Note: Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Data Acquisition and Recording -- Introduction -- Basic Sampling Requirements -- Sampling Interval -- Sampling Duration -- Sampling Accuracy -- Burst Sampling Versus Continuous Sampling -- Regularly Versus Irregularly Sampled Data -- Independent Realizations -- Temperature -- Mercury Thermometers -- The Mechanical Bathythermograph (MBT) -- Resistance Thermometers (Expendable Bathythermograph: XBT) -- Salinity/Conductivity-Temperature-Depth Profilers -- Dynamic Response of Temperature Sensors -- Response Times of CTD Systems -- Temperature Calibration of STD/CTD Profilers -- Sea Surface Temperature -- Ship Measurements -- Satellite-Sensed Sea Surface Temperature (Radiation Temperature) -- The Modern Digital Thermometer -- Potential Temperature and Density -- Salinity -- Salinity and Electrical Conductivity -- A Comparison of Two Modern CTDs -- The Practical Salinity Scale -- Nonconductive Methods -- Depth of Pressure -- Hydrostatic Pressure -- Free-Fall Velocity -- Echo Sounding -- Height above the Bottom -- Other Depth Sounding Methods -- Laser Induced Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) -- Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) -- Satellite Altimetry -- Sea-Level Measurement -- Specifics of Sea-Level Variability -- Tide and Pressure Gauges -- Satellite Altimetry -- Inverted Echo Sounder (IES) -- Wave Height and Direction -- Eulerian Currents -- Early Current Meter Technology -- Rotor-Type Current Meters -- The RCM Series of Current Meters -- The Vector Averaging Current Meter (VACM) -- Problems with the Savonious Rotor -- Vector Measuring Current Meter (VMCM) -- Nonmechanical Current Meters -- Acoustic Current Meters (ACM) -- Electromagnetic Current Meters (ECM) -- Profiling Acoustic Doppler Current Meters (ADCM) -- Acoustic Backscatter -- Comparisons of Current Meters -- Electromagnetic Methods. , Other Methods of Current Measurement -- Mooring Logistics -- Acoustic Releases -- Lagrangian Current Measurements -- Drift Cards and Bottles -- Modern Drifters -- Processing Satellite-Tracked Drifter Data -- Drifter Response -- Other Types of Surface Drifters -- Subsurface Floats -- Surface Displacements in Satellite Imagery -- Wind -- Precipitation -- Chemical Tracers -- Conventional Tracers -- Temperature and Salinity -- Dissolved Oxygen -- Nutrients -- Silicate -- Light Attenuation and Scattering -- Oxygen Isotope: Gamma18O -- Helium-3 -- Helium/Heat Ratio -- Transient Chemical Tracers -- Tritium -- Radiocarbon -- Chlorofluorocarbons -- Radon-222 -- Sulfur Hexafluoride -- Strontium-90 -- Data Processing and Presentation -- Introduction -- Calibration -- Interpolation -- Data Presentation -- Introduction -- Vertical Profiles -- Vertical Sections -- Horizontal Maps -- Map Projections -- Characteristic or Property Versus Property Diagrams -- Time-Series Presentation -- Histograms -- New Directions in Graphical Presentation -- Statistical Methods and Error Handling -- Introduction -- Sample Distributions -- Probability -- Cumulative Probability Functions -- Moments and Expected Values -- Unbiased Estimators and Moments -- Moment Generating Functions -- Common Probability Density Functions -- Central Limit Theorem -- Estimation -- Confidence Intervals -- Confidence Interval for mu (Sigma known) -- Confidence Interval for Mu (Sigma Unknown) -- Confidence Interval for Sigma2 -- Goodness-of-Fit Test -- Selecting the Sample Size -- Confidence Intervals for Altimeter Bias Estimates -- Estimation Methods -- Minimum Variance Unbiased Estimation -- Method of Moments -- Maximum Likelihood -- Linear Estimation (Regression) -- Method of Least Squares -- Standard Error of the Estimate -- Multivariate Regression -- A Computational Example of Matrix Regression. , Polynomial Curve Fitting with Least Squares -- Relationship between Least-Squares and Maximum Likelihood -- Relationship between Regression and Correlation -- The Effects of Random Errors on Correlation -- The Maximum Likelihood Correlation Estimator -- Correlation and Regression: Cause and Effect -- Hypothesis Testing -- Significance Levels and Confidence Intervals for Correlation -- Analysis of Variance and the F-Distribution -- Effective Degrees of Freedom -- Trend Estimates and the Integral Time Scale -- Editing and Despiking Techniques: The Nature of Errors -- Identifying and Removing Errors -- Propagation of Error -- Dealing with Numbers: The Statistics of Roundoff -- Gauss-Markov Theorem -- Interpolation: Filling the Data Gaps -- Equally and Unequally Spaced Data -- Interpolation Methods -- Linear Interpolation -- Polynomial Interpolation -- Lagrange's Method -- Spline Interpolation -- Interpolating Gappy Records: Practical