Note: Intro -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH VOLUME 16 -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH VOLUME 16 -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- QUANTUM CHEMISTRY OF NITRIC ACID: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE AND REACTIVITY OF ITS DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. Structural and Thermodynamic Parameters of Known Isomers of HNO3 -- 1.2. Structural and Thermodynamic Parameters of New Isomers of HNO3 -- 2. THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF N2O5 IN THE GAS AND SOLID PHASES -- 3. THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF THE HIGH-ENERGY STATES OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE NO2 -- 4.1. Photochemical Water Decomposition in the Presence of Nitrogen Dioxide in Troposphere -- 4.2. Hydrolysis of NO2* -- 5.1. Structural and Thermodynamic Parameters of an NO3 Molecule in Different Electronic States -- 5.2. The Reactivity of High-Energy Nitrogen Trioxide NO3 (2A1) in the Oxidation of N2 and N2O -- 6.1. The Molecular Structures of Dinitrogen Tetraoxide N2O4 Isomers and Quantum-Chemical Evidence for a New Isomer - Nitrosonium Nitrate NO+NO3- -- 6.2. The NO2 Dimerization, Isomerization and Hydrolysis of N2O4 in the Acid-Formation Process -- 7.1. Molecular Mechanism of the NO Oxidation by Oxygen in the Gas Phase -- 7.2. Experimental Data for the Trimolecular Reaction of O2 with Two NO Molecules -- 7.3. Quantum-Chemical Data for the Trimolecular Reaction of O2 with Two NO Molecules -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- FURAN RESINS: SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATIONS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. FURAN DERIVATIVES AS SOLVENTS -- 2.1. Furfural -- 2.2. Furan -- 2.3. Furfuryl Alcohol -- 2.4. Hydroxymethyl Furfural -- 2.5. Dimethylfuran -- 3. FURAN DERIVATIVES AS INHIBITORS -- 3.1. Inhibition of Free Radical Polymerization -- 3.2. Corrosion Inhibitors -- 3.3. Biological Inhibition -- 4. DIELS-ALDER REACTIONS APPLIED TO FURAN DERIVATIVES -- 4.1. Conditions and Versatility. , 4.2. Furan Rings as Functional Group Modifiers: Synthetic Applications -- 4.2.1. Natural Products -- 4.2.2. Polymers -- 4.2.3. Strategies for Structure Modification -- 4.3. Exploitation of the Thermal Reversibility -- 4.3.1. Recyclable Materials -- 4.3.2. Self-Healing Materials -- 4.3.3. Biomedical Applications: Hydrogels and Drug Delivery -- 5. CHEMICAL AND THERMAL RESISTANT MATERIALS BASED ON FURAN DERIVATIVES -- 6. HIGH CARBON YIELDS: CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS -- 7. REPLACEMENT OF CLASSICAL MATERIALS -- 8. HIGHLY REGULAR STRUCTURES: GRAFTING AND POLYMER MODIFICATION -- 9. HIGHLY CONJUGATED STRUCTURES -- 10. NANOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF FURAN BASED STRUCTURES -- REFERENCES -- A NEW RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BOND DISTANCES AND BOND STRETCHING WAVENUMBERS OF NO IN COMPLEXES, CLUSTERS, AND ADSORBED ON SINGLE CRYSTAL METAL SURFACES: A VIBRATIONAL SPECTRODIFFRACTOMETRIC ANALYSIS -- ABSTRACT -- LIGAND ABBREVIATIONS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 2.1. The Data -- 2.2. Structure and Bonding -- 2.3. Is the Νno Vibration a Good Group-Frequency Mode? -- 3. THE BADGER'S PLOTS -- 4. SOME COMMENTS ON THE IJ AND CIJ* PARAMETER OF THE BADGER RULE -- 5. TWO EXAMPLES OF THE APPLICABILITY OF THE MODIFIED BADGER'S EQUATIONS -- 5.1. The Case of [Fe (NO)(CN)5]2- Anion -- 5.2. The Case of NO/Ni (111) -- an Example of NO Adorbed on Single Cyrstal Metal Surfaces -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- POLY (ETHYLENE GLYCOL) IN METAL-MEDIATED CATALYSIS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. CROSS-COUPLING REACTION IN POLY (ETHYLENE GLYCOL) -- 1.1. Suzuki Reaction -- 1.2. Heck Reaction -- 1.3. Sonogashira Reaction -- 2. POLY (ETHYLENE GLYCOL) STABILIZED TRANSITION-METAL NANOPARTICLES -- 2.1. Palladium Nanoparticles -- 2.2. Platinum Nanoparticles -- 2.3. Silver Nanoparticles -- 2.4. Cobalt Nanoparticles. , 3. POLY (ETHYLENE GLYCOL)-BOUND LIGANDS IN CATALYTIC REACTION -- 3.1. Hydrogenation -- 3.2. Hydroformylation -- 3.3. Suzuki Reaction -- 3.4. Heck Reaction -- 3.5. Sonogashira Reaction -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- WATER CHEMISTRY, A MYSTERY -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SURFACE WATER CHEMISTRY AND WATER CONTAMINATION -- 3. GROUNDWATER CHEMISTRY AND DRINKING WATER SPECIFICATIONS -- 4. STANDARDIZING THE DRINKING WATER STANDARDS -- 5. WATER, A NUTRIENT -- 6. WATER, A MEDICINE -- 7. MYTH OF MINERAL (BOTTLED) WATER -- 8. WATER FILTERS/ RO UNITS -- 9. OPTIMUM UTILIZATION OF DRINKING WATER -- 9. OPTIMUM UTILIZATION OF DRINKING WATER -- 11. SAFEGUARDING THE WATER RESOURCES -- CONCLUSION -- MEMBRANE AND MEMBRANE REACTOR TECHNOLOGIES FOR COX PURIFICATION OF GASEOUS STREAMS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. PRODUCT GAS CLEANING -- 3. COX PURIFICATION VIA MR TECHNOLOGY -- 4. MEMBRANE AND MEMBRANE REACTOR OUTLINES -- 5. INORGANIC MEMBRANE REACTORS -- 1) Carbon Membranes -- 2) Ceramic Membranes -- 3) Zeolite Membranes -- 6. POLYMERIC MEMBRANES FOR COX SEPARATION -- CONCLUSION AND FUTURE TRENDS -- LIST OF SYMBOLS -- REFERENCES -- DOCKING OF ANTISCHISTOSOMAL NATURAL PRODUCTS WITH RELEVANT PROTEIN TARGETS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- COMPUTATIONAL METHODS -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- Molecular Docking -- Glutathione S-Transferase -- Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase -- Superoxide Dismutase -- Thioredoxin Glutathione Reductase -- Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4E -- Cyclophilin A -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- BIOSYNTHESIS OF PROPIONIC ACID BY ANAEROBIC PROCESSES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. FUNDAMENTALS -- 2. PROPIONIC ACID ANAEROBIC BIOTECHNOLOGY -- 3. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS -- REFERENCES -- ANALYSIS OF BAMBOO-CARBONIZED LIQUID AND DETERMINATION OF ITS CONSTITUENTS BY GC-MS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIAL AND METHODS. , Procedure for Carbonization of Bamboo and Collection of Bamboo Carbonized Liquid -- Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) Analysis -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.

