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  • 2000-2004  (10)
  • 2001  (10)
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  • 2000-2004  (10)
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  • 1
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    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, 28(15), pp. 2927-2930, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Description: The importance of deep and bottom water formed in the Southern Ocean to the ventilation of theworld ocean abyss has been accepted by the oceanographic community. Uncertainties, however,exist about rate and exact location of dense water mass sinking around Antarctica. Based on watermass analysis, the Weddell Sea in the Atlantic sector has long been identified as being the majorsource for bottom water. The contribution of the Ross Sea in the western Pacific sector, althoughwith similar if not more favorable ingredients for dense bottom water formation, seemed to be minor.Observations and recent tracer analysis indicate that the Indian-Pacific sector might host sourceswhich together can compete with their Atlantic counterpart. Our numerical model results support asplitting of the Atlantic and Indian-Pacific contributions into roughly equal parts but for bottomwaters of different density. The observationally derived formation rate for dense Antarctic BottomWater on the order of 10 Sv (1 Sv = 10^6 m^3/s) is confirmed but doubles if the lighter componentof the Indian-Pacific sector is included. This places southern and northern hemisphere sources asequal contributors to the ventilation of the world ocean.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 2
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    In:  EPIC3Eiskalte Entdeckungen : Forschungsreisen zwischen Nord- und Südpol / hrsg. von Gert Lange. Mit fünf künstlerischen Fotogr. von Britta Lauer. Bielefeld : Delius Klasing, pp. 93-96, ISBN: 3-7688-1257-X
    Publication Date: 2014-04-15
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Inbook , peerRev
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  • 3
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    In:  EPIC3Exchanges : newsletter of the Climate Variability and Predictability Programme (CLIVAR), 6(4). {http://www.clivar.org/publications/exchanges/ex22/ex22.pdf}, 28
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Description: Recent numerical model results focussed on the Southern Ocean meridionaloverturning support the observationally derived formation rate of denseAntarctic Bottom Water (AABW) of the order of 10 Sv, mainly confined tothe Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. The numerically derived ratedoubles if a slightly lighter component of the Indian-Pacific (IP) sector isincluded, supporting the hypothesis that the sources in the southern andnorthern hemisphere contribute equally to the ventilation of the worldocean abyss. Most of the estimates based on observations, however,repesent long-term means which do not reflect the seasonal andinterannual variability inherent to the bottom water formation process.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , notRev
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  • 4
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    In:  EPIC3Journal of Physical Oceanography, 31(1), pp. 285-296, ISSN: 0022-3670
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Description: Upper boundary conditions for numerical models of the ocean are conventionally formulatedunder the premise that the boundary is a material surface. In the presence of an ice cover, suchan assumption can lead to nonconservative equations for temperature, salinity, and other tracers.The problem arises because conditions at the ice-ocean interface differ from those in the waterbeneath. Advection of water with interfacial properties into the interior of the ocean thereforeconstitutes a tracer flux, neglect of which induces a drift in concentration that is most rapid forthose tracers having the lowest diffusivities. If tracers are to be correctly conserved, either thekinematic boundary condition must explicitly allow advection across the interface, or the fluxboundary condition must parameterize the effects of both vertical advection and diffusion in theboundary layer. In practice, the latter alternative is often implemented, although this is rarelydone for all tracers.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 5
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    In:  EPIC3Annals of Glaciology, 33, pp. 419-424
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Description: A coupled sea ice-ocean model of the Weddell Sea has been developed as part of the BRIOS (Bremerhaven Regional Ice-Ocean Simulations) project.It is based on the s-Coordinate Primitive Equation ocean Model (SPEM) and a dynamic-thermodynamic sea ice model with viscous-plastic rheologywhich also provides the thermohaline forcing at the base of the Antarctic ice shelves.Model runs are forced with wind, cloudiness, temperature and precipitation fields of the ECMWF and NCEP reanalyses.Model results show a good agreement with observations of ice extent, thickness and drift.Water mass properties and the large scale circulation are in good agreement with observations.Fresh water fluxes from sea ice formationas well as from ice shelf basal melting, and from precipitation are computed and compiled to the fresh water budget of the Weddell Sea.Supporting estimates based on hydrographic observations, model results indicate that fresh water loss due to sea ice formation and export (34~mSv) is roughly balanced by ice shelf basal melting (9~mSv) and net precipitation (19~mSv).Furthermore, sea ice formation appears as a necessary condition for bottom water production in the Weddell Sea.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 6
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    In:  EPIC3Technical Report LDEO-99-1, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Description: This report includes the primary ocean station data collected in the Pacificsector of the Southern Ocean during cruise 9405 of the Nathaniel B. Palmer.The cruise began on 10 September 1994, in Punta Arenas, Chile and ended on16 October in Lyttleton, New Zealand (Hellmer et al. 1995). Here we describedata acquisition and reduction procedures for the vertical profiling ofconductivity - temperature - depth (CTD) and dissolved oxygen, and theprocessing of water samples for salinity, oxygen, nutrients,carbon dioxide andchlorofluorocarbons. All CTD stations were occupied in the late winter/earlyspring sea ice field, in a zonal band extending from 65-72°S (Fig. 1).Originallyintended as a winter reoccupation of the stations and track of NBP 9402 (Jacobset al. 1994; Giulivi & Jacobs 1997), the work was subsequently combined with thesecond of two cruises focusing on sea ice properties (Jeffries et al. 1995). Inaddition, the sea ice and its snow cover effectively limited this cruise to theregion north of the Antarctic continental shelf. Nevertheless, 16 deep stationssampled on cruise 9402 and on World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) lines S4and P19S were revisited. The overall project objective was to obtain the firstmodern measurements in this largely unsampled region, at its seasonal extremes,in order to better understand the large-scale stratification and circulation,and ice-ocean interactions.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Book , peerRev
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  • 7
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    In:  EPIC3CLIVAR Exchanges, 6(4), pp. 26-27
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , notRev
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  • 8
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    In:  EPIC3CLIVAR Exchanges, 6(4), pp. 30-31
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , notRev
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  • 9
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    In:  EPIC3Journal of Glaciology, 158, pp. 452-460
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Description: The drift trajectory of giant iceberg C-7 traversing the Weddell Sea for more than 2-years wassuccessfully simulated. Application of the "classical" driving forces like wind and ocean currentsresulted in a significant discrepancy between modeled and observed iceberg velocities in thewestern Weddell Sea. The most realistic drift pattern in space and time was achieved by addinga sea ice force which represents the ability of a dense sea ice cover (〉90%) to lock in icebergsand collect the momentum of the wind over a vast area. This process was parameterized using asea ice strength 'P' which depends on sea ice concentration and thickness, both having highestvalues in winter and in the perennial covered western Weddell Sea. As a consequence of thesensitivity to sea ice the timing of the iceberg drift becomes important, revealing the region offBrunt Ice Shelf (eastern Weddell Sea) as a location where bergs either continue westward withthe coastal current or follow a southern branch onto the shallow continental shelf.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 10
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    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, 28(14), pp. 2859-2862, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Description: CFC tracer and d18O observations indicate that Prydz Bay inthe Indian sector of the Southern Ocean is a region of deep and bottomwater formation. Results of a circumpolar ocean circulation model whichincludes CFC, an age tracer, and numerical floats confirm Prydz Bay asbeing a convection site which contributes to the reservoir of freshlyventilated waters in the Weddell Sea. In contrast to the newly formedWeddell Sea Bottom Water, captured near bottom, water masses of Prydz Bayorigin spread on horizons which pass the ridges confining the Weddell Sea,therefore, contributing directly to the ventilation of the global abyss.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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