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  • Articles  (228)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhancement of magneto-optical Kerr effect in Fe/PbTe and Fe/Pb bilayer films (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 70 (1991), S. 5045-5048 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The magneto-optical polar Kerr rotation spectra and reflectivity spectra in the wavelength region 400–700 nm are studied for Fe/PbTe and Fe/Pb bilayer films. Large Kerr rotation enhancement with high reflectivity was observed. The experimental data of reflectivity are nearly consistent with theoretical calculation using Fresnel's equations. However, the observed Kerr rotation spectra behavior is quite different from that expected by macroscopic optical theory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.349010
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of MnO2 Addition on the Structure and Electrical Properties of Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)0.20(Zr0.50Ti0.50)0.80O3 Ceramics (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)0.20(Zr0.50Ti0.50)0.80O3 ceramics of pure perovskite structure were prepared by the two-stage method with the addition of 0–3.0 wt% MnO2 and their piezoelectric properties were investigated systematically. The MnO2 addition influences in a pronounced way both the crystal structure and the microstructure of the materials. The materials are transformed from the tetragonal to the rhombohedral structure, and the grain size is enhanced when manganese cations are added. The distortion of crystal structure for samples with MnO2 addition can be explained by the Jahn–Teller effect. The values of electromechanical coupling factor (kp) and dielectric loss (tan δ) are optimized for 0.5-wt%-MnO2-doped samples (kp= 0.60, tan δ= 0.2%) and the mechanical quality factor (Qm) is maximized for 1.0-wt%-MnO2-doped samples (Qm= 1041), which suggests that oxygen vacancies formed by substituting Mn3+ and Mn2+ ions for B-site ions (e.g., Ti4+ and Zr4+ ions) in the perovskite structure partially inhibited polarization reversal in the ferroelectrics. The ceramics with 0.50–1.0 wt% MnO2 addition show great promise as practical materials for piezoelectric applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00847.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple second-messenger pathways mediate agonist regulation of muscarinic receptor mRNA expression (1993)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 32 (1993), S. 4986-4990 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00070a003
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kerr rotation spectra of Bi-substituted polycrystalline YCaVIn iron garnets (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 63 (1988), S. 3116-3117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The Kerr rotation spectra of polycrystalline garnets BixY2−xCa1.0V0.5In0.7Fe3.8O12 (x=0–1.6) were measured in the range 1.8–3.4 eV to study the effect on Bi on the magneto-optical effect of polycrystalline YCaVIn garnets with a narrow linewidth of ferromagnetic resonance at 9 GHz (ΔH=1.6 Oe). Negative peaks appear on the Kerr rotation spectra of the samples containing Bi. The absolute value of the peak increases with the concentration of Bi, while the saturation magnetization at room temperature does not vary much and the Curie temperature increases. The Kerr rotation of the sample without Bi is much smaller, with its spectrum similar to that of yttrium iron garnet as reported in the literature. The reflectivity spectra for all samples are similar, showing a transition at about 2.8 eV, but the transition frequency shifts with Bi incorporation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.340860
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SHELTERBELTS AND WINDBREAKS: Mathematical Modeling and Computer Simulations of Turbulent Flows (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 33 (2001), S. 549-586 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Shelterbelts or windbreaks were used for centuries to reduce wind speed, to control heat and moisture transfer and pollutant diffusion, to improve climate and environment, and to increase crop yields; but only within the last few decades have systematic studies considered the aerodynamics and shelter mechanisms of shelterbelts and windbreaks. This review examines recent modeling and numerical simulation studies as well as the mechanisms that control flow and turbulence around shelterbelts and windbreaks. We compare numerical simulations with experimental data and explain the relationships between sheltering effects and the structure of shelterbelts and windbreaks. We discuss how and why the desired effects are achieved by using numerical analysis. This chapter begins with the derivation of a general equation set for porous shelterbelts and windbreaks; the numerical model and simulation procedure are developed; unseparated and separated flows are predicted and characterized; the momentum budget and shelter mechanisms are analyzed; the effects of wind direction, density, width, and three dimensionality of shelterbelt structure on flow and turbulence are systematically described. Recent modeling and simulation of heat flux and evapotranspiration are also summarized. Finally, we discuss the use of high-performance distributed and parallel computing as well as clusters of networked workstations to enhance performance of the model applied to simulations of shelterbelts and windbreaks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.33.1.549
