Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: Utilization of Food Waste for Biofuel Production -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Background -- 1.3 Characteristics of Food Waste -- 1.4 Production of Biofuels -- 1.4.1 Biodiesel Production from Food Waste -- 1.4.2 Bioethanol Production from Food Waste -- 1.4.2.1 Pretreatment of Food Waste -- 1.4.2.2 Process Strategies -- 1.4.3 Hydrogen and Methane Production from Food Waste -- 1.4.3.1 Production of Hydrogen -- 1.4.3.2 Production of Methane -- 1.5 Biofuel Economics from Food Waste -- 1.6 Food Waste Applications from Different Industries -- 1.7 Advantages of Biofuels from Food Wastes -- 1.8 Disadvantages of Biofuels from Food Wastes -- 1.9 Challenges -- 1.9.1 Unorganized Industry -- 1.9.2 Separation of Food Waste -- 1.9.3 Nonrenewable Resource -- 1.9.4 Nonstandard Resource -- 1.10 Future Prospects -- 1.11 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Bioenergy and Food Processing Waste -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Present Scenario of Food Processing Waste in India and the World -- 2.2.1 Biofuels from Food Processing Wastes -- 2.2.1.1 Liquid Biofuels -- Bioethanol -- Biodiesel -- Bio-oil -- Biobutanol -- 2.2.1.2 Gaseous Biofuels -- Biogas or Methane -- Hydrogen -- Hythane -- 2.3 Bioenergy Sources from Different Food Wastes -- 2.3.1 Cereal and Millet Wastes -- 2.3.2 Fruit and Vegetable Processing Wastes -- 2.3.3 Dairy Processing Wastes -- 2.4 Factors Affecting the Production of Biofuels -- References -- Chapter 3: From Fruit and Vegetable Waste to Biofuel Production: Part I -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Food Waste (FW) Definition, Generation, and Impact -- 3.2.1 FW Characteristics -- 3.2.2 Current FW Management Avenues -- 3.3 Biofuels as Sustainable Energy Sources -- 3.4 Biofuel Production from Fruit and Vegetable Wastes (FVW) -- 3.4.1 Bioethanol. , 3.4.1.1 From Fruit Waste by Marine Bacterial Strain Citrobacter sp. E4 -- 3.4.1.2 From Citrus Peels and Wastes -- 3.4.1.3 From Pineapple Wastes -- 3.4.1.4 From Banana and Mango Wastes -- 3.4.1.5 From Potato Peels -- 3.4.1.6 From Pistachio Wastes -- 3.4.1.7 Factors Affecting Bioethanol Production -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: From Fruit and Vegetable Waste to Biofuel Production: Part II -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Biohydrogen -- 4.2.1 Factors Influencing Biohydrogen Production -- 4.3 Biodiesel -- 4.3.1 Factors Influencing Biodiesel Production -- 4.4 Biogas -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Recent Advances in Biogas Production from Food Waste -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Food Waste -- 5.2.1 Composition of Food Wastes -- 5.2.2 Impacts of Food Waste Accumulation and Disposal -- 5.2.2.1 Environmental Impacts -- 5.2.3 Waste Management Strategies for Food Wastes -- 5.3 Biogas -- 5.3.1 Driving Forces for Biogas Production -- 5.3.2 Biogas Production from Food Waste: The Process -- 5.3.2.1 Pretreatment of Food Waste -- Pretreatment Techniques -- 5.3.2.2 Anaerobic Digestion -- 5.3.2.3 Factors Affecting Biogas Production -- 5.3.2.4 Anaerobic Digestion Systems -- Mono-Digestion of Food Wastes -- Anaerobic Co-Digestion and Enrichment of the Biogas Production -- 5.3.2.5 Advantages of Anaerobic Digestion -- 5.4 Reactors for Biogas Production -- 5.4.1 Conventional Biogas Reactors -- 5.4.2 Innovative Biogas Reactor Technologies -- 5.5 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing of Microbial Consortia for Anaerobic Digestion -- 5.6 Biogas Industry: Current Status -- 5.7 Food Waste Digestion: The Potential -- 5.8 Biogas Production-Economic Perspectives -- 5.8.1 Biogas Economics for Food Wastes -- 5.8.2 Anaerobic Digestion of Food Wastes and the Circular Economy -- 5.9 Issues Related to Biogas Production -- 5.10 Future Prospects and Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 6: Biogas from Kitchen Waste -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Biofuel Classifications -- 6.2.1 Kitchen Waste Composition -- 6.2.1.1 Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) -- Microbes Required for Hydrolysis -- Methanogenesis -- 6.2.1.2 Pretreatment Methods for Food Waste -- 6.2.2 Biogas Digester -- 6.2.3 Barriers in the Biogas Production (Mittal et al. 2018) -- 6.