Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface to the First Edition -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Acknowledgements -- Part One Glaciers -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Glacier systems -- 1.1.1 Mass balance -- 1.1.2 Meltwater -- 1.1.3 Glacier motion -- 1.1.4 Glaciers and sea-level change -- 1.1.5 Erosion and debris transport -- 1.1.6 Glacial sediments, landforms and landscapes -- 1.2 Glacier morphology -- 1.2.1 Ice sheets and ice caps -- 1.2.2 Glaciers constrained by topography -- 1.2.3 Ice shelves -- 1.3 Present distribution of glaciers -- 1.3.1 Influence of latitude and altitude -- 1.3.2 Influence of aspect, relief and distance from a moisture source -- 1.4 Past distribution of glaciers -- 1.4.1 'Icehouse' and 'greenhouse' worlds -- 1.4.2 Cenozoic glaciation -- 2 Snow, Ice and Climate -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Surface energy balance -- 2.2.1 Changes of state and temperature -- 2.2.2 Shortwave radiation -- 2.2.3 Longwave radiation -- 2.2.4 Sensible and latent heat: turbulent fluxes -- 2.2.5 Energy supplied by rain -- 2.2.6 Why is glacier ice blue? -- 2.3 Ice temperature -- 2.3.1 The melting point of ice -- 2.3.2 Controls on ice temperature -- 2.3.3 Thermal structure of glaciers and ice sheets -- 2.4 Processes of accumulation and ablation -- 2.4.1 Snow and ice accumulation -- 2.4.2 Transformation of snow to ice -- 2.4.3 Melting of snow and ice -- 2.4.4 Sublimation and evaporation -- 2.4.5 The influence of debris cover -- 2.5 Mass balance -- 2.5.1 Definitions -- 2.5.2 Measurement of mass balance -- 2.5.3 Annual mass balance cycles -- 2.5.4 Mass balance gradients -- 2.5.5 The equilibrium line -- 2.5.6 Glaciation levels or glaciation thresholds -- 2.5.7 Glacier sensitivity to climate change -- 2.6 Glacier-climate interactions -- 2.6.1 Effects of glaciers and ice sheets on the atmosphere -- 2.7 Ice cores. , 2.7.1 Ice coring programmes -- 2.7.2 Stable isotopes -- 2.7.3 Ancient atmospheres: the gas content of glacier ice -- 2.7.4 Solutes and particulates -- 3 Glacier Hydrology -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Basic concepts -- 3.2.1 Water sources and routing -- 3.2.2 Hydraulic potential -- 3.2.3 Resistance to flow -- 3.2.4 Channel wall processes: melting, freezing and ice deformation -- 3.3 Supraglacial and englacial drainage -- 3.3.1 Supraglacial water storage and drainage -- 3.3.2 Englacial drainage -- 3.4 Subglacial drainage -- 3.4.1 Subglacial channels -- 3.4.2 Water films -- 3.4.3 Linked cavity systems -- 3.4.4 Groundwater flow -- 3.4.5 Water at the ice-sediment interface -- 3.5 Glacial hydrological systems -- 3.5.1 Temperate glaciers -- 3.5.2 Polythermal glaciers -- 3.5.3 Modelling glacial hydrological systems -- 3.6 Proglacial runoff -- 3.6.1 Seasonal and shorter-term cycles -- 3.6.2 Runoff and climate change -- 3.7 Glacial lakes and outburst floods -- 3.7.1 Introduction -- 3.7.2 Moraine-dammed lakes -- 3.7.3 Ice-dammed lakes -- 3.7.4 Icelandic subglacial lakes -- 3.7.5 Estimating GLOF magnitudes -- 3.8 Life in glaciers -- 3.8.1 Supraglacial ecosystems -- 3.8.2 Subglacial ecosystems -- 3.9 Glacier hydrochemistry -- 3.9.1 Overview -- 3.9.2 