Note: Intro -- VOLUME 11 -- JAMES C. TAYLOR -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- THE POTENTIAL BINDING POTENCY OF BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES -- NITROGEN DIOXIDE FOR WASTELESS SUSTAINABLE SYNTHESES -- ACTIVATED CARBONS: PREPARATIONS AND CHARACTERIZATIONS -- EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES OF THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF FIVE NEW 2-METHYLBENZIMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVES -- TREATMENT OF OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS AND SURFACTANT SOLUTIONS BY DYNAMIC FILTRATION -- ALTERNATIVES TO THE USE OF SULFUR DIOXIDE IN ENOLOGY -- ELECTROCHEMICAL REDUCTION OF PHTHALIMIDE TO ISOINDOLINE -- THE USE OF PASSIVE SAMPLERS FOR ASSESSING PERSONAL EXPOSURE AND AIR CONCENTRATIONS OF NITROGEN OXIDES, HYDROGEN SULFIDE AND CARBONYL COMPOUNDS IN INDOOR, OUTDOOR AND WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENTS -- ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY AND DOCKING STUDIES OF BENZIMIDAZOLE-PYRIMIDINE CONJUGATES -- NOVEL INVESTIGATION OF 1,5-DIAMINO-4-METHYLTETRAZOLIUM PERCHLORATE [C2H7N6] + [CLO4]- :A PROSPECTIVE CHALLENGE TO NITROGEN-RICHIONIC SALTS AND HEALTH RISK -- PROTECTION OF BRONZE BY NEW NON-TOXIC CORROSION INHIBITORS FROM THE INFLUENCE OF ARTIFICIAL ACID RAIN -- NITROUS OXIDE CLATHRATE HYDRATES -- A GENERAL SOLID-STATE APPROACH TO METALLIC, METAL OXIDES AND PHOSPHATE NANOPARTICLES -- TREATMENT OF NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX) BY IMMOBILIZED NITRIFYING AND DENITRIFYING MICROORGANISM IN TRICKING BIOFILTER -- ACID RAIN: IMPLICATIONS IN PLANTS' GROWTH, BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY -- RECENT PROGRESS IN HIGH ACCURACY CALCULATIONS OF BASICITY OF ORGANIC SUPERBASES -- INDEX.

Note: Intro -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- CRITICAL ASPECTS IN MICROFLUIDIC SYSTEMS DESIGN -- FURAN: SYNTHESIS, FUNCTIONS AND CONTROL -- PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BAMBOO FIBRE AND JAMS ADDED WITH BAMBOO FIBRE -- DIHYDROFURANS: SYNTHESIS AND REACTIVITY OF 2-AMINO-4,5-DIHYDRO-3-FURANCARBONITRILES -- MICROWAVE ASSISTED FURAN CYCLOADDITIONS: QUANTUM-CHEMICAL REACTIVITY ASSESSMENT -- SYNTHESIS AND MAST CELL STABILIZER ACTIVITY OF 3-(BENZYLOXYMETHYL) FURAN-5H-2-ONE -- INTERACTIONS BETWEEN FURANS AND DRUG METABOLIC ENZYMES -- GENOME-SHUFFLING IMPROVES ACID TOLERANCE OF PROPIONIBACTERIUM ACIDIPROPIONICI AND PROPIONIC ACID PRODUCTION -- ALKENYLATION OF FURANS VIA DEHYDROGENATIVE HECK REACTION -- ASPHALTENE PRECIPITATION IN GAS CONDENSATE SYSTEM.