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fullerene formation during production of chemical vapor deposited diamond (1995)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 66 (1995), S. 430-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report a novel method for fullerene formation during diamond synthesis via a hot filament, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) procedure. The fullerenes occur in the soot that forms as a by-product on the edges and rear surface of the substrate holder, where the temperature does not favor diamond deposition. Mass spectrometry of the soot shows a peak having a mass to charge ratio corresponding to C60. From typical concentrations of gaseous species in the diamond-growing CVD chamber, we conclude that hydrocarbon species such as CH3 or C2H2 may be the precursors for the fullerene in the CVD chamber. The atomic hydrogen in the gaseous species is believed to play an important role in removing the hydrogen from hydrocarbon to form the all-carbon fullerene. Our observations also suggest that fullerenes produced in the CVD diamond growth chamber play a role in diamond nucleation on foreign substrates. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.114046
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deposition of diamond-like carbon films by electrolysis of methanol solution (1996)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 69 (1996), S. 1074-1076 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: By electrolysis of the methanol solution, an attempt was made to deposit diamondlike carbon (DLC) films on silicon substrate at temperature of less than 60 °C. Substrates were negatively biased with a dc potential of 0 to −3000 V. IR spectra showed that the O–H, C–H, and C–O vibration bands of electrolyte decreased remarkably after electrolysis and a new peak characterized as the C=C bond appeared. The deposited films were characterized as DLC films by Raman spectroscopy. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.116935
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dielectric properties of silicon nitride films deposited by microwave electron cyclotron resonance plasma chemical vapor deposition at low temperature (1997)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 71 (1997), S. 336-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The dielectric properties of amorphous silicon nitride (SiNx) films that were prepared by microwave electron cyclotron resonance plasma chemical vapor deposition at low temperature in the frequency range 5 Hz–1 MHz have been investigated. The dielectric dispersion in the frequency range exhibits two fractional power laws of (ε′−ε∞′)∝ω−p1 and (ε′−ε∞′)∝ωn1−1 with p1=0.12–0.18 and n1=0.95–0.96. These are close to the result predicted by the many-cluster anomalous conduction theory of fractal structure. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.119531
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    AGRICULTURE LAND-USE EFFECTS ON NUTRIENT LOSSES IN WEST TIAOXI WATERSHED, CHINA (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 40 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Five types of land use/land covers in the West Tiaoxi watershed of China were studied for nutrient losses in artificial rainstorm runoff. A self-designed rainfall simulator was used. In situ rainfall simulations were used to: (1) compare the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorous in different land use/land covers and (2) evaluate the flux of nitrogen and phosphorous export from runoff and sediment in various types of land use/land covers. Three duplicated experiments were carried out under rain intensity of 2 mm/min, each lasting 32 minutes on a 3 m2 plot. Characteristics of various species of nitrogen and phosphorous in runoff and sediment were investigated. The results showed that the concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorous (TP) were greatest in runoff from mulberry trees and smallest from pine forest. The TN and TP export was mainly from suspended particulate in runoff. TN and TP exports from the top 10 cm layer of five types of land use/land covers were estimated as high as 4.66 to 9.40 g/m2 and 2.57 to 4.89 g/m2, respectively, of which exports through sediment of runoff accounted for more than 90 percent and 97 percent. The rate of TN and TP exports ranged from 2.68 to approximately 14.48 and 0.45 to approximately 4.11 mg/m2/min in runoff; these rates were much lower than those of 100.01 to approximately 172.67 and 72.82 to approximately 135.96 mg/m2/min in the runoff sediment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2004.tb01601.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microstructural changes in a colloidal liquid in the shear thinning and shear thickening regimes (1999)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 111 (1999), S. 4827-4838 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The structure of a colloidal suspension under shear flow was studied by in situ small angle neutron scattering (SANS). This suspension exhibited shear thinning at low shear rates and shear thickening at high shear rates. Under quiescent conditions, the SANS profiles were azimuthally symmetric and contained a well-defined scattering maximum. This is due to local, liquidlike correlations between neighboring particles. Increasing shear rate lead to changes in the interparticle correlations. These changes are quantified by obtaining the anisotropic structure factor of the suspension under shear flow. We found an increased probability for the formation of inter-particle clusters in the gradient-vorticity plane. This results in an increase in the low angle scattering intensity in the flow direction, and the scattering peak, observed under quiescent conditions, is reduced to a shoulder. We found no evidence for a shear-induced phase transition in our experimental window. At low shear rates (γ(overdot)), the microstructure is relatively insensitive to shear rate. On the other hand, a pronounced shear rate dependence of microstructure is observed when γ(overdot)(approximate)1/τ, where τ is the characteristic time for the decay of concentration fluctuations. Dynamic light scattering was used to measure τ. The onset of shear thickening occurs when γ(overdot)τ is of order unity suggesting an intimate relationship between quiescent dynamics, and shear-induced microscopic and macroscopic changes. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.479245
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