Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title page -- Copyright information -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Part I Water-Related Risks under Climate Change -- 1 Pluvial, Fluvial and Coastal Flood Risks and Sustainable Flood Management in the Pearl River Delta under Climate Change -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Localized Precipitation Extremes and Pluvial Flood Risks in the PRD under Climate Change: Observations and Projections -- 1.2.1 Past Observations and Analyses -- 1.2.2 Future Projections -- 1.3 Upstream River Flow and Fluvial Flood Risks in the PRD under Climate Change: Observations and Projections -- 1.3.1 Past Observations and Analyses -- 1.3.2 Future Projections -- 1.4 Coastal Flood Hazards in the PRD under Climate Change: Observations and Projections -- 1.4.1 Past Observations and Analyses -- 1.4.2 Future Projections -- 1.5 Urbanization and Sustainable Flood Management in the PRD -- 1.5.1 Impacts of Urbanization on Flood Risks -- 1.5.2 Sustainable Flood Management -- 1.6 Summary -- References -- 2 Flooding Risk in the Lancang-Mekong River Basin under Global Change -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Lancang-Mekong River Basin -- 2.3 Data and Methods -- 2.3.1 Data -- 2.3.2 SPI-3 -- 2.3.3 VIC Model -- 2.3.4 Definition of the Flood Events -- 2.4 Results -- 2.4.1 Changes of SPI-3 -- 2.4.2 VIC Model in the LMRB -- 2.4.3 Impact of Climate Change on Streamflow -- 2.4.4 Impact of Climate Change on Flood Events -- 2.5 Discussion -- 2.6 Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 3 Spatial Drought Patterns in East Africa -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Materials and Methods -- 3.2.1 Research Area -- 3.2.2 Drought Index, Dataset and Study Period -- 3.2.3 Spatial Drought Analysis Procedures -- 3.2.3.1 Drought Characterization -- 3.2.3.2 Drought Severity Level Detection -- 3.3 Results and Discussion -- 3.3.1 Long-Term Analysis of Precipitation. , 3.3.2 Drought Characterization -- 3.3.2.1 Spatial Drought Duration -- 3.3.2.2 Spatial Drought Frequency -- 3.3.2.3 Spatial Drought Intensity -- 3.3.3 Long-Term Spatial Trends -- 3.3.4 Historical Severe Drought Events -- 3.3.4.1 The 1973-1974 Drought -- 3.3.4.2 The 1984-1985 Drought -- 3.3.4.3 The 2010-2011 Drought -- 3.3.5 Impacts of the Drought Events -- 3.4 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Assessment of Global Water Erosion Vulnerability under Climate Change -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Materials and Methods -- 4.2.1 RUSLE Model -- 4.2.1.1 Rainfall Erosivity Factor (R) -- 4.2.1.2 Soil Erodibility Factor (K) -- 4.2.1.3 The Slope Length and Steepness Factor (LS) -- 4.2.1.4 The Land Cover and Management Factor (C) -- 4.2.2 Data Analyses -- 4.2.2.1 Spatial Analyses -- 4.2.2.2 Ordinary Least Squares Linear Regression -- 4.3 Results -- 4.3.1 Model Validation -- 4.3.2 Spatial Characteristics of Global Water Erosion Vulnerability -- 4.3.3 Global Water Erosion Change Associated with Various Land Uses -- 4.3.4 Effects of SDII on Water Erosion -- 4.4 Discussion -- 4.4.1 Impacts of Rainfall Change on Water Erosion -- 4.4.2 Impacts of Other Factors Associated with Climate Change -- 4.4.3 Limitations of this Study -- 4.5 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Water Erosion and Its Controlling Factors in the Anthropocene -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Water Erosion Processes and their Relations to Climate Change -- 5.2.1 Raindrop Splash Erosion -- 5.2.2 Inter-rill and Rill Erosion Processes -- 5.2.3 Ephemeral Gully Erosion -- 5.2.4 Permanent Gully Erosion -- 5.2.5 From Hillslope to River System -- 5.2.6 Other Agents Coupled with the Water Erosion Process -- 5.3 Water Erosion Control Practices -- 5.3.1 Biological Techniques -- 5.3.2 Engineering Methods -- 5.3.3 Tillage Practices -- 5.4 Water Erosion under Future Climate Risk. , 5.4.1 Direct Impacts of Climate Change: Change in Rainfall Erosivity -- 5.4.2 Indirect Climate Change Impact: Change in Land Use and Land Cover -- 5.5 Future Research Needs -- References -- 6 Climate Change Impacts on Saltwater Intrusion into Coastal Aquifers -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Theory -- 6.3 Method -- 6.3.1 Finite-Difference Method -- 6.3.2 Finite-Element Method -- 6.4 Case Study -- 6.4.1 Study Area and Model Domain -- 6.4.2 Model Development -- 6.4.2.1 Spatial Discretization -- 6.4.2.2 Temporal Discretization -- 6.4.2.3 Parameters -- 6.4.2.4 Boundary Conditions -- 6.4.2.5 Initial Conditions -- 6.4.2.6 Calibration -- 6.4.3 Results and Discussion -- 6.4.3.1 Sea-Level Rise Impacts on Saltwater Intrusion -- 6.4.3.2 Storm Surge Impacts on Saltwater Intrusion -- 6.4.3.3 Uncertainty Analysis -- 6.5 Mitigation Processes -- References -- Part II Climate Risk to Human and Natural Systems -- 7 Observed Urban Effects on Temperature and Precipitation in Southeast China -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Data -- 7.3 Methodology -- 7.4 Trends and Mean Values of Temperature and Precipitation -- 7.5 Urban Effect on Temperature -- 7.6 Urban Effect on Precipitation -- 7.7 Discussion -- 7.8 Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- 8 Vegetation Dynamics, Land Use and Ecological Risk in Response to NDVI and Climate Change in Nepal -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Research Approach and Methods -- 8.2.1 Data -- 8.2.2 Methods -- 8.3 Results -- 8.3.1 Spatial and Temporal Vegetation Dynamics -- 8.3.1.1 Spatio-Temporal Trends and Net NDVI Changes -- 8.3.2 Land Use Land Cover Change and HFP -- 8.3.3 Ecological Risk based on NDVI and Climate -- 8.4 Discussion -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Climate Warming Induced Frozen Soil Changes and the Corresponding Environmental Effect on the Tibetan Plateau: A Review -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Climate Warming Influence on Frozen Ground. , 9.2.1 Ground Temperature Changes -- 9.2.2 Soil FT Cycles -- 9.2.3 Frozen Ground Distribution -- 9.2.4 Active Layer Thickness -- 9.3 Environmental Effects -- 9.3.1 Vegetation Degradation -- 9.3.2 Desertification -- 9.3.3 Soil Erosion -- 9.3.4 Carbon Emission -- 9.3.5 Infrastructure Project -- 9.4 Conclusion -- References -- 10 A Review of the Effects of Climate Extremes on Agriculture Production -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Climate Change and Climate Extremes -- 10.2.1 Heat Extremes -- 10.2.2 Droughts -- 10.2.3 Climate Models -- 10.2.4 Climate Data Sets -- 10.3 The Effects of Climate Extremes on Yields -- 10.3.1 The Effects of High Temperature on Crop Growth -- 10.3.2 The Effects of Drought on Crop Growth -- 10.3.3 Recent Research on the Effects of Climate Extremes on Yield -- 10.3.4 The Indices of Drought -- 10.3.5 Approaches to Assess the Impacts of Climate Extremes -- 10.4 Adaptation Measures to Mitigate Yield Loss -- 10.5 Conclusion -- Note -- References -- 11 Agricultural Water Use Estimation and Impact Assessment on the Water System in China -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Methodology -- 11.2.1 The Model -- 11.2.2 Green and Blue Water Uses Estimation -- 11.2.3 Temporal Variabilities and Spatial Patterns -- 11.2.4 Impact Assessment -- 11.3 Study Area and Data Sets -- 11.3.1 Study Area -- 11.3.2 Data Sets -- 11.4 Results -- 11.4.1 Temporal Variability of Green and Blue Water Uses -- 11.4.2 Spatial Patterns of Green and Blue Water Uses -- 11.4.3 Impact Assessment of Agricultural Water Use on the Water System -- 11.5 Discussion -- 11.5.1 Uncertainty -- 11.5.2 Implications for Agricultural Water Resources Management -- 11.6 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Impact of Inter-Basin Water Transfer on Water Scarcity in Water-Receiving Area under Global Warming: A Case Study of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project -- 12.1 Introduction. , 12.2 South-to-North Water Diversion Project: A Primer -- 12.3 Water-Receiving Area of SNWD: Huang-Huai-Hai Region -- 12.4 Data and Methods -- 12.4.1 Data -- 12.4.2 Methods -- 12.4.2.1 Bias-Adjustment for Runoff, Groundwater Recharge and Irrigation -- 12.4.2.2 Available Water Supply -- 12.4.2.3 Sectoral and Total Water Demand -- 12.4.2.4 Impact of the SNWD Project on Water Supply Risk -- 12.5 Results -- 12.5.1 Projected Changes of Water Supply -- 12.5.2 Projected Changes of Sectoral and Total Water Demand -- 12.5.3 Impact of the SNWD Project on Water Supply Risk -- 12.6 Discussions and Conclusions -- Note -- References -- 13 Broadening and Deepening the Rainfall-Induced Landslide Detection: Practices and Perspectives at a Global Scale -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Practices for Global Rainfall-Induced Landslide Detection -- 13.2.1 Landslide Datasets Compilation -- 13.2.2 Landslide Susceptibility Analysis -- 13.2.3 Triggering Threshold Identification -- 13.3 Data and Methods -- 13.3.1 Environmental Factors and Landslide Datasets -- 13.3.2 Triggering Rainfall Identification for Landslide Events -- 13.3.3 Modelling for Global Distributed Rainfall Thresholds -- 13.4 Results -- 13.4.1 Characteristics of Triggering Rainfall Events -- 13.4.2 Multiple Linear Regression Model for Global Distributed Rainfall Thresholds -- 13.4.3 Model Application -- 13.5 Discussions and Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 14 Estimating Aquifer Depth in Arid and Semi-arid Watersheds using Statistical Modelling of Spectral MODIS Products -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Materials and Methods -- 14.2.1 Study Area -- 14.2.1.1 Sarvestan Plain -- 14.2.1.2 Lamerd Plain -- 14.2.2 Research Data -- 14.2.2.1 Field Data -- 14.2.2.2 Remotely-Sensed Data -- 14.2.3 The Method -- 14.2.3.1 Image Products of MODIS Data -- 14.2.3.2 Field Data Exploration -- 14.2.3.3 Statistical Modelling. , The Pearson Correlation Analysis.