Note: Intro -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH VOLUME 14 -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH VOLUME 14 -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- ADVANCES IN OXIDATIVE DECOMPOSITION OF OXALIC ACID IN AQUEOUS MEDIA -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. ORIGINS, SOURCES AND OCCURRENCE -- 3. REACTIVITY AND TOXICITY -- 3.1. Thermal Decomposition of Oxalic Acid -- 3.2. Chemical Reactivity -- 4. DECOMPOSITION METHODS -- 4.1. Physical Methods -- 4.2. Chemical Methods -- 4.3. Biochemical and Enzymatic Methods -- 5. CONVENTIONAL OXIDATIVE DECOMPOSITION TECHNIQUES -- 5.1. Fenton Oxidative Techniques -- 5.2. Photochemical Techniques -- 5.3. Photocatalytic Oxidation Techniques (UV/Tio2) -- 5.4. Ozonation -- 5.4.1. Molecular Ozone Attack -- 5.4.2. Radical Attack -- 5.5. Correlation between pH on OH* Radical -- 6. ADVANCED OXIDATIVE TECHNIQUES -- 6.1. Ozonation under UV Exposure -- 6.2. Ozonation under UV Exposure in the Presence of Hydrogen Peroxide -- 6.3. Catalytic Ozonation -- 7. CATALYSTS FOR OZONATION -- 7.1. Dissolved Metal Cation Catalysts -- 7.2. Heterogeneous Catalysts -- 7.3. TiO2 Catalysts and Derivatives -- 7.4. Carbon-Based Catalysts -- 7.5. Aluminosilicate-Based Catalysts -- 8. OZONATION OVER CLAY-BASED CATALYST -- 8.1. Effect of the Solid Surface -- 8.2. Role of Ph on the Clay Behavior and Reagent-Surface Interactions -- 8.2.1. Ozonation at Low pH on Clay-Based Catalysts -- 8.2.2. Ozonation at Elevated pH on Clay-Based Catalysts -- 8.2.3. Adsorption and OH* Radical Contributions -- 8.3. Role of the Exchangeable Cation -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACRYLAMIDE -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- 3. PRODUCTION AND USE -- 4. EMISSION INTO THE ENVIRONMENT -- 5. EXPOSURE OF HUMANS -- 6. INTAKE WITH FOOD -- 7. INTAKE WITH TOBACCO SMOKE -- 8. OTHER ACRYLAMIDE SOURCE -- 9. TOXICOLOGY -- 10. CHRONIC TOXICICITY IN ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS. , 10.1. Carcinogenicity -- 10.2. Neurotoxicity -- 11. CHRONIC TOXICITY IN HUMANS -- 11.1. Carcinogenicity -- 11.2. Neurotoxicity -- 11.3. Relationship between Internal Exposure and Neurotoxic Effects -- 12. ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, KINETICS AND METABOLISM -- 12.1. Absorption and Distribution -- 12.2. Metabolism -- 13. HB ADDUCTS -- 14. DNA ADDUCTS -- 15. GST POLYMORPHISMS -- 16. HUMAN BIOMONITORING -- 17. ANALYTICS -- 18. ACRYLAMIDE FORMATION IN FOODS -- 18.1 Reaction Product from Acrylamide Observed in Humans -- 18.2. Acrylamide Formation during Cooking: Identification and Quantification -- 18.3. Chemical Mechanisms for Acrylamide Formation -- 18.4. Acrolein Formation from lipids -- 18.5. Acrolein Formation from Amino Acids, Proteins and Carbohydrates -- 18.6. Formation of Acrylamide through Amino Acid Reactions not Involving Acrolein -- 18.7. The Maillard Reaction as the Route for Acrylamide Formation -- 18.8. Review of Factors Influencing the Maillard Reaction -- 19. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ACRYLAMIDE -- 20. PRODUCTION AND USE -- 21. MODIFIED ACRYLAMIDE BASED ON HYDROGELS -- REFERENCES -- ACRYLAMIDE FORMATION IN FOODS: HEALTH IMPLICATIONS AND MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- WHAT IS ACRYLAMIDE? -- Main Chemical and Physical Properties of Acrylamide -- Acrylamide Reactions with other Molecules -- ACRYLAMIDE FORMATION IN HEAT PROCESSED FOODS -- Which Are the Major Acrylamide Precursors and Pathways? -- Which are the Foods which Commonly Contain Acrylamide? -- Exposure Estimation of Acrylamide -- ACRYLAMIDE HEALTH IMPLICATIONS -- Dietary Acrylamide and Cancer -- Mechanism of Acrylamide Carcinogenicity -- Toxicokinetics of Acrylamide -- Metabolism of Acrylamide -- Acrylamide Biomarkers-New Insights in Exposure and Mode of Action -- ACRYLAMIDE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES - A PREVENTION APPROACH -- Changes in Process Parameters. , Reduction of Precursor's Levels in Raw Materials -- Acrylamide Mitigation by Using Several Technologies Combined -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- ONE OF THE RECENT DISCOVERIES IN CATALYSIS: THE PHENOMENON OF ELECTROCHEMICAL PROMOTION -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS OF ELECTROCHEMICAL PROMOTION -- 3. ORIGIN AND MECHANISM -- 3.1. The Effective Double Layer -- 3.2. Work Function -- 3.3. Types of Electrochemical Promotion Behaviour -- 4. EXPERIMENTAL FEATURES -- 4.1. Solid Electrolytes -- 4.2. Catalyst-Electrodes -- 4.3. Set-up -- 5. SOME RECENT APPLICATIONS OF THE PHENOMENON OF ELECTROCHEMICAL PROMOTION -- 5.1. N2O Reduction -- 5.2. CH4 Combustion -- 5.3. Water Gas Shift (WGS) Reaction -- 6. BRIEF OVERVIEW ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES -- SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES FOR OXALATE METABOLISM IN WOOD-ROTTING BASIDIOMYCETES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. OXALATE-PRODUCING