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Food Processing By-Products and Waste Utilisation for Bioethanol Production -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Applications of Bioethanol -- 7.3 Bioethanol Production -- 7.3.1 Sugar-Based Feedstock -- 7.3.2 Starch-Based Feedstock -- 7.3.3 Lignocellulosic Feedstock -- 7.4 Significance of Utilising Food Processing By-Products and Waste for the Bioethanol Production -- 7.5 Bioethanol from Food Processing By-Products and Waste -- 7.5.1 Bioethanol from Vegetable and Fruit -- 7.5.2 Bioethanol from Banana Wastes -- 7.5.3 Bioethanol from Citrus Fruit Wastes -- 7.5.4 Bioethanol from Date Fruit Waste -- 7.5.5 Bioethanol from Potato Processing Waste -- 7.5.6 Bioethanol from Coffee Pulp and Husks -- 7.5.7 Bioethanol from Grain Waste -- 7.5.7.1 Energy Crops -- 7.5.7.2 Rice Husks -- 7.5.8 Dairy -- 7.5.8.1 Cheese Whey -- 7.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Utilization of Fruit-Vegetable Waste as Lignocellulosic Feedstocks for Bioethanol Fermentation -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Fruit and Vegetable Wastes (FVW) as a Raw Feedstock for Bioethanol Production -- 8.1.2 Role of Microorganisms -- 8.1.3 Pretreatment and Detoxification of FVW -- 8.1.4 Bioethanol Production -- 8.1.5 Ethanol Recovery by Distillation -- 8.2 Factors Affecting Fermentation -- 8.3 Ethanol as Biofuel -- 8.4 Future of Bioethanol in India -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Production of Bioethanol from Fruit Wastes: Recent Advances -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Advantages of Bioethanol. , 9.3 Present Scenario -- 9.4 Ethanol as a Biofuel for Renewable Energy -- 9.5 Bioethanol Economy -- 9.6 Types of Fruit Wastes -- 9.7 Fruit Wastes (Substrates) Suitable for Production of Ethanol -- 9.8 Pretreatments of Fruit Wastes for Ethanol Production -- 9.9 Ethanol Production Using Different Fruit Wastes -- 9.9.1 Kinnow -- 9.9.2 Kinnow and Banana Peels -- 9.9.3 Mango/Banana Waste -- 9.9.4 Banana Waste -- 9.9.5 Mango Waste -- 9.9.6 Citrus Wastes -- 9.9.7 Beet Waste -- 9.9.8 Apple Pomace -- 9.9.9 Pineapple Wastes -- 9.9.10 Grape Pomace -- 9.9.11 Oil Palm -- 9.9.12 Fruit Peel -- 9.9.13 Pawpaw -- 9.9.14 Papaya -- 9.9.15 Date Palm -- 9.9.16 Mixed Fruit Wastes -- 9.9.17 Rambutan -- 9.9.18 Orange Peels -- 9.9.19 Cashew Apple Juice -- 9.9.20 Jamun and Mango -- 9.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Trends in Biodiesel Production from Algae and Animal Fat Wastes: Challenges and Prospects -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Biodiesel Production by Using Algae -- 10.3 Algae Production Processes and Conversion Processes -- 10.4 Algal Pretreatment for Biodiesel Production -- 10.5 Utilizing Microalgae to Produce Biodiesel -- 10.6 Process Used to Obtain Biodiesel from Algae -- 10.7 Biodiesel Production by Using Animal Fat Waste -- 10.8 Biodiesel Production Via Transesterification by Using Animal Fats -- 10.9 Characteristics of Biodiesel Which Is Obtained from Animals Feedstocks -- 10.10 Major Challenges and Future Prospects in Biodiesel Production from Vegetable Oil and Animal Fat Waste -- 10.11 Conclusions -- References.