Examples -- Interpolating Gappy Records for Time-Series Analysis -- Interpolating Satellite-Tracked Positional Data -- Interpolation Records from Nearby Stations -- Covariance and the Covariance Matrix -- Covariance and Structure Functions -- A Computational Example -- Multivariate Distributions -- The Bootstrap and Jackknife Methods -- Bootstrap Method -- Jackknife Method -- The Spatial Analyses of Data Fields -- Traditional Block and Bulk Averaging -- Objective Analysis -- Objective Mapping: Examples -- Empirical Orthogonal Functions -- Principal Axes of a Single Vector Time Series (Scatter Plot) -- EOF Computation using the Scatter Matrix Method -- EOF Computation using Singular Value Decomposition -- An Example: Deep Currents Near a Mid-Ocean Ridge -- Interpretation of EOFs -- Variations on Conventional EOF Analysis -- Normal Mode Analysis -- Vertical Normal Modes -- An Example: Normal Modes of Semidiurnal Frequency. , Coastal-Trapped Waves (CTWs) -- Inverse Methods -- General Inverse Theory -- Inverse Theory and Absolute Currents -- The Beta Spiral Method -- Wunsch's Method -- The IWEX Internal Wave Problem -- Summary of Inverse Methods -- Time-Series Analysis Methods -- Basic Concepts -- Stochastic Processes and Stationarity -- Correlation Functions -- Fourier Analysis -- Mathematical Formulation -- Discrete Time Series -- A Computational Example -- Fourier Analysis for Specified Frequencies -- The Fast Fourier Transform -- Harmonic Analysis -- A Least-Squares Method -- A Computational Example -- Harmonic Analysis of Tides -- Choice of Constituents -- A Computational Example for Tides -- Complex Demodulation -- Spectral Analysis -- Spectra of Deterministic and Stochastic Processes -- Spectra of Discrete Series -- Conventional Spectral Methods -- The Autocorrelation Method -- The Periodogram Method -- The Power Spectral Density for Periodic Data -- Variance-Preserving Spectra -- The Chi-Squared Property of Spectral Estimators -- Spectra of Vector Series -- Cartesian Component Rotary Spectra -- Rotary Component Spectra -- Rotary Spectra (Via Cartesian Components) -- Effect of Sampling on Spectral Estimates -- Effect of Finite Record Length -- Aliasing -- Nyquist Frequency Sampling -- Frequency Resolution -- Smoothing Spectral Estimates (Windowing) -- Desired Window Qualities -- Rectangular (Box-Car) and Triangular Windows -- Hanning and Hamming Windows (50% Overlap) -- Kaiser-Bessel Window (75% Overlap) -- Smoothing Spectra in the Frequency Domain -- Band Averaging -- Block Averaging -- Confidence Intervals on Spectra -- Confidence Intervals on a Logarithmic Scale -- Fidelity and Stability -- Zero-Padding and Prewhitening -- Spectral Analysis of Unevenly Spaced Time Series -- General Spectral Bandwidth and Q of the System. , Summary of the Standard Spectral Analysis Approach -- Spectral Analysis (Parametric Methods) -- Some Basic Concepts -- Autoregressive Power Spectral Estimation -- Autoregressive Parameter Estimation -- Order of the Autoregressive Process -- Maximum Entropy Method (MEM) -- An Autoregressive Model of Global Temperatures -- Maximum Likelihood Spectral Estimation -- Cross-Spectral Analysis -- Cross-Correlation Functions -- Cross-Covariance Method -- Fourier Transform Method -- Phase and Cross-Amplitude Functions -- Coincident and Quadrature Spectra -- Relationship of Co- and Quad-Spectra to Cross-Covariance -- Coherence Spectrum (Coherency) -- Confidence Levels -- Frequency Response of a Linear System -- Multi-Input Systems Cross-Spectral Analysis -- Rotary Cross-Spectral Analysis -- Rotary Analysis for a Pair of Time Series -- Wavelet Analysis -- The Wavelet Transform -- Wavelet Algorithms -- Oceanographic Examples -- The S-Transformation -- The Multiple Filter Technique -- Theoretical Considerations -- Digital Filters -- Introduction -- Basic Concepts -- Ideal Filters -- Bandwidth -- Gibbs' Phenomenon -- Recoloring -- Design of Oceanographic Filters -- Frequency Versus Time Domain Filtering -- Filter Cascades -- Running-Mean Filters -- Godin-Type Filters -- Lanczos-Window Cosine Filters -- Cosine Filters -- The Lanczos Window -- Practical Filter Design -- The Hanning (Von Hann) Window -- Butterworth Filters -- High-Pass and Band-Pass Filters -- Digital Formulation -- Tangent Versus Sine Filters -- Filter Design -- Filter Coefficients -- Frequency-Domain (Transform) Filtering -- Truncation Effects -- Fractals -- The Scaling Exponent Method -- The Yardstick Method -- Box Counting Method -- Correlation Dimension -- Dimensions of Multifractal Functions -- Predictability -- Appendices -- Units in Physical Oceanography -- Glossary of Statistical Terminology. , Means, Variances and Moment-Generating Functions for Some Common Continuous Variables.