ENZYMES IN THE BROWN-ROT FUNGUS FOMITOPSIS PALUSTRIS -- 2.1. Cytochrome C-Dependent Glyoxylate Dehydrogenase (FpGLOXDH) -- 2.2. Oxaloacetate Acetylhydrolase (FpOAH) -- 3. BICYCLE MECHANISMS FOR OXALATE BIOSYNTHESIS IN WOOD-ROTTING FUNGI -- 4. ROLES FOR OXALATE TRANSPORTER IN CARBON METABOLISM OF F. PALUSTRIS -- 5. ROLES OF OXALATE METABOLISM IN RELATION TO THE PHYSIOLOGY OF OXALATE-DEGRADING AND NONDEGRADING BASIDIOMYCETES -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- USE OF CARBON MONOXIDE IN SLAUGHTERING, PROCESSING AND PACKAGING OF MUSCLE FOODS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- CO EXPOSURE TO HUMANS -- USE OF CO FOR SEDATION AND KILLING OF ANIMALS -- Terrestrial Animals -- Fish -- ANALYSIS OF CO -- Air -- Water -- Human Blood -- Meat and Fish Tissue -- PRETREATMENT -- Filtered Smoke -- Direct Use of Carbon Monoxide -- CO FOR PACKAGING -- REACTIONS OF CO WITH HEME PROTEINS. , METABOLISM AND CO -- Temperature - Cooking -- LEGAL ASPECTS -- USFDA - Filtered Smoke 2000 -- USFDA - 2002 -- USFDA 2004 -- CONSUMER ASPECTS -- Consumption of CO Treated Muscle Foods -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- THE ROLE OF OXALIC ACID IN NANOTECHNOLOGY: FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. DEVELOPMENT OF METAL OXIDE NANOSTRUCTURES (MONS) -- 2.1. Oxalic Acid as an Additive in Preparation of MONs -- 2.2. Tuning the Properties of MONs by Oxalic Acid -- 3. DEGRADATION OF OXALIC ACID BY NANOCATALYSTS -- 4. OXALIC ACID IN FABRICATION OF SELF ARRANGED NANOTEMPLATES -- 4.1. Importance of Porous Alumina in Nanotechnology -- 4.2. Growth Mechanism of Porous Alumina -- 4.3. Peculiarities of Porous Alumina Prepared with Oxalic Acid -- 5. DISSOLUTION OF METAL OXIDE NANOSTRUCTURES -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- NOVEL SELF-OSCILLATING POLYMER CHAINS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION -- 2.1. Polymerization -- 2.1.1. Synthesis of Poly(NIPAAm-co-Ru(bpy)3-co-AMPS) -- 2.1.2. Synthesis of Poly(NIPAAm-co-Ru(bpy)3-co-MAPTAC) with BrO3- as the Counter Ion -- 2.1.3. Synthesis of the Poly(VP-co-Ru(bpy)3) -- 2.2. Measurement -- 2.2.1. Measurement of Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST) -- 2.2.2. Measurement of Self-oscillations for Poly(NIPAAm-co-Ru(bpy)3-co-AMPS) Solution under Acid-free Condition -- 2.2.3. Measurement of Self-oscillations for Poly(NIPAAm-co-Ru(bpy)3-co-MAPTAC) Solution under Oxidant-free Condition -- 2.2.4. Measurement of Self-oscillations for Poly(NIPAAm-co-Ru(bpy)3-co-AMPS-co-MAPTAC) Solution under the Biological Condition -- 2.2.5. Measurement of Optical Oscillations of the Poly(VP-co-Ru(bpy)3) -- 3.1. Results and Discussion -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- OXALIC ACID AS A SACRIFICIAL AGENT IN THE PHOTOREDUCTION OF WATER CONTAMINANTS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL. , 2.1. Experimental Set-Up -- 2.2. Experimental Procedures -- 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 3.1. The Oxalic Acid as Sacrificial Agent -- 3.2. Effect of Catalyst Reuse or Preconditioning -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH VALUABLE ASTAXANTHIN PRODUCT FROM SHRIMP WASTE WITH SUPERCRITICAL FLUID TECHNOLOGIES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. EXTRACTION OF ASTAXANTHIN FROM SHRIMP CRUSTACEAN BY SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Experimental -- 1.2.1. Raw Materials -- 1.2.2. Sample Preparation -- 1.2.3. Supercritical Fluid Extraction -- 1.2.4. Analytical Method -- 1.3. Results and Discussions -- 1.3.1. HPLC Analysis -- 1.3.2. Conventional Solvent Extraction -- 1.3.3. Supercritical Fluid Extraction -- Conclusion -- References -- 2. ENCAPSULATION OF ASTAXANTHIN NANOPARTICLE BY THE RAPID EXPANSION OF SUPERCRITICAL SOLUTIONS (RESS) -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Materials and Methods -- 2.2.1. Materials -- 2.2.2. Preparation of Astaxanthin Particle by RESS Technique -- 2.2.3. Conventional Re-Crystallization Astaxanthin -- 2.2.4. Particle Characterization -- 2.2.5. Particle Size Distribution -- 2.3. Results and Discussion -- 2.3.1. Conventional Crystallization -- 2.3.2. RESS Crystallization -- 2.4. Conclusions -- REFERENCES -- LYSOPHOSPHATIDIC ACID -- 1. LYSOPHOSPHATIDIC ACID -- METABOLISM -- 2. LPA RECEPTORS -- 3. BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF LPA -- Nervous System -- Vascular System -- Immune System -- Reproductive System -- Cancer -- 4. AUTOTAXIN (ATX) -- Nucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterases (NPPs) -- NPP Structure -- NPP Mechanism and Specificity -- NPP Substrate Specificity -- Initial Discovery of ATX and Its Role in LPA Production -- Physiological and Pathological Roles of ATX -- Structure of Autotaxin -- Inhibition of Autotaxin -- 5. INTERDICTING THE LPA PATHWAY -- LPA Receptor Antagonists -- Thio-ccPA 18:1. , Reported Inhibitors of Autotaxin.

