Note: Intro -- Dedication -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Assessing Climate Change Effects in the Northern Rockies -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Northern Rockies Adaptation Partnership Process -- 1.3 Toward Implementation of Climate-Smart Management -- 1.4 A Brief Tour of the Northern Rockies -- 1.4.1 Western Rockies Subregion -- 1.4.2 Central Rockies Subregion -- 1.4.3 Eastern Rockies Subregion -- 1.4.4 Greater Yellowstone Area Subregion -- 1.4.5 Grassland Subregion -- References -- Chapter 2: Historical and Projected Climate in the Northern Rockies Region -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Climate Model Overview -- 2.3 Methods Used to Assess Future Climate in the Northern Rockies Region -- 2.4 Projected Future Climate in the Northern Rockies -- References -- Chapter 3: Effects of Climate Change on Snowpack, Glaciers, and Water Resources in the Northern Rockies -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Mechanisms for Climate Change Effects on Hydrology -- 3.3 Effects of Climate Change on Snowpack and Glaciers -- 3.4 Effects of Climate Change on Streamflow -- 3.4.1 Future Streamflow Projections -- 3.5 Adapting Water Resources and Management to Climate Change -- References -- Chapter 4: Effects of Climate Change on Cold-Water Fish in the Northern Rockies -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Analytical Approach -- 4.2.1 Assessment Area -- 4.2.2 Climate Change Scenarios -- 4.2.3 Fish Species -- 4.2.4 Trout Distribution Models -- 4.3 Vulnerability of Native Trout to Climate Change -- 4.3.1 Stream Temperature -- 4.3.2 Cutthroat Trout -- 4.3.3 Bull Trout -- 4.3.4 Additional Fish Species -- 4.4 Applying the Assessment -- 4.5 Adapting Fish Species and Fisheries Management to Climate Change -- 4.5.1 Adaptation Options -- 4.5.2 Principles of Climate-Smart Management -- References. , Chapter 5: Effects of Climate Change on Forest Vegetation in the Northern Rockies -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Climate Change Assessment Techniques -- 5.1.2 Forest Vegetation Responses to Climate -- 5.1.3 Biotic and Abiotic Disturbances -- 5.2 Climate Change Effects on Tree Species -- 5.2.1 Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa) -- 5.2.2 Douglas-Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) -- 5.2.3 Western Larch (Larix occidentalis) -- 5.2.4 Western White Pine (Pinus monticola) -- 5.2.5 Grand Fir (Abies grandis) -- 5.2.6 Western Redcedar (Thuja plicata) -- 5.2.7 Western Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) -- 5.2.8 Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) -- 5.2.9 Limber Pine (Pinus flexilis) -- 5.2.10 Subalpine Fir (Abies lasiocarpa) -- 5.2.11 Engelmann Spruce (Picea engelmannii) -- 5.2.12 Mountain Hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) -- 5.2.13 Alpine Larch (Larix lyallii) -- 5.2.14 Whitebark Pine (Pinus albicaulis) -- 5.2.15 Quaking Aspen (Populus tremuloides) -- 5.2.16 Cottonwood (Populus spp.) -- 5.2.17 Green Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) -- 5.3 Effects of Climate Change on Broader Vegetation Patterns -- 5.4 Natural Resource Issues and Management -- 5.4.1 Landscape Heterogeneity -- 5.4.2 Timber Production -- 5.4.3 Carbon Sequestration -- 5.5 Adapting Forest Vegetation and Management to Climate Change -- 5.5.1 Adaptation Strategies and Tactics -- References -- Chapter 6: Effects of Climate Change on Rangeland Vegetation in the Northern Rockies -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Rangeland Vegetation -- 6.3 Management Issues -- 6.4 Assessing the Effects of Climate Change on Rangelands -- 6.4.1 Montane Grasslands -- 6.4.2 Montane Shrubs -- 6.4.3 Short Sagebrushes -- 6.4.4 Sprouting Sagebrush Species -- 6.4.5 Wyoming Big Sagebrush and Basin Big Sagebrush -- 6.4.6 Mountain Big Sagebrush -- 6.4.7 Northern Great Plains -- 6.5 Adapting Rangeland Vegetation and Management to Climate Change. , References -- Chapter 7: Effects of Climate Change on Ecological Disturbance in the Northern Rockies -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Wildfire -- 7.2.1 Overview -- 7.2.2 Potential Future Wildfire Regimes and Wildfire Occurrence -- 7.2.3 Potential Interactions Between Wildfire and Other Disturbances -- 7.3 Bark Beetles -- 7.3.1 Overview -- 7.3.2 Drivers of Bark Beetle Outbreaks -- 7.3.3 Potential Effects of Climate Change on Bark Beetles -- 7.3.4 Projected Effects of Climate Change on Bark Beetle Populations -- 7.4 White Pine Blister Rust -- 7.4.1 Overview -- 7.4.2 Effects of Climate Change on WPBR -- 7.4.3 Interactions with Other Disturbance Processes -- 7.5 Forest Diseases -- 7.5.1 Overview -- 7.5.2 Effects of Climatic Variability and Change on Forest Diseases -- 7.5.3 Forest Pathogen Interactions -- 7.6 Nonnative Plants -- 7.6.1 Overview -- 7.6.2 Effects of Climate Change on Nonnative Species -- References -- Chapter 8: Effects of Climate Change on Wildlife in the Northern Rockies -- 8.1 Climate-Wildlife Interactions -- 8.2 Communities and Habitat -- 8.3 Species Sensitivity to Climate Change -- 8.3.1 American Beaver (Castor canadensis) -- 8.3.2 American Pika (Ochotona princeps) -- 8.3.3 Canada Lynx (Lynx canadensis) -- 8.3.4 Fisher (Pekania pennanti) -- 8.3.5 Moose (Alces alces) -- 8.3.6 Northern Bog Lemming (Synaptomys borealis) -- 8.3.7 Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) -- 8.3.8 Pygmy Rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis) -- 8.3.9 Townsend's Big-Eared Bat (Corynorhinus townsendii) -- 8.3.10 Ungulates (Elk, Mule Deer, White-Tailed Deer) -- 8.3.11 Wolverine (Gulo gulo) -- 8.3.12 Brewer's Sparrow (Spizella breweri) -- 8.3.13 Flammulated Owl (Otus flammeolus) -- 8.3.14 Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) -- 8.3.15 Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) -- 8.3.16 Mountain Quail (Oreortyx pictus) -- 8.3.17 Pygmy Nuthatch (Sitta pygmaea). , 8.3.18 Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus) -- 8.3.19 Columbia Spotted Frog (Rana luteiventris) -- 8.3.20 Western Toad (Anaxyrus boreas) -- 8.4 Adapting Wildlife and Wildlife Management to Climate Change -- References -- Chapter 9: Effects of Climate Change on Recreation in the Northern Rockies -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Relationships Between Climate Change and Recreation -- 9.3 Outdoor Recreation in the Northern Rockies -- 9.4 Assessing the Vulnerability of Recreation to Climate Change -- 9.4.1 Current Conditions and Management -- 9.4.2 Warm-Weather Activities -- 9.4.3 Cold-Weather Activities -- 9.4.4 Wildlife Activities -- 9.4.5 Gathering Forest Products -- 9.4.6 Water-Based Activities (Not Including Fishing) -- 9.4.7 Summary -- 9.5 Adapting Recreation and Recreation Management to Climate Change -- 9.5.1 Adaptation by Recreation Participants -- 9.5.2 Adaptation by Federal Land Management -- References -- Chapter 10: Effects of Climate Change on Ecosystem Services in the Northern Rockies -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Ecosystem Services on Public Lands in the Northern Rockies -- 10.3 Social Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity -- 10.4 Assessing the Effects of Climate Change on Ecosystem Services -- 10.4.1 Water Quantity -- 10.4.2 Water Quality, Aquatic Habitats, and Fish -- 10.4.3 Building Materials and Wood Products -- 10.4.4 Mining Materials -- 10.4.5 Forage for Livestock -- 10.4.6 Viewsheds and Clean Air -- 10.4.7 Regulation of Soil Erosion -- 10.4.8 Carbon Sequestration -- 10.4.9 Summary -- References -- Chapter 11: Effects of Climate Change on Cultural Resources in the Northern Rockies -- 11.1 Background and Cultural Context -- 11.2 Climate Change Effects on Cultural Resources -- 11.2.1 Primary Effects and Stressors -- 11.2.2 Spatial and Temporal Risk Assessment -- 11.3 Adapting Cultural Resources and Management to Climate Change -- References. , Chapter 12: Toward Climate-Smart Resource Management in the Northern Rockies -- 12.1 Partnership and Process -- 12.1.1 Increasing Organizational Capacity to Address Climate Change -- 12.1.2 Implementation: The Path Forward -- References -- Index.