Description: Post-wildfire runoff and erosion are major concerns in fire-prone landscapes around the world, but these hydro-geomorphic responses have been found to be highly variable and difficult to predict. Some variation has been observed to be associated with landscape aridity, which in turn can influence soil hydraulic properties. However, to date there has been no attempt to systematically evaluate the apparent relations between aridity and post-wildfire runoff. In this study, five sites in a wildfire burned area were instrumented with rainfall-runoff plots across an aridity index (AI) gradient. Surface runoff and effective rainfall were measured over 10 months to allow investigation of short- (peak runoff) and longer-term (runoff ratio) runoff characteristics, over the recovery period. The results show a systematic and strong relation between aridity and post-wildfire runoff ratio. The average runoff ratio at the driest AI site (33.6%) was two orders of magnitude higher than at the wettest AI site (0.3%). Peak runoff also increased with AI, with up to a thousand fold difference observed during one event between the driest and wettest sites. The relation between AI, peak 15-minute runoff ( Q 15 ) and peak 15-minute rainfall intensity ( I 15 ) (both in mm h -1 ) could be quantified by the equation: peakRR = 0.1086I peak AI 2.691 Q 15  = 0.1086 I 15  ×  AI 2.691 (0.6〈AI〈1.8, 0〈 I 15 〈45) (adjusted r 2 = 0.84). The runoff ratios remained higher at drier AI sites (AI 1.24 and 1.80) throughout the monitoring period, suggesting higher AI also lengthens the window of disturbance after wildfire. The strong quantifiable link which this study has determined between AI and post-wildfire surface runoff could greatly improve our capacity to predict the magnitude and location of hydro-geomorphic processes such as flash floods and debris flows following wildfire, and may help explain aridity related patterns of soil properties in complex upland landscapes.