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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    International Arctic Systems for Observing the Atmosphere: An International Polar Year Legacy Consortium
    American Meteorological Society ; 2016
    In:  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol. 97, No. 6 ( 2016-06-01), p. 1033-1056
    Details
    In: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 97, No. 6 ( 2016-06-01), p. 1033-1056
    Abstract: International Arctic Systems for Observing the Atmosphere (IASOA) activities and partnerships were initiated as a part of the 2007–09 International Polar Year (IPY) and are expected to continue for many decades as a legacy program. The IASOA focus is on coordinating intensive measurements of the Arctic atmosphere collected in the United States, Canada, Russia, Norway, Finland, and Greenland to create synthesis science that leads to an understanding of why and not just how the Arctic atmosphere is evolving. The IASOA premise is that there are limitations with Arctic modeling and satellite observations that can only be addressed with boots-on-the-ground, in situ observations and that the potential of combining individual station and network measurements into an integrated observing system is tremendous. The IASOA vision is that by further integrating with other network observing programs focusing on hydrology, glaciology, oceanography, terrestrial, and biological systems it will be possible to understand the mechanisms of the entire Arctic system, perhaps well enough for humans to mitigate undesirable variations and adapt to inevitable change.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0003-0007 , 1520-0477
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00145.1
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2016
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Atmosphere
    University of California Press ; 2022
    In:  Elem Sci Anth Vol. 10, No. 1 ( 2022-02-07)
    Details
    In: Elem Sci Anth, University of California Press, Vol. 10, No. 1 ( 2022-02-07)
    Abstract: With the Arctic rapidly changing, the needs to observe, understand, and model the changes are essential. To support these needs, an annual cycle of observations of atmospheric properties, processes, and interactions were made while drifting with the sea ice across the central Arctic during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition from October 2019 to September 2020. An international team designed and implemented the comprehensive program to document and characterize all aspects of the Arctic atmospheric system in unprecedented detail, using a variety of approaches, and across multiple scales. These measurements were coordinated with other observational teams to explore cross-cutting and coupled interactions with the Arctic Ocean, sea ice, and ecosystem through a variety of physical and biogeochemical processes. This overview outlines the breadth and complexity of the atmospheric research program, which was organized into 4 subgroups: atmospheric state, clouds and precipitation, gases and aerosols, and energy budgets. Atmospheric variability over the annual cycle revealed important influences from a persistent large-scale winter circulation pattern, leading to some storms with pressure and winds that were outside the interquartile range of past conditions suggested by long-term reanalysis. Similarly, the MOSAiC location was warmer and wetter in summer than the reanalysis climatology, in part due to its close proximity to the sea ice edge. The comprehensiveness of the observational program for characterizing and analyzing atmospheric phenomena is demonstrated via a winter case study examining air mass transitions and a summer case study examining vertical atmospheric evolution. Overall, the MOSAiC atmospheric program successfully met its objectives and was the most comprehensive atmospheric measurement program to date conducted over the Arctic sea ice. The obtained data will support a broad range of coupled-system scientific research and provide an important foundation for advancing multiscale modeling capabilities in the Arctic.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2325-1026
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2021.00060
    Language: English
    Publisher: University of California Press
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    The Turbulent Structure of the Arctic Summer Boundary Layer During The Arctic Summer Cloud‐Ocean Study
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2017
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 122, No. 18 ( 2017-09-27), p. 9685-9704
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 122, No. 18 ( 2017-09-27), p. 9685-9704
    Abstract: The lower atmosphere over the summertime Arctic Ocean often consists of two well‐mixed layers—a surface mixed layer and a cloud mixed layer—that are separated by a weak decoupling layer at about 100 to 300 m above the surface. In these cases, the cloud cannot interact directly with the surface. Large‐scale forecast and climate models consistently fail to reproduce this observed structure and may thus fail to correctly reproduce the cloud properties and the amount of energy absorbed by or emitted from the surface as solar and infrared radiation. This contributes to errors in reproducing changes in sea ice concentration over time. Here we use measurements made in the central Arctic to study the processes controlling whether or not the cloud is coupled to the surface. The effect of wind at the surface is found not to be a controlling factor. The depth of the cloud mixed layer is critical, but the multiple processes influencing it cannot be separated using the data available here. However, cooling at cloud top by infrared radiation is key, as is the extension of cloud into the temperature inversion—a unique feature of Arctic clouds.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2169-897X , 2169-8996
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/jgrd.v122.18
    DOI: 10.1002/2017JD027234
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2017
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Linking atmospheric synoptic transport, cloud phase, surface energy fluxes, and sea-ice growth: observations of midwinter SHEBA conditions
