Carrot Production in the UK -- 3.2 Case Study 2: Integrated Pest and Disease Management (IPDM) in Apple Orchards -- 4 Future Perspectives -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Subject Index.

Note: Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Editors -- List of Contributors -- Emissions of Primary Particulate Matter -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Source Categories -- 2.1 Residential Combustion -- 2.2 Road Transport -- 2.3 Energy and Manufacturing Industries -- 2.4 Maritime Traffic -- 2.5 Agricultural Activities -- 2.6 Natural Sources -- 3 Particle Size Distribution -- 4 Speciation -- 4.1 PM Speciation Source Profiles -- 5 European PM Emission Inventories -- 6 Long-term Trends in Europe -- 7 Regulations and Mitigation Measures -- 7.1 Eco-design Directive -- 7.2 Diesel Vehicle Emission Standards and Abatement Technologies -- 7.3 Urban Access Regulations -- 7.4 MARPOL Convention -- References -- Where Did This Particle Come From? Sources of Particle Number and Mass for Human Exposure Estimates -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background -- 3 Particle Mass Concentrations -- 4 Particle Number Concentrations -- 4.1 New-particle Formation -- 4.2 Primary Particle Number Emissions -- 4.3 Primary Emissions vs. New-particle Formation -- 4.4 Issues of Scale -- 5 Implications for Human Exposure -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Source Apportionment: Principles and Methods -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Diurnal, Spatial, and Chemical Patterns Indicate PM Origins -- 3 Solutions to the CMB Equations -- 4 CMB Model Assumptions and Effects of Deviations -- 5 More Information from Existing Samples -- 6 How to Judge a Source Apportionment Study -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Case Studies of Source Apportionment from North America -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Historic Development -- 3 Applications -- 3.1 Chemical Mass Balance -- 3.2 Unmix -- 3.3 Positive Matrix Factorization -- 4 Advanced Model Applications -- 4.1 Constrained Models -- 4.2 Multiple Sample Type Data -- 4.3 Time Synchronization Model -- 4.4 Spatially Distributed Data -- 4.5 Mixed Way Data -- 4.6 Size-Composition-Time Data. , 5 Summary -- References -- Case Studies of Source Apportionment and Suggested Measures at Southern European Cities -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 PM Sampling and Measurements -- 2.2 Sample Treatment and Analysis -- 2.3 Source Apportionment -- 3 Results -- 3.1 PM Levels and Seasonality -- 3.2 PM Chemical Characterization -- 3.3 PM Mass Closure -- 3.4 PM Source Apportionment -- 4 Comparison Among Case Study Cities -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- PM10 Source Apportionment in Five North Western European Cities-Outcome of the Joaquin Project -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Site Description and Chemical Characterisation of PM10 -- 2.1 Sites -- 2.2 PM10 Sampling and Gravimetric Analysis -- 2.3 Chemical Analysis -- 3 Source Apportionment Using Positive Matrix Factorization -- 3.1 Data Preparation and Uncertainty Matrix -- 3.2 Positive Matrix Factorization -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 PM10 Mass Concentrations -- 4.2 Identification and Temporal Variation of the Calculated Factors -- 4.3 Spatial Variation of the Source Profiles -- 4.4 Wind-directional and Trajectory Analysis of the Source Profiles -- 4.5 Source Profiles on Days Exceeding the Daily Limit Value -- 4.6 Estimated Uncertainty of the PMF Analysis -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- PM2.5 Source Apportionment in China -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Time Trends -- 2.1 Visibility Trends -- 2.2 Emission Trends -- 2.3 Meteorology Trends -- 3 Sources of PM2.5 in China -- 3.1 Methods for Source Apportionment -- 3.2 Source Apportionment Results in China -- 3.3 PM2.5 Source Apportionment in Beijing, China -- 4 Future Research -- 4.1 Health Effects -- 4.2 Online Source Apportionment -- 4.3 Integration of Different Source Apportionment Methods -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Case Studies of Source Apportionment from the Indian Sub-continent -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Source Signatures from Indian Sub-continent -- 3 Case Studies from the Indian Sub-continent -- 3.1 India -- 3.2 Pakistan -- 3.3 Bangladesh -- 3.4 Nepal -- 3.5 Sri Lanka -- 3.6 Bhutan -- 3.7 The Maldives -- 4 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Health Effects of Airborne Particles in Relation to Composition, Size and Source -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Current Evidence on Differential Toxicity -- 2.1 Black Carbon and Organic Carbon -- 2.2 Metals -- 2.3 Inorganic Secondary Aerosols -- 2.4 Size -- 2.5 Source -- 3 Overall Conclusions on Differential Toxicity -- 4 Global Variation in the Composition and Toxicity of Particulate Matter -- 4.1 North America -- 4.2 Europe -- 4.3 Western Pacific and Southeast Asia -- 5 Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Subject Index.