Note: Intro -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH. VOLUME 22 -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1: MOLECULAR CLUSTER ENSEMBLES IN BIOMATRICES AND THE INFLUENCE OF ETIS: A NEW APPROACH TO THE PROPAGATION OF LIFE IN SPACE - RISKS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS -- 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 4. A NEW WAY TO STIMULATE LIFE REMOTELY. RISKS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2: SULFUR COMPOUNDS AS ANTIOXIDANTS: BENEFICIAL EFFECTS ON HEALTH -- ABSTRACT -- ABBREVIATIONS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. REACTIVE SULFUR SPECIES -- 3. GLUCOSINOLATES AND ISOTHIOCYANATES -- 4. SULFUR AMINO ACIDS -- 5. DISULFIDES -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3: ENSEMBLES OF MOLECULAR CLUSTERS IN WATER HCl: SOLUTIONS. STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF THE CLUSTER НCl·98H2O - MECHANISM OF HCl APPEARANCE IN AN EARTHQUAKE ZONE -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4: APPLICATIONS OF DMSO IN ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR FIELDS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF CONDUCTING POLYMERS -- 3. APPLICATIONS OF DMSO IN CONDUCTING POLYMERS -- 4. PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES -- CONCLUSION AND PROSPECT -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIOGRAPHY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5: INFLUENCE OF WATER-DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE MEDIUM ON COMPLEX-FORMING PROPERTIES OF CROWN ETHER 18-CROWN-6 -- ABSTRACT -- 1. WATER-DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE SOLVENT AS A PROSPECTIVE MEDIUM FOR HOST-GUEST MOLECULAR COMPLEX FORMATION REACTIONS -- 2. FEATURES OF COMPLEX FORMATION INVOLVING CROWN ETHERS IN SOLUTIONS -- 3. THERMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS OF THE MOLECULAR COMPLEXES OF 18C6 WITH SOME AMINO-ACIDS IN H2O-DMSO SOLVENT -- 4. ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE SOLVATION STATE OF REAGENTS ON THE THERMODYNAMICS OF AA-18C6 MOLECULAR COMPLEX FORMATION IN H2O-DMSO SOLVENT. , 5. THERMODYNAMICS OF MOLECULAR COMPLEX FORMATION OF 18-CROWN-6 WITH GLYCYL-GLYCYL-GLYCINE IN Н2О-DMSO SOLVENT -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6: GROWTH AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ANTIMONY NANOSTRUCTURES ON INERT LAYER-MATERIAL SUBSTRATES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SUBSTRATES, ANTIMONY AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE -- 3. Sb NANOSTRUCTURES ON HOPG -- 4. GROWTH OF Sb NANOSTRUCTRES ON MoS2 -- CONCLUSION AND FUTURE OUTLOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7: ADSORPTION OF GASEOUS HG0 AND HGCL2 WITH INNOVATIVE COMPOSITE SULFURIZED ACTIVATED CARBONS -- 1. ABSTRACT -- 2. INTRODUCTION -- 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS -- 4. DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8: SULFUR COMPOUNDS SIGNIFICANCE IN FOSSIL FUELS AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT -- ABSTRACT -- 1. BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT SULFUR -- 2. RESERVOIRS OF SULFUR ATOMS IN NATURE -- 3. FORMATION OF FOSSIL FUELS -- 4. CRUDE OIL -- 5. PRESENCE OF SULFUR IN CRUDE OIL AND ITS EFFECT ON REFINING PROCESS -- 6. REFINING PROCESS OF FOSSIL FUELS -- 7. PRESENCE OF SULFUR IN DIESEL -- 8. RESOLUTION: RENEWABLE BIO-DIESEL -- 9. EFFECT OF THE S IN TERMS OF SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2) -- 10. TESTING OF SULFUR COMPOUNDS IN CRUDE OILS, PETROLEUM FEED AND REFINED PRODUCTS AND THEIR CHEMICAL STRUCTURES -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9: CATALYSIS USING OXOVANADIUM (IV) COMPLEXES OF 4-ACYLPYRAZOLONE LIGAND -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS USING OXOVANADIUM(IV) COMPLEXES OF 4-ACYLPYRAZOLONE LIGANDS -- HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS USINGOXOVANADIUM(IV) COMPLEXES OF 4-ACYLPYRAZOLONE LIGANDS -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.

Note: Intro -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH: VOLUME 13 -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH: VOLUME 13 -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1: PHOTOCATALYSIS: PRINCIPLES,MECHANISMS AND APPLICATION -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. FUNDAMENTALS OF PHOTOCATALYSIS -- 2.1. Semiconductor Photocatalyst -- 2.2. Titanium Dioxide Photocatalyst and its Forms -- 2.3. Mechanism of TiO2 Photocatalysis -- 3. INFLUENCE OF PARAMETERS ON THE PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF VARIOUS ORGANIC POLLUTANT -- 3.1. Crystal Composition and Catalyst Type -- 3.2. Influence of Chemical Structure of Organic Pollutant -- 3.3. Light Intensity and Wave Length -- 3.4. Pollutant Type and Initial Concentration -- 3.5. Catalyst Loading -- 3.6. Medium pH -- 3.7. Co-Occurring Substances -- 3.8. Reaction Temperature -- 3.9. Oxidants/Electron Acceptor -- 3.10. Film Fabrication Technique and Calcination Temperature -- 3.11. Doping and Mixed Semiconductor -- 3.11.1. Applictaion of metal doped-TiO2 for Photocatalytic Degradation -- 3.11.2. Applictaion of Non-metal doped TiO2 for Photocatalytic Degradation -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2: SEMICONDUCTOR PHOTOCATALYSIS AND METAL DEPOSITION -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. Metal Deposition -- 1.2. Semiconductor Photocatalysis -- 1.2.1. Band Edges -- 1.2.2. Space