Note: Cover -- Preface -- Contents -- Editors -- List of Contributors -- Global Atmosphere - The Antarctic Ozone Hole -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Observations of Antarctic Ozone -- 3 Causes of Antarctic Ozone Depletion -- 3.1 Dynamical Preconditioning -- 3.2 Polar Stratospheric Clouds -- 3.3 Catalytic Ozone Loss Cycles -- 3.4 Modelling of Polar Ozone Depletion -- 4 Ozone Depletion at Other Latitudes -- 4.1 Arctic -- 4.2 Mid-latitudes -- 4.3 Tropics -- 5 Regulation and Control: The Montreal Protocol -- 5.1 Chlorine and Bromine Source Gases -- 5.2 The Montreal Protocol -- 5.3 Reasons for Success of the Montreal Protocol -- 5.4 Climate Benefit of the Montreal Protocol -- 6 Outlook -- 6.1 Very Short-lived Species -- 6.2 Recovery of the Ozone Layer -- 6.3 Impact of Ozone Depletion on Surface Climate -- 7 Summary -- References -- Global Atmosphere - Greenhouse Gases -- 1 The Greenhouse Effect -- 1.1 What is the Greenhouse Effect? -- 1.2 Radiative Forcing -- 1.3 Uncertainty -- 1.4 Greenhouse Gas Emissions -- 1.5 Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations -- 1.6 The Consequences of Climate Forcing -- 2 The International Response to Climate Change -- 2.1 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change -- 2.2 Industrialised and Developing Countries -- 2.3 The Kyoto Protocol -- 2.4 Post-Kyoto Protocol -- 2.5 Unilateral and Bilateral Initiatives -- 2.6 Mobilizing Climate Finance -- 3 GHG Emissions Data: Measurement, Reporting and Verification -- 3.1 Role of Emissions Inventories -- 3.2 Policy and Inventories -- 3.3 Sub-national and City Inventories -- 3.4 Inventory Verification -- 4 Science and Policy Challenges -- 4.1 Benchmarks -- 4.2 Growth -- 4.3 Short-lived Climate Forcing Agents -- 4.4 Credibility -- 4.5 Political Economy -- 4.6 Outsourcing Emissions -- 5 The Energy Sector and Technology -- 5.1 Technology Types -- 5.2 Market Potential and Challenges. , 6 What does the Future Hold? -- 6.1 GHG Emissions -- 6.2 The Global Environment -- 6.3 Overcoming the Barriers to Effective Action -- References -- Trends in Local Air Quality 1970-2014 -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The United Kingdom -- 2.1 Trends in Emissions in 1970 -- 2.2 Ambient Air Monitoring -- 2.3 Trends in Airborne Concentrations from 1970 -- 3 The United States of America -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Trends in Emission -- 3.3 Trends in Airborne Concentrations -- 3.4 Conclusions -- 4 Less Developed Countries: China as a Case Study -- 4.1 Trends in Emissions since 1970 -- 4.2 Ambient Air Monitoring - Development of the Networks -- 4.3 Trends in Airborne Concentrations -- 4.4 Commentary upon Differences in Trends in Emissions and Air Quality -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Mercury and Lead -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Anthropogenic Insult -- 3 The Global Biogeochemical Cycles of Mercury and Lead -- 3.1 Mercury Cycling in Aquatic Systems -- 3.2 Lead in the Biosphere -- 4 Policy Response and Impact -- 4.1 Lead -- 4.2 Mercury -- 5 Trends in the Future -- References -- Persistent Organic Pollutants -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Stockholm Convention on POPs -- 3 POPs Criteria -- 4 Sources and Applications of POPs -- 4.1 Pesticide POPs -- 4.2 Byproduct POPs -- 4.3 Industrial Chemicals -- 4.4 Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) -- 5 Toxicity/Adverse Effects of POPs -- 5.1 Ecotoxicity -- 5.2 Human Toxicity -- 5.3 Exposure Pathways and Combined Adverse Effects -- 6 Long-range Transport of POPs -- 6.1 Atmospheric Transport -- 6.2 The ''Grasshopper" Effect -- 6.3 Oceanic Currents -- 6.4 Migratory Animals -- 7 Temporal Trends - Has Legislation Really Worked? -- 7.1 Legacy POPs -- 7.2 Newer POPs -- 8 Climate Change and POPs - Future Scenario -- 9 Managing the Problem -- 10 Concluding Remarks -- References. , Emerging Chemical Contaminants: How Chemical Development Outpaces Impact Assessment -- 1 Chemical Ubiquity -- 2 Birth of the Chemical Industry -- 3 Birth of the Pharmaceutical Industry -- 4 Discovery of Estrogens in Water -- 5 Ubiquity of Chemicals in the Environment -- 6 Formation of New and Previously Unknown Products -- 7 Regulatory History and Current Framework in the US -- 8 Evolution in Analytical Methodologies -- 9 Implications for Water Sustainability -- References -- A Change of Emphasis: Waste to Resource Management -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Application of the Waste Hierarchy -- 3 Regulatory and Legal Aspects -- 4 Collection of Wastes -- 5 Trends in Waste Arisings -- 5.1 Sources and Composition -- 6 Methods of Waste Treatment and Disposal -- 6.1 Disposal -- 6.2 Energy Recovery -- 6.3 Recycling and Composting -- 6.4 Reuse -- 6.5 Prevention and Minimisation -- 7 Specific Waste Streams -- 8 Environmental Impacts of Waste Management -- 9 The Emergence of the Circular Economy -- 10 Summary -- References -- From ''Dilute and Disperse'' to ''Recycle & -- Reuse'' - Changes in Attitude and Practice of Effluent Management -- 1 Effluent Discharges Before 1972-The Historical Background -- 2 Developments in the Regulatory Environment -- 2.1 Pollutants Don't Recognise Political Boundaries -- 2.2 Integration across the Water Cycle is Desirable -- 2.3 Pollutants have Many Sources and Don't Stay Where They are Put -- 3 Putting the Theories into Practice -- 3.1 ''Dilution is the solution to pollution -- 3.2 Increasing Concern about Persistence -- 3.3 A European Consensus -- 4 Effluent Management in the 21st Century -- 4.1 Water Conservation and Reuse -- 4.2 Advanced Effluent Treatment -- 4.3 Green Chemistry -- 4.4 21st Century Regulatory Processes -- 5 Improvements in the Environment Since 1970 -- 6 Future Prospects -- References -- Subject Index.