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2017
    In:  Climate Dynamics Vol. 49, No. 4 ( 2017-8), p. 1341-1364
    Details
    In: Climate Dynamics, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 49, No. 4 ( 2017-8), p. 1341-1364
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0930-7575 , 1432-0894
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s00382-016-3383-1
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 382992-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1471747-5
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Mountain waves and orographic precipitation in a northern Colorado winter storm
    Wiley ; 2016
    In:  Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society Vol. 142, No. 695 ( 2016-01), p. 836-853
    Details
    In: Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Wiley, Vol. 142, No. 695 ( 2016-01), p. 836-853
    Abstract: This study characterizes mountain waves and orographic precipitation associated with a winter storm passing over the ∼3.5 km above mean sea level ( MSL ) P ark R ange of northern C olorado on 15 D ecember 2010. Observations from an airborne vertically pointing D oppler radar are used to document reflectivity and horizontal and vertical velocity in 13 two‐dimensional vertical planes extending across the P ark R ange from upstream of the windward slope, over the crest and downstream of the lee slope. The winter storm investigated in this study is associated with a general zonal flow over the western continental USA and significant vertical wind shear between 700 and 500 hPa . A vertically propagating wave forced by the P ark R ange is most evident above 4 km MSL and associated with relatively wide, upstream‐tilted updraughts and downdraughts located above the P ark R ange windward and lee slopes, respectively. The P ark R ange also forces a trapped lee wave that manifests itself as a relatively erect updraught ∼15–20 km east of the crest. Smaller‐scale trapped lee waves forced by terrain upstream of the P ark R ange are evident below 4 km MSL and associated with rotor circulations composed of relatively narrow updraughts and downdraughts located above the Y ampa V alley and the P ark R ange windward slope. A ∼1 km thick layer of strong vertical shear exists between the mountain waves forced by the P ark R ange and those forced by upstream terrain. This shear layer exhibits a large vertical displacement over the P ark R ange, with relatively strong westerly winds plunging to low levels over the lee slope. While precipitation on the P ark R ange windward slope is generally enhanced for the event, data analysed for this case surprisingly does not show a spatially and temporally consistent correlation between mountain‐wave kinematic structures and orographic precipitation. Transient processes such as wave‐regime interactions may have masked this correlation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0035-9009 , 1477-870X
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/qj.2016.142.issue-695
    DOI: 10.1002/qj.2685
    RVK:
    UA 1000
    RVK:
    UA 7650
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2016
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  • 6
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    Atmospheric Conditions during the Arctic Clouds in Summer Experiment (ACSE): Contrasting Open Water and Sea Ice Surfaces during Melt and Freeze-Up Seasons
    American Meteorological Society ; 2016
    In:  Journal of Climate Vol. 29, No. 24 ( 2016-12-15), p. 8721-8744
    Details
    In: Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 29, No. 24 ( 2016-12-15), p. 8721-8744
    Abstract: The Arctic Clouds in Summer Experiment (ACSE) was conducted during summer and early autumn 2014, providing a detailed view of the seasonal transition from ice melt into freeze-up. Measurements were taken over both ice-free and ice-covered surfaces near the ice edge, offering insight into the role of the surface state in shaping the atmospheric conditions. The initiation of the autumn freeze-up was related to a change in air mass, rather than to changes in solar radiation alone; the lower atmosphere cooled abruptly, leading to a surface heat loss. During melt season, strong surface inversions persisted over the ice, while elevated inversions were more frequent over open water. These differences disappeared during autumn freeze-up, when elevated inversions persisted over both ice-free and ice-covered conditions. These results are in contrast to previous studies that found a well-mixed boundary layer persisting in summer and an increased frequency of surface-based inversions in autumn, suggesting that knowledge derived from measurements taken within the pan-Arctic area and on the central ice pack does not necessarily apply closer to the ice edge. This study offers an insight into the atmospheric processes that occur during a crucial period of the year; understanding and accurately modeling these processes is essential for the improvement of ice-extent predictions and future Arctic climate projections.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0894-8755 , 1520-0442
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0211.1
    RVK:
    UA 4548
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2016
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2021723-7
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Vertical Motions in Arctic Mixed-Phase Stratiform Clouds
    American Meteorological Society ; 2008
    In:  Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Vol. 65, No. 4 ( 2008-04-01), p. 1304-1322
    Details
    In: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 65, No. 4 ( 2008-04-01), p. 1304-1322