Charge Layers and Band Bending -- 1.2.3. Interfacial Charge Transfer -- 2. PHOTOCATALYTIC METAL DEPOSITION -- 2.1. Photoreduction of Metal Ions -- 2.2. Metal Incorporation -- 2.3. Recent Development -- 3. PHOTOCATALYTICALLY INITIATED ELECTROLESS DEPOSITION (PIED) -- 3.1. Energetic Feasibility of PIED -- 3.1.1. Photocatalytically Generated Silver Nucleation -- 3.1.2. Photocatalytically Generated Palladium Nucleation -- 3.2. Photocatalytic Initiation with Continued Electroless Deposition. , 3.2.1. Photocatalytically Initiated Silver Deposition -- 3.2.2. Photocatalytically Initiated Palladium Deposition -- 3.2.3. Photocatalytically Initiated Electroless Deposition of Other Metals -- 3.3. Timed Irradiation Studies -- 3.4. Photocatalytic Initiation and Auto-Catalytic Deposition -- 3.4.1. Photocatalytic Period of 15 Minutes -- 3.4.2. Photocatalytic Period of 5 Minutes -- 3.4.3. Photocatalytic Period of 30 Seconds -- 3.4.4. Conductivity Summary -- 3.5. Control of Deposition -- 3.5.1. Sensitisation Area -- 3.5.2. Irradiation Period -- 3.5.3. Immersion Time -- 3.5.4. Spatial Restriction -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3: BIOCHEMICAL DEPOLYMERIZATION OF MACROMOLECULES -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- I. IMPORTANCE OF DEPOLYMERIZATION IN MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF POLYMERS -- II. OXIDATIVE DEPOLYMERIZATION -- II-1. Polyethers [5, 6] -- II-2. Polyvinyl Alcohol [39-41] -- II-3. Polyacrylate [52] -- II-4. Polyethylene Wax -- III. HYDROLYTIC DEPOLYMERIZATION -- III-1. Poly(Amino Acid)S and Polyamides [73] -- III-2. Aliphatic-Co-Aromatic Polyester -- III-3. Poly (Lactic Acid) [111] -- IV. NON-METABOLIC DEPOLYMERIZATION -- V. APPLICATION OF DEPOLYMERIZATION PROCESSES -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4: REVIEW OF OXYGEN MASS TRANSFER MEASUREMENT METHODS -- ABSTRACT -- NOMENCLATURE -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. Oxygen Mass Transfer Coefficient (KLa) -- 1.2. Mixing Devices -- 1.3. Measuring Instruments -- 1.3.1. Dissolved Oxygen Probe -- 1.3.2. Gas Analyzer -- 2.METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF KLA -- 2.1. Model Fluids -- 2.1.1. Steady State Methods -- 2.1.1.1. Sodium Sulfite Method -- 2.1.1.2. Iodometry Method -- 2.1.1.3. Gas Balance Method -- 2.1.1.4. Na2SO3 Feeding Method -- 2.1.1.5. Reaction Time Method -- 2.1.1.6. Hydrazine Method -- 2.1.1.7. Krypton Method -- 2.1.1.8. Glucose Oxidase Method -- 2.1.2. Dynamic Methods. , 2.1.2.1. Gassing-Out Method -- 2.1.2.2. Dynamic Pressure Method -- 2.1.2.3. Pseudo-Random Pulse Method -- 2.1.2.4. Frequency Response Method -- 2.2. Submerged Fermentation -- 2.2.1. Steady State Methods -- 2.2.1.1. Stationary Method -- 2.2.1.2. Gas Balance Method -- 2.2.1.3. Bioluminescence Method -- 2.2.2. Dynamic Method -- 2.2.2.1. Taguchi and Humphrey Method -- 2.3. Solid State Fermentation (SSF) -- 2.3.1. Estimation of Oxygen Mass Transfer in SSF -- 3. RECENT ADVANCES -- 3.1. New Approach -- 3.1.1. Data Reconciliation -- 3.2. Advances in Measuring Instruments -- 3.2.1. Optical Sensors -- 3.3. Applications -- 3.3.1. Shake Flask -- 3.3.2. Microtiter Plates -- 3.4. Modification of Existing Methods -- 3.4.1. Animal Cell Cultures -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5: DEGRADATION OF VOC GASES USING AIR-WATER INTERFACE REACTION WITH TIO2 PHOTOCATALYST CONSIDERING TREATMENT OF THE DECOMPOSITION INTERMEDIATES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL AND METHODS -- 2.1. Degradation of Organic Gases Using Ultrasonic Mist Generated from TiO2 Suspension -- 2.1.1. Generation of Ultrasonic Mist Containing Photocatalyst Particles (UMP) -- 2.1.2. Degradation of Organic Gases -- 2.1.3. Analytical Methods -- 2.2. Degradation of Organic Gases Using Photocatalysis at the BubbleInterface -- 2.2.1. Reactor Design and UV Sources -- 2.2.2. Generation of VOCs and Formaldehyde Gases -- 2.2.3. Experimental Procedure and Analytical Methods -- 2.3. Synergetic Effects of High-Frequency Ultrasound on Photocatalytic Degradation of Aldehydes and their Intermediates Using TiO2 Suspension in Water -- 2.3.1. Experimental -- 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS -- 3.1. Degradation of Organic Gases Using Ultrasonic Mist Generated from TiO2 Suspension -- 3.1.1. Toluene Gas Removal -- 1) Photocatalytic Degradation -- 2) Effects of UV Wavelength. , 3) Trapping of Decomposition Intermediates -- 3.1.2. Effect of Various Organic Gases on Removal and Mineralization -- 3.1.3. Size Distribution of UMP -- 3.1.4. Degradation Mechanism for Organic Gases on UMP Surface -- 3.2. Degradation of Organic Gases Using Photocatalysis at the Bubble Interface -- 3.2.1. Gas Phase Reaction -- 3.2.2. Liquid-Bubble (LB) Phase Reaction -- 3.2.3. Emission of Decomposition Intermediates under UV365 Irradiation -- 3.2.4. Evaluation of Photocatalytic Reaction in LB Phase -- 1. Effects of UV Light Wavelength -- 2. Generation of Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) -- 3. Influence of Initial Concentration -- 4. Effects of Different VOC Gases -- 3.2.5. Application of Micro Bubble (MB) Technique to LB Phase Reaction -- 3.3. Synergetic Effects of High-Frequency Ultrasound on Photocatalytic Degradation of Aldehydes and their Intermediates Using TiO2 Suspension in Water -- 3.3.1. Influence of Chemical Species at High Initial Concentration -- 3.3.2. Behavior of Decomposition Products Generated from C6H5CHO -- 3.3.3. Synergetic Effects and