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: Impact of Fermentation Types on Enzymes Used for Biofuels Production -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Characteristics of Biofuels -- 1.3 Classification of Biofuels -- 1.4 History of Biofuels -- 1.5 Biofuel Production Process -- 1.5.1 Pre-Treatment -- 1.5.2 Hydrolysis -- 1.5.3 Fermentation -- 1.6 Enzymes in Biofuel Production -- 1.7 Kinetics of Biofuel Synthesis -- 1.8 Factors Affecting the Enzyme Expression Responsible for Biofuel Production -- 1.9 Types of Fermentation for Enzymatic Biofuel Production -- 1.10 Biobutanol Production -- 1.11 Factors Affecting the Fermentation Process -- 1.12 Impact of Fermentation on Enzymes During Biofuels Production -- 1.13 Downstream Processing of Biofuels -- 1.13.1 Gas Stripping and Vacuum Process -- 1.13.2 Biphasic Solvent Extraction -- 1.13.3 Adsorption Based Recovery -- 1.13.4 Recovery of Biofuels Based on Membrane Separation -- 1.13.5 Perstraction -- 1.14 Conclusion -- 1.15 Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 2: Downstream Processing -- Applications and Recent Updates -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Stages of Downstream Process -- 2.3 Downstream Process Unit Operations (Fig. 2.2) -- 2.3.1 Separation of Cells and Extracellular Fluid -- 2.3.1.1 Filtration -- 2.3.1.2 Centrifugation -- 2.3.1.3 Gravity Sedimentation -- 2.3.1.4 Flocculation -- 2.3.1.5 Flotation -- 2.3.2 Cell Rupture and Separation of Cell Extract -- 2.3.2.1 Mechanical Rupture -- 2.3.2.2 Non-Mechanical Cell Rupture -- Chemical Extraction -- Biological Rupture -- 2.3.3 Concentration and Purification of Soluble Products -- 2.3.3.1 Precipitation -- 2.3.3.2 Membrane Separation -- 2.3.3.3 Nanofiltration or Reverse Osmosis -- 2.3.3.4 Liquid Extraction -- 2.3.3.5 Chromatography -- Adsorption Chromatography -- Ion Exchange Chromatography -- Affinity Chromatography. , Gel Chromatography -- Electrophoresis -- 2.3.4 Finishing Operations -- 2.3.4.1 Crystallization -- 2.3.4.2 Drying -- 2.4 Applications and Industrial Products -- 2.4.1 Bio-fuels -- 2.4.1.1 Biobutanol -- 2.4.2 Bt Biopesticides -- 2.4.3 Natural Colourant: Carminic Acid -- 2.4.4 Bioethanol -- 2.4.5 Acetic Acid -- 2.4.6 Lactic Acid -- 2.4.7 Citric Acid -- 2.4.7.1 Methods of Fermentation -- 2.4.8 Pencillin -- 2.4.9 Nisin -- 2.4.10 Vitamin B12 -- 2.4.11 Stevia: A Natural Sweetener -- References -- Chapter 3: Types of Bioreactors for Biofuel Generation -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Microbial Cultivation -- 3.3 Challenges in Biofuel Generation -- 3.4 Submerged Fermentation -- 3.4.1 Batch Type of Fermenter -- 3.4.2 Fed-Batch Fermentation -- 3.4.3 Continuous Type of Bioreactor -- 3.4.3.1 Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation -- 3.4.3.2 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation -- 3.4.3.3 Simultaneous Saccharification and Co-Fermentation (SmScF) -- 3.5 Direct Microbial Conversion -- 3.6 Concept of Solid State Fermentation-Based Biorefinery -- 3.7 Types of Solid State Fermentation Bioreactors -- 3.7.1 Tray Type Bioreactors (TTB) -- 3.7.2 Packed Bed Type Bioreactor (PBTB) -- 3.7.3 Air Pressure Pulsation Type Bioreactors (APPTB) -- 3.7.4 Intermittent or Continuously Mixed SSF Bioreactor -- 3.8 Solid-State Fermentation versus Submerged Fermentation -- 3.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Bioprocess for Algal Biofuels Production -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Generation of Biofuels -- 4.3 Different Types of Algal Biofuels -- 4.3.1 Biodiesel -- 4.3.2 Bioethanol -- 4.3.3 Biogas -- 4.4 Characteristics of Algae as Ideal Resource for Biofuel Production -- 4.5 Upstream Processing: Cultivation Techniques of Microalgae for Biofuels Production -- 4.6 Downstream Processing: Harvesting of Algal Biomass -- 4.7 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 5: Effect of Bioprocess Parameters on Biofuel Production -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Biofuels