    Abstract: The characteristics of Arctic mixed-phase stratiform clouds and their relation to vertical air motions are examined using ground-based observations during the Mixed-Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment (MPACE) in Barrow, Alaska, during fall 2004. The cloud macrophysical, microphysical, and dynamical properties are derived from a suite of active and passive remote sensors. Low-level, single-layer, mixed-phase stratiform clouds are typically topped by a 400–700-m-deep liquid water layer from which ice crystals precipitate. These clouds are strongly dominated (85% by mass) by liquid water. On average, an in-cloud updraft of 0.4 m s−1 sustains the clouds, although cloud-scale circulations lead to a variability of up to ±2 m s−1 from the average. Dominant scales-of-variability in both vertical air motions and cloud microphysical properties retrieved by this analysis occur at 0.5–10-km wavelengths. In updrafts, both cloud liquid and ice mass grow, although the net liquid mass growth is usually largest. Between updrafts, nearly all ice falls out and/or sublimates while the cloud liquid diminishes but does not completely evaporate. The persistence of liquid water throughout these cloud cycles suggests that ice-forming nuclei, and thus ice crystal, concentrations must be limited and that water vapor is plentiful. These details are brought together within the context of a conceptual model relating cloud-scale dynamics and microphysics.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1520-0469 , 0022-4928
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/2007JAS2479.1
    RVK:
    UA 4800
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2008
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    SSG: 16,13
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Warm‐air advection, air mass transformation and fog causes rapid ice melt
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2015
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 42, No. 13 ( 2015-07-16), p. 5594-5602
    Details
    In: Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 42, No. 13 ( 2015-07-16), p. 5594-5602
    Abstract: The importance of both large‐scale dynamics and local feedback for sea‐ice melt The location of extra melt near the ice edge, due to the air‐mass transformation The role of clouds, longwave radiation and turbulent heat flux for sea‐ice melt
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0094-8276 , 1944-8007
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/grl.v42.13
    DOI: 10.1002/2015GL064373
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2015
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 7403-2
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  • 9
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    Surface energy budget responses to radiative forcing at Summit, Greenland
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2017
    In:  The Cryosphere Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2017-02-13), p. 497-516
    Details
    In: The Cryosphere, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2017-02-13), p. 497-516
    Abstract: Abstract. Greenland Ice Sheet surface temperatures are controlled by an exchange of energy at the surface, which includes radiative, turbulent, and ground heat fluxes. Data collected by multiple projects are leveraged to calculate all surface energy budget (SEB) terms at Summit, Greenland, for the full annual cycle from July 2013 to June 2014 and extend to longer periods for the radiative and turbulent SEB terms. Radiative fluxes are measured directly by a suite of broadband radiometers. Turbulent sensible heat flux is estimated via the bulk aerodynamic and eddy correlation methods, and the turbulent latent heat flux is calculated via a two-level approach using measurements at 10 and 2 m. The subsurface heat flux is calculated using a string of thermistors buried in the snow pack. Extensive quality-control data processing produced a data set in which all terms of the SEB are present 75 % of the full annual cycle, despite the harsh conditions. By including a storage term for a near-surface layer, the SEB is balanced in this data set to within the aggregated uncertainties for the individual terms. November and August case studies illustrate that surface radiative forcing is driven by synoptically forced cloud characteristics, especially by low-level, liquid-bearing clouds. The annual cycle and seasonal diurnal cycles of all SEB components indicate that the non-radiative terms are anticorrelated to changes in the total radiative flux and are hence responding to cloud radiative forcing. Generally, the non-radiative SEB terms and the upwelling longwave radiation component compensate for changes in downwelling radiation, although exact partitioning of energy in the response terms varies with season and near-surface characteristics such as stability and moisture availability. Substantial surface warming from low-level clouds typically leads to a change from a very stable to a weakly stable near-surface regime with no solar radiation or from a weakly stable to neutral/unstable regime with solar radiation. Relationships between forcing terms and responding surface fluxes show that the upwelling longwave radiation produces 65–85 % (50–60 %) of the total response in the winter (summer) and the non-radiative terms compensate for the remaining change in the combined downwelling longwave and net shortwave radiation. Because melt conditions are rarely reached at Summit, these relationships are documented for conditions of surface temperature below 0 °C, with and without solar radiation. This is the first time that forcing and response term relationships have been investigated in detail for the Greenland SEB. These results should both advance understanding of process relationships over the Greenland Ice Sheet and be useful for model validation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1994-0424
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/tc-11-497-2017
    DOI: 10.5194/tc-11-497-2017-corrigendum
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2393169-3
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    A transitioning Arctic surface energy budget: the impacts of solar zenith angle, surface albedo and cloud radiative forcing
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2011
    In:  Climate Dynamics Vol. 37, No. 7-8 ( 2011-10), p. 1643-1660
    Details
    In: Climate Dynamics, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 37, No. 7-8 ( 2011-10), p. 1643-1660
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0930-7575 , 1432-0894
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s00382-010-0937-5
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2011
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 382992-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1471747-5
    SSG: 16,13
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