Behavior of Decomposition Products at Low Initial Concentration Condition -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6: STUDIES ON DEPOLYMERIZATION, FRAGMENTATION AND DEGRADATION OF A FOOD POLYMER, STARCH -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS -- 2.1. Description of Depolymerisation, Fragmentation and Degradation -- 2.3. Description of Dextrose Equivalent (DE) -- 3. VARIOUS METHODS OF CHAIN SCISSION AND REDUCTION OF MOLECULAR SIZE FOR STARCHES -- 3.1. Starch Hydrolysis -- 3.1.1. Acid Hydrolysis -- 3.1.2. Enzymatic Hydrolysis -- 3.1.3. Alkali Hydrolysis -- 3.1.4. Microbial Hydrolysis -- 3.2. OXIDATIVE CHAIN SCISSION -- 3.3. Physical Methods for Chain Scission of Starches -- 3.3.1. Photodegradation -- 3.3.2. Chain Scission by Ultrasound -- 3.3.3. High Pressure and Microfluidization. , 3.3.4. Themo-Mechanical Degradation -- 3.3.5. The Use of Supercritical Water for Chain Scission of Starch -- 4. COMPARISON OF SEVERAL METHODS FORCHAIN SCISSION OF STARCHES -- 5. PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF STARCHES, THEIR MODIFIED, DERIVATIVES AND FRAGMENTS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7: AERATION TECHNOLOGIES USED FOR WASTE WATER TREATMENT IN BRAZIL: MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2.MAIN AERATION TECHNOLOGIES USED IN BRAZIL FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT -- 3. LEGISLATION - EFFLUENT QUALITY AND DISCHARGE STANDARDS -- 4. PERFORMANCE FROM AERATION TECHNOLOGIES USED FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN BRAZIL -- 5. NEW TRENDS IN EFFLUENT QUALITY CONTROL -- 6. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING OF VIRUSES IN BRAZIL -- 7. PERFORMANCE FROM AERATED WWTPS FOR REMOVAL ENTERIC VIRUSES IN BRAZIL -- 8.WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT AND PERSPECTIVES -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8: TRIKETONES HERBICIDES:EXPECTATIONSAND RISK -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. NATURAL PESTICIDES -- 2.1. Natural β -Triketones -- 2.2. Other Natural Herbicides -- 3. SYNTHETIC TRIKETONES -- 3.1. Mesotrione -- 3.2. Sulcotrione -- 3.3. NTBC -- 3.4. Benzobicyclon -- 3.5. Sethoxydim -- 4.MECHANISM OF ACTION -- 5. DEGRADATION PROCESSES OF TRIKETONES -- 5.1. Mesotrione -- 5.1.1. Mesotrione Degradation in Water -- 5.1.2. Mesotrione Degradation by Bacteria -- 5.1.3. Mesotrione Degradation on the Surface of Vegetation -- 5.2. Sulcotrione -- 5.2.1. Sulcotrione Degradation in Water -- 5.2.2. Sulcotrione Degradation in Soil -- 5.2.3. Sulcotrione Degradation on the Surface of Vegetation -- 5.3. Benzobicyclon -- 6. TRIKETONES AS FUNGICIDES -- 7. TRIKETONES AS ANTI-VIRAL COMPOUNDS -- 8. NON - PESTICIDAL APPLICATION OF TRIKETONES -- 9. PROCEDURES FOR TRIKETONES DETERMINATIONIN ENVIRONMENTAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL SAMPLES -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES. , Chapter 9: INFLUENCE OF AERATION ON BIODEGRADATION OF FISHERYWASTES.

Note: Intro -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH, VOLUME 12 -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH, VOLUME 12 -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1: THE SCIENCEOF THE REPEATING DISACCHARIDE -COMPOSED GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION TO GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS:THEIR IMPORTANCE IN HEALTH -- 2. PG AND GAG FAMILIES: CLASSIFICATION BASEDON REPEATING DISACCHARIDE TYPE -- 2.1. HS/Hep -- 2.2. CS/DS -- 2.3. KS/HA -- 2.4. Rare and Non-Mammalian Structures -- 3. BIOSYNTHESIS OF GAGS BY DISACCHARIDE BUILDING BLOCKS -- 3.1. Initiation of Biosynthesis of HS/Hep and CS/DS -- 3.2. HS/Hep -- 3.3. CS/DS -- 4. DISACCHARIDE PRODUCTION -- 4.1. Enzymatic Degradation of GAG Polymers into Disaccharides -- 4.2. In Vitro Enzymatic Biosynthesis of HS Oligosaccharides -- 5.METHODS FOR GAG ANALYSES -- 5.1. Chromatographic and Electrophoresis Techniques -- 5.2. Spectrometric Techniques (MS, and NMR) -- 6. FUNCTIONS OF GAGS AND PGS -- 6.1. GAGs in Haemostasis -- 6.2. Gags in Inflammation -- 6.3. Gags in Organogenesis, Growth Control, Morphogenesis,and Angiogenesis -- 6.4. Gags in Cell Adhesion -- 6.5. Gags in Tumorigenesis and Metastasis -- 6.6. GAGs and PGs in Neural Development /Regeneration -- 6.7. GAGs in Pathogeneses and Infections, Including Prion Protein -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2: REMOVAL OF DYE AND PHARMACEUTICAL DRUG FROM WASTEWATER: THE PROSPECTS OF ADSORPTION AND PHOTOCATALYSIS FOR RISKS CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. FATE, OCCURRENCE, GUIDELINES AND CONTROL OF CHEMICAL RISKS -- 2.1. Characteristics and Risk Control of Congo Red and Carbamazepine -- 2.2. Source Control and Multiple-Barriers Approach -- 3. ADSORPTION TECHNOLOGY -- 3.1. Fundamentals of Adsorption -- 3.2. Alternative Low-Cost Adsorbents -- 3.3. Engineered Clay Materials for Congo Red Removal. , 3.4. Chemical Risks Control and Adsorption Kinetics -- 3.5. Recovery and Life Cycle of Clay Material -- 4. PHOTOCATALYSIS TREATMENT -- 4.1. Fundamentals of Photocatalysis -- 4.2. Novel Titania Impregnated Kaolinite Photocatalyst -- 4.3. Chemical Risks Control -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3: LACTULOSE -- PROPERTIES AND PREPARATION -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. LACTULOSE APPLICATIONS -- 2.1. Application to Infant Formula and Food -- 2.2. Medical and Pharmaceutical Applications -- 