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  • Lee, Yong Rok  (4)
  • Sangaraju, Sambasivam  (4)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Natural Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Dots Obtained from Hydrothermal Carbonization of Chebulic Myrobalan and Their Sensing Ability toward Heavy Metal Ions
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Sensors Vol. 23, No. 2 ( 2023-01-10), p. 787-
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 23, No. 2 ( 2023-01-10), p. 787-
    Abstract: Chebulic Myrobalan is the main ingredient in the Ayurvedic formulation Triphala, which is used for kidney and liver dysfunctions. Herein, natural nitrogen-doped carbon dots (NN-CDs) were prepared from the hydrothermal carbonization of Chebulic Myrobalan and were demonstrated to sense heavy metal ions in an aqueous medium. Briefly, the NN-CDs were developed from Chebulic Myrobalan by a single-step hydrothermal carbonization approach under a mild temperature (200 °C) without any capping and passivation agents. They were then thoroughly characterized to confirm their structural and optical properties. The resulting NN-CDs had small particles (average diameter: 2.5 ± 0.5 nm) with a narrow size distribution (1–4 nm) and a relatable degree of graphitization. They possessed bright and durable fluorescence with excitation-dependent emission behaviors. Further, the as-synthesized NN-CDs were a good fluorometric sensor for the detection of heavy metal ions in an aqueous medium. The NN-CDs showed sensitive and selective sensing platforms for Fe3+ ions; the detection limit was calculated to be 0.86 μM in the dynamic range of 5–25 μM of the ferric (Fe3+) ion concentration. Moreover, these NN-CDs could expand their application as a potential candidate for biomedical applications and offer a new method of hydrothermally carbonizing waste biomass.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s23020787
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2052857-7
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Biowaste-Derived Heteroatom-Doped Porous Carbon as a Sustainable Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Catalysts Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 2023-03-08), p. 542-
    Details
    In: Catalysts, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 2023-03-08), p. 542-
    Abstract: Heteroatom-doped porous carbon material (H-PCM) was synthesized using Anacardium occidentale (cashew) nut’s skin by a simple pyrolysis route. The resulting H-PCM was thoroughly characterized by various analytical techniques such as field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, high-resolution transmittance electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The obtained results strongly demonstrated that the synthesized H-PCM exhibited a porous nature, continuous sponge-like and sheet-like smooth morphology, and a moderate degree of graphitization/crystallinity with oxygen-, nitrogen-, and sulfur-containing functionalities in the carbon matrix. After the structural confirmation, as-prepared H-PCM has used a sustainable electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) because the metal-free carbonaceous catalysts are one of the most promising candidates. The H-PCM showed excellent HER activities with a lowest Tafel slope of 75 mV dec−1 and durable stability in 0.5 M H2SO4 aqueous solution. Moreover, this work provides a versatile and effective strategy for designing excellent metal-free electrocatalysts from the cheapest biowaste/biomass for large-scale production of hydrogen gas through electrochemical water splitting.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4344
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/catal13030542
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662126-5
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Functionalized Carbon Nanodots from Cashew Nut Skin Waste for Bioimaging
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Catalysts Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 2023-03-09), p. 547-
    Details
    In: Catalysts, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 2023-03-09), p. 547-
    Abstract: In this study, Anacardium occidentale (A. occidentale) nut skin waste (cashew nut skin waste) was used as a raw material to synthesize functionalized carbon nanodots (F-CNDs). A. occidentale biomass-derived F-CNDs were synthesized at a low temperature (200 °C) using a facile, economical hydrothermal method and subjected to XRD, FESEM, TEM, HRTEM, XPS, Raman Spectroscopy, ATR-FTIR, and Ultraviolet-visible (UV–vis) absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy to determine their structures, chemical compositions, and optical properties. The analysis revealed that dispersed, hydrophilic F-CNDs had a mean diameter of 2.5 nm. XPS and ATR-FTIR showed F-CNDs had a crystalline core and an amorphous surface decorated with –NH2, –COOH, and C=O. In addition, F-CNDs had a quantum yield of 15.5% and exhibited fluorescence with maximum emission at 406 nm when excited at 340 nm. Human colon cancer (HCT-116) cell assays showed that F-CNDs readily penetrated into the cells, had outstanding biocompatibility, high photostability, and minimal toxicity. An MTT assay showed that the viability of HCT-116 cells incubated for 24 h in the presence of F-CNDs (200 μg mL–1) exceeded 95%. Furthermore, when stimulated by filters of three different wavelengths (405, 488, and 555 nm) under a laser scanning confocal microscope, HCT-116 cells containing F-CNDs emitted blue, red, and green, respectively, which suggests F-CNDs might be useful in the biomedical field. Thus, we describe the production of a fluorescent nanoprobe from cashew nut waste potentially suitable for bioimaging applications.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4344
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/catal13030547
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662126-5
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Sustainable Synthesis of Bright Fluorescent Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Dots from Terminalia chebula for In Vitro Imaging
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Molecules Vol. 27, No. 22 ( 2022-11-21), p. 8085-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 27, No. 22 ( 2022-11-21), p. 8085-
    Abstract: In this study, sustainable, low-cost, and environmentally friendly biomass (Terminalia chebula) was employed as a precursor for the formation of nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs). The hydrothermally assisted Terminalia chebula fruit-derived N-CDs (TC-CDs) emitted different bright fluorescent colors under various excitation wavelengths. The prepared TC-CDs showed a spherical morphology with a narrow size distribution and excellent water dispensability due to their abundant functionalities, such as oxygen- and nitrogen-bearing molecules on the surfaces of the TC-CDs. Additionally, these TC-CDs exhibited high photostability, good biocompatibility, very low toxicity, and excellent cell permeability against HCT-116 human colon carcinoma cells. The cell viability of HCT-116 human colon carcinoma cells in the presence of TC-CDs aqueous solution was calculated by MTT assay, and cell viability was higher than 95%, even at a higher concentration of 200 μg mL−1 after 24 h incubation time. Finally, the uptake of TC-CDs by HCT-116 human colon carcinoma cells displayed distinguished blue, green, and red colors during in vitro imaging when excited by three filters with different wavelengths under a laser scanning confocal microscope. Thus, TC-CDs could be used as a potential candidate for various biomedical applications. Moreover, the conversion of low-cost/waste natural biomass into products of value promotes the sustainable development of the economy and human society.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules27228085
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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