Producing Microorganisms -- 5.3 Measuring of Bioprocess Parameters -- 5.4 Bioprocess Parameters Affecting Biofuels Production -- 5.4.1 Physical Parameters -- 5.4.1.1 Role of Temperature in Biofuel Production -- 5.4.1.2 Role of pH in Biofuel Production -- 5.4.1.3 Agitation Rate -- 5.4.1.4 Fermentation Time -- 5.4.2 Nutritional Parameters Affecting Biofuel Production -- 5.4.2.1 Role of Substrate and Effect of Initial Substrate Concentration -- 5.4.2.2 Effect of Different Inoculum Size on Biofuel Production -- 5.4.2.3 Effect of Various Sugars and Their Concentrations -- 5.4.2.4 Effect of Acid Concentration on Biofuel Production -- 5.4.2.5 The Effect of Solvent/Surfactants/Detergents on Biofuel Production -- 5.4.2.6 Effect of Metal Ions on Biofuel Production -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Role of Substrate to Improve Biomass to Biofuel Production Technologies -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Composition of Biomass and Its Role in Biofuels Production -- 6.3 Role of Different Substrates in Biofuels Technology -- 6.4 Approaches That Enhance Biomass to Biofuels Production -- 6.4.1 Physical Pretreatment -- 6.4.2 Chemical Pretreatment -- 6.4.3 SPROL Process -- 6.4.4 Ethanol Organosolv Pretreatment -- 6.4.5 Biological Pretreatment -- 6.4.6 Combined Pretreatment Approaches -- 6.4.6.1 Steam Explosion Method -- 6.4.6.2 Supercritical Fluid Extrusion -- 6.4.6.3 Critical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Method -- 6.4.6.4 Comparison Between Efficiencies of Combined Approaches -- 6.5 Biofuels Produced from Biomass -- 6.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Techno-Economic Analysis of Second-Generation Biofuel Technologies -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Techno-Economic Assessment of Biofuels. , 7.3 Different Second-Generation Biofuel Technologies Based on the Products Formed -- 7.4 Techno-Economic Assessment of Different Second-Generation Biofuel Technologies -- 7.4.1 Gasification -- 7.4.2 Different Types of Gasification -- 7.4.2.1 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis -- 7.4.2.2 Mixed Alcohol Synthesis -- 7.4.2.3 Methanol to Gasoline -- 7.4.2.4 Syngas to Distillates (S2D) -- 7.4.2.5 Syngas Fermentation -- 7.4.3 Pyrolysis -- 7.5 Techno-Economic Assessment of Different Pre-treatment Technologies for Bioethanol Production -- 7.5.1 AFEX Pre-treatment Process -- 7.5.2 Dilute Acid Pre-treatment -- 7.5.3 Lime Pre-treatment -- 7.5.4 Hot Water Pre-treatment -- 7.5.5 Soaking in Aqueous Ammonia (SAA) -- 7.5.6 SO2 Using Steam Explosion -- 7.6 Techno-Economic Assessment of Different Technologies for Enzymatic Hydrolysis -- 7.6.1 Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF) -- 7.6.2 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) -- 7.7 Software Used -- 7.7.1 ASPEN -- 7.7.2 SuperPro Designer -- 7.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 8: Recent Advances in Metabolic Engineering and Synthetic Biology for Microbial Production of Isoprenoid-Based Biofuel... -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Hemiterpenoids -- 8.3 Monoterpenoids -- 8.4 Sesquiterpenoids -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Applications of Biosensors for Metabolic Engineering of Microorganisms and Its Impact on Biofuel Production -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 An Overview of Biosensor-Based Strategies -- 9.3 Association of Biosensors and Biofuel Metabolic Engineering -- 9.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Recent Progress in CRISPR-Based Technology Applications for Biofuels Production -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 An Overview of CRISPR Approaches -- 10.3 Association of CRISPR Approaches with Production of Biofuels -- 10.4 Conclusion -- References.