3. LACTULOSE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- 3.1. Viscosity and Density of Lactulose Solutions -- 3.2. Safety -- 4. SYNTHESIS -- 4.1. History of Lactulose Synthesis -- 4.2. Lactulose Synthesis Mechanism -- 4.3. Lactose to Lactulose Synthesis Methods -- 5. LACTULOSE PURIFICATION TECHNIQUES -- 5.1. Employing Cationic and Anionic Resins -- 5.2. Oxidation and Purification by Mixed Group of Resins -- 5.3. Experimental Suggested Lactulose Purification Methods -- 6. LACTULOSE ANALYSIS METHODS -- 6.1. Calorimetric Method with Methylamine -- 6.2. Assay of Lactulose by a Combination of Thin-Layer Chromatography and Calorimetric Methods -- 6.3. Lactulose Assay by Anthrone-Acetic Acid-Phosphoric Acid-Ethanol Reagent -- 6.4. HPLC Analysis -- 6.5. GC Analysis -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4: CHROMIUM PIGMENT -- INTRODUCTION -- Discovery of the Chromium -- OCCURRENCE AND MINING OF CHROMIUM BEARINGORES -- MANUFACTURE OF CHROMIUM AND CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS -- USES AND APPLICATION OF COLOURED CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS -- Origin of Colour of Chromium Pigments -- METAL FINISHING AND CORROSION CONTROL -- Lead Chromate Pigments (Based on Hexavalent Chromium) -- Chromium Oxide Greens (Based on Trivalent Chromium) -- CORROSION INHIBITING OF SOME CHROMIUM PIGMENTS -- Zinc Chromate Pigment -- Mixing of Zinc Chromate with Other Pigments -- Thermochromic Pigments. , Leather Tanning Using Chromium Compounds -- Chromium Colouring Agents in Textile Industry -- Chromium Pigments as Wood Preservative -- Chromium Pigments as Catalysts -- SPINEL AND SOLID SOLUTION CHROMIUM PIGMENTS -- Black Chromium Pigments -- Brown Chromium Pigments -- Grey Pigments -- Red Chromium Pigments -- Green Solid Solution as Pigments -- Toxicity of Chromium Compounds -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5: SYNTHESIS OF CARBON MATERIALS WITH HIGH POROUS ALUMINA AS TEMPLATE -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL -- 2.1. The Synthesis of High Porous Monolithic Alumina -- 2.2. Synthesis of Carbon Replica -- 2.3. Porous Structure of the PMA and Composite Samples Using the Microscopy Data -- 2.4. Determination of Parameters of Porous Structure -- 2.5. Spectroscopy Investigations of Structure and Surface Features of PMA and Carbon Materials -- 3. RESULTS AND DICUSSION -- 3.1. Structure and Properties of Alumina Template -- 3.2. Porous Structure of Carbon Materials -- 3. 3. Data of Molecular Spectroscopy Investigations -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6: INTEGRATION OF PRE AND POST-TREATMENTS IN MEMBRANE DESALINATION SYSTEMS WITH RO -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. LIMITING FACTORS -- 2.1. Membrane Deterioration -- 2.2. Membrane Blocking -- 3. PLANT CONFIGURATION -- 3.1. Pre-Treatments -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7: EXPERIMENTAL ELECTRO-OSMOSIS STUDY OF WATER-SATURATED, COMPACTED CLAYUSING TRACERS -- Chapter 7: EXPERIMENTAL ELECTRO-OSMOSIS STUDY OF WATER-SATURATED, COMPACTED CLAY USING TRACERS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2.MONTMORILLONITE -- 2.1. Structure and Properties -- 2.2. Water-Saturated, Compacted Montmorillonite -- 3. THEORY OF ELECTRO-OSMOSIS EXAMINATION -- 4. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES -- 4.1. H218O and Helium Migrations -- 4.2. Determination of H218O Concentration -- 4.3. 22Na+, 36Cl- and HTO Migrations -- 4.4. Data Analyses. , 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 5.1. H218O and Helium Migrations -- 5.2. 22Na+, 36Cl- and HTO Migrations -- 5.3. Advection-Dispersion Behaviors of Na+ Ions, Water and Helium -- 5.4. Effect of Electro-Osmotic Flow on Electromigration of Na+ andCl- Ions---------- Migration Pathway of the Ions ---------- -- 6. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8: REDOX-SENSING CYSTEINE DEPENDENT MOLECULAR SWITCHES, INTRAMOLECULAR DISULFIDE FORMATION -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- CLASSIFICATION OF DISULFIDE BONDS -- THIOREDOXIN-SPECIFIC SWITCH-CARRYING ENZYMES -- GLUTAREDOXIN-SPECIFIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL FACTOR -- OTHER SWITCH-CARRYING PROTEINS -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9: IRRADIATION, FRAGMENTATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ACIDIC DISACCHARIDES -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL -- Materials -- Mass Spectrometry and UV Photo-Dissociation -- RESULTS -- Fragmentation Spectra -- Optical Action Spectra -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10: AN APPLICATION OF THE PROBABILISTIC THEORY OF MULTIPLE EVENT OCCURRENCES TO ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESS ANALYSIS -- ABSTRACT -- LIST OF SYMBOLS -- I. INTRODUCTION -- I.1. General Concepts qnd Notions -- I.2. Fundamental Relationships -- II. ELECTROCHEMICAL APPLICATIONS OF THE MATCHING PROBLEM -- II.1. Electrowinning of Zinc: Three Electrolyzers with Three Distinct Electrolytes -- II.2 Electrowinning of Zinc: Four Electrolyzers with Four Distinct Electrolytes -- III. ELECTROCHEMICAL APPLICATIONS OF THE COUPON PROBLEM -- III.1. Locating Imperfect (Damaged) DSA in Electrolyzers -- III.2. The Distribution of Metal Strips Electrocoated with Protective Layers of Nonuniform Thickness -- IV. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION -- IV.1. The Matching Problem -- IV.2. The Coupon Problem -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.