Snow chemistry -- 3.9.3 Chemical weathering processes -- 3.9.4 Subglacial chemical weathering -- 3.9.5 Proglacial environments -- 3.9.6 Rates of chemical erosion -- 4 Processes of Glacier Motion -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Stress and strain -- 4.2.1 Stress -- 4.2.2 Strain -- 4.2.3 Rheology: stress-strain relationships -- 4.2.4 Force balance in glaciers -- 4.3 Deformation of ice -- 4.3.1 Glen's Flow Law -- 4.3.2 Crystal fabric, impurities and water content -- 4.3.3 Ice creep velocities -- 4.4 Sliding -- 4.4.1 Frozen beds -- 4.4.2 Sliding of wet-based ice -- 4.4.3 Glacier-bed friction -- 4.4.4 The role of water. , 4.5 Deformable beds -- 4.5.1 The Boulton-Hindmarsh model -- 4.5.2 Laboratory testing of subglacial tills -- 4.5.3 Direct observations of deformable glacier beds -- 4.5.4 Rheology of subglacial till -- 4.6 Rates of basal motion -- 4.6.1 'Sliding laws' -- 4.6.2 Local and non-local controls on ice velocity -- 4.7 Crevasses and other structures: strain made visible -- 4.7.1 Crevasses -- 4.7.2 Crevasse patterns -- 4.7.3 Layering, foliation and related structures -- 5 Glacier Dynamics -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Understanding glacier dynamics -- 5.2.1 Balance velocities -- 5.2.2 Deviations from the balance velocity -- 5.2.3 Changes in ice thickness: continuity -- 5.2.4 Thermodynamics -- 5.3 Glacier models -- 5.3.1 Overview -- 5.3.2 Equilibrium glacier profiles -- 5.3.3 Time-evolving glacier models -- 5.4 Dynamics of valley glaciers -- 5.4.1 Intra-annual velocity variations -- 5.4.2 Multi-annual variations -- 5.5 Calving glaciers -- 5.5.1 Flow of calving glaciers -- 5.5.2 Calving processes -- 5.5.3 'Calving laws' -- 5.5.4 Advance and retreat of calving glaciers -- 5.6 Ice shelves -- 5.6.1 Mass balance of ice shelves -- 5.6.2 Flow of ice shelves -- 5.6.3 Ice shelf break-up -- 5.7 Glacier surges -- 5.7.1 Overview -- 5.7.2 Distribution of surging glaciers -- 5.7.3 Temperate glacier surges -- 5.7.4 Polythermal surging glaciers -- 5.7.5 Surge mechanisms -- 6 The Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The Greenland Ice Sheet -- 6.2.1 Overview -- 6.2.2 Climate and surface mass balance -- 6.2.3 Ice sheet flow -- 6.2.4 Ice streams and outlet glaciers -- 6.3 The Antarctic Ice Sheet -- 6.3.1 Overview -- 6.3.2 Climate and mass balance -- 6.3.3 Flow of inland ice -- 6.3.4 Ice streams -- 6.3.5 Hydrology and subglacial lakes -- 6.3.6 Ice stream stagnation and reactivation -- 6.3.7 Stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. , 7 Glaciers and Sea-Level Change -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Causes of sea-level change -- 7.2.1 Overview -- 7.2.2 Glacio-eustasy and global ice volume -- 7.2.3 Glacio-isostasy and ice sheet loading -- 7.3 Sea-level change over glacial-interglacial cycles -- 7.3.1 Ice sheet fluctuations and eustatic sea-level change -- 7.3.2 Sea-level histories in glaciated regions -- 7.4 Glaciers and recent sea-level change -- 7.4.1 Recorded sea-level change -- 7.4.2 Global glacier mass balance -- 7.5 Future sea-level change -- 7.5.1 IPCC climate and sea-level projections -- 7.5.2 Predicting the glacial contribution to sea-level change -- Part Two Glaciation -- 8 Erosional Processes, Forms and Landscapes -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Subglacial erosion -- 8.2.1 Rock fracture: general principles -- 8.2.2 Abrasion -- 8.2.3 Quarrying -- 8.2.4 Erosion beneath cold ice -- 8.2.5 Erosion of soft beds -- 8.3 Small-scale erosional forms -- 8.3.1 Striae and polished surfaces -- 8.3.2 Rat tails -- 8.3.3 Chattermarks, gouges and fractures -- 8.3.4 P-forms -- 8.4 Intermediate-scale erosional forms -- 8.4.1 Roches moutonnées -- 8.4.2 Whalebacks and rock drumlins -- 8.4.3 Crag and tails -- 8.4.4 Channels -- 8.5 Large-scale erosional landforms -- 8.5.1 Rock basins and overdeepenings -- 8.5.2 Basins and overdeepenings in soft sediments -- 8.5.3 Troughs and fjords -- 8.5.4 Cirques -- 8.5.5 Strandflats -- 8.6 Landscapes of glacial erosion -- 8.6.1 Areal scouring -- 8.6.2 Selective linear erosion -- 8.6.3 Landscapes of little or no glacial erosion -- 8.6.4 Alpine landscapes -- 8.6.5 Cirque landscapes -- 8.6.6 Continent-scale patterns of erosion -- 9 Debris Entrainment and Transport -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Approaches to the study of glacial sediments -- 9.2.1 The glacial debris cascade -- 9.2.2 Spatial hierarchies of sediments and landforms -- 9.3 Glacial debris entrainment. , 9.3.1 Supraglacial debris entrainment -- 9.3.2 Incorporation of debris into basal ice -- 9.4 Debris transport and release -- 9.4.1 Subglacial transport -- 9.4.2 High-level debris transport -- 9.4.3 Glacifluvial transport -- 9.5 Effects of transport on debris -- 9.5.1 Granulometry -- 9.5.2 Clast morphology -- 9.5.3 Particle micromorphology -- 10 Glacigenic Sediments and Depositional Processes -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Sediment description and classification -- 10.2.1 Sediment description -- 10.2.2 Deformation structures -- 10.2.3 Primary and secondary deposits -- 10.3 Primary glacigenic deposits (till) -- 10.3.1 Overview -- 10.3.2 Processes of subglacial till formation -- 10.3.3 Glacitectonite -- 10.3.4 Subglacial traction till -- 10.4 Glacifluvial deposits -- 10.4.1 Terminology and classification of glacifluvial sediments -- 10.4.2 Plane bed deposits -- 10.4.3 Ripple cross-laminated facies -- 10.4.4 Dunes -- 10.4.5 Antidunes -- 10.4.6 Scour and minor channel fills -- 10.4.7 Gravel sheets -- 10.4.8 Silt and mud drapes -- 10.4.9 Hyperconcentrated flow deposits -- 10.5 Gravitational mass movement deposits and syn-sedimentary deformation structures -- 10.5.1 Overview -- 10.5.2 Fall deposits -- 10.5.3 Slide and slump deposits -- 10.5.4 Debris (sediment-gravity) flow deposits -- 10.5.5 Turbidites -- 10.5.6 Clastic dykes and hydrofracture fills -- 10.6 Glacimarine and glacilacustrine deposits -- 10.6.1 Water body characteristics and sediment influx -- 10.6.2 Depositional processes -- 10.6.3 Varves and other glacilacustrine overflow/interflow deposits -- 10.6.4 Laminated glacimarine sediments -- 10.6.5 Ice-rafted debris and undermelt deposits -- 10.6.6 Iceberg grounding structures and sediments -- 10.6.7 Fossiliferous deposits and biogenic oozes -- 10.7 Winnowing structures (lags, coquinas and boulder pavements) -- 11 Sediment-Landform Associations. , 11.1 Introduction.