Note: Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Activism! Toward a More Radical Science and Technology Education -- Navigating the Contemporary -- Building a Collection -- A Brief Overview of the Collection -- Framing a More Radical Approach to Science and Technology Education -- Science and Technology Education Should Be Critically Reworked in Relation to Contemporary Economic, Social, Ecological and Ma... -- Science and Technology Education Should Be Critically Reworked as Political Practice -- Science and Technology Education Should Be Critically Reworked to Support Learners as Subjects in Change and Not Objects of Ch... -- Science and Technology Education Should Be Critically Reworked as Moral and Ethical Praxis -- Partialities and Possibilities -- References -- Part I: Constituting Theories -- Preamble -- Chapter 2: The Elephant in the Room: Science Education, Neoliberalism and Resistance -- Opening -- Foucault´s Neoliberalism -- Occupy Wall Street: The Incessancy of Resistance -- Science Education, Neoliberalism and Activism/Resistance -- Not an Ending but a Beginning -- References -- Chapter 3: Science Education as a Site for Biopolitical Engagement and the Reworking of Subjectivities: Theoretical Considerat... -- A Context for Science Education -- Biopolitics and Biopower -- The ``Making of Subjects´´ -- Biopolitics and Subjectivities in Science Education -- Racisms, Colonialisms and the Power to Make Die -- Neoliberal Subjectivity -- Sex/Gender and Sexuality -- The ``Ethical Subject´´ in Science Education -- The Biosubject of Biotechnology -- Biopolitics as a Path Forward -- References -- Chapter 4: A Critical Pedagogy for STEM Education -- Introduction -- Global Capitalism -- STEM and Activism in Education -- STEM Education, Research and Practice -- A Critical Pedagogy for STEM Education -- Community and Revolution. , Theoretical Freestyle -- Analytical Freestyle in Science Education -- Closing Remarks -- References -- Chapter 5: Becoming Part of the Solution: Learning about Activism, Learning through Activism, Learning from Activism -- Making the Case for an Action-Oriented Science Curriculum -- Building a Curriculum: Learning About the Issues -- Building a Curriculum: Learning to Care -- Engaging Emotions, Managing Emotions -- Building a Curriculum: Learning to Act -- Learning about, through and from Action -- Apprenticeship in Activism -- Further Considerations -- References -- Chapter 6: From Promoting the Techno-sciences to Activism - A Variety of Objectives Involved in the Teaching of SSIs -- Variation in Educational Objectives -- The Implications of the Educational Choices on SSIs -- Institutional Activism in Agricultural Education in France -- Scientific, Humanistic and Political Education -- References -- Chapter 7: Hopeful Practices: Activating and Enacting the Pedagogical and Political Potential in Crisis -- Science, Technology, and Society Education (STSE) -- Understanding and Learning from Crisis -- Learning from and Through Crisis: Opportunities -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Using Collaborative Inquiry to Better Understand Teaching and Learning -- Science Curricula as a Central Factor in the Reform of Science Education -- Chapter Overview -- Changing Faces of Research and Science Education -- Dealing with Difference in Research on Teaching and Learning -- Participants Doing Research to Understand and Improve Practice -- Listening to and Learning from Others´ Voices -- Learning to Teach from and with Others -- Searching for and Learning from Spikes in the Curve -- Authentic Inquiry as an Overarching Methodology -- Reflections on the Changing Faces of My Research Methodologies -- References. , Chapter 9: From Knowledge to Action? Re-embedding Science Learning Within the Planet´s Web -- Introduction -- Complex Problems and the Role of Science and Technology -- A Critical Role for Science Education -- The Outline of a Science for Sustainability -- Acquiring Consciousness of Limits -- Opening Up Towards Dialogue -- The Thinking of the `Others´ -- Enhancing Life Through Cultural Diversity -- Redefining Science Education? -- From Objective and Objectifying Knowledge to a Science of Relationships -- Dealing with Conflict -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Education for Sustainable Contraction as Appropriate Response to Global Heating -- The Heating Is Happening -- Denial and Cognitive Dissonance in Response to Global Heating -- Denial and Cognitive Dissonance in the Field of Education for Sustainable Development -- Education for Sustainable Contraction (ESC): Nailing Nine Propositions to the Laboratory Door -- References -- Chapter 11: Learning to Let Go of Sustainability -- Introduction -- Sustainability as Restoring -- The Paradox of Sustainable Development -- To Hold onto, or to Let Go? -- Sustainability as Returning -- Romanticizing the Return? -- Resisting the Return -- Complicating the Return -- Learning to Let Go of Sustainability -- Letting Go of Sustainability -- Remembering Forward as a Different Way of Being in the World -- Coda: The Glass Jar -- References -- Part II: The Public Sphere -- Preamble -- Chapter 12: Street Medicine as a Science Education for Activists -- Know Your Street Medics -- States of Emergency: Where Only Street Medics Dare to Tread -- Street Medicine and the State of Exception -- Street Medicine Is Education -- The Street and the School -- References -- Chapter 13: Why Science Education Mediates the Way We Eat -- Introduction -- Neoliberalism in Science Education, In Brief. , A Pocket of Resistance-Local and Organic Food -- Organic Farmers´ Market Culture -- A Responsibly Nurtured Organic Place -- Local Knowledge -- Interdisciplinary Knowledge -- Change and Adaptability -- Embodied Change and Positionality -- Environmental Condition -- A Market Creates a Relationship with Food -- A Critique of Neoliberalism -- Implications for School Science -- References -- Chapter 14: From-Within-the-Event: A Post-constructivist Perspective on Activism, Ethics, and Science Education -- Environmental Activism at Work -- Transforming the Practices in One Municipality -- Science Education as/for Participation in the Community -- The Morality of Community-Based Activism: Is It Something to Feel Good About? -- From Activism to the Eventness of Events -- Activism -- From-Within-the-Event or the Eventness of Events -- Activism and Ethics -- Classically Understood -- From-Within-the-Event -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15: #OccupyTech -- The Rise of Internetworked Social Movements -- Prefigurative Politics and Technology -- Hacking the Technical Code -- The Repertoire of Electronic Contention -- OccupyTech -- Disruptive Technologies: Building Tools for Revolution -- Communications -- From Technology to Technique: Prefiguring Change -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 16: Trajectories of Socioscientific Issues in News Media: Looking into the Future -- Introduction -- The ``Black Box´´ of News Media -- The Media and Presentations of Science -- Influence of Media -- Manipulations of the Media -- Commercial Interests of the Media -- The Competency and Practices of Journalists -- Prelude to a News Story -- The J-School Experience: Insights into Media Practices Reporting Science -- Modifiers and ``Verbs of Saying´´ -- Being the ``Instant Expert´´ -- The Reducibility of Complex Relationships -- Production of a News Story. , Demonstrating the Need for Science Journalist Experts in News Media -- Connections Between the SMCC Anecdote and the Radio Workshop -- Copy Story Modification -- Analysis of Copy Story Modifications -- The Media Making Sense of Science: A Case Study of Two Publications -- Conclusions and Implications About Science in the News Media -- Implications for Understanding Science from the News Media -- Looking at the Preparation of Journalists -- Implications of Using News Media in the Classroom for Studying Socioscientific Issues -- References -- Chapter 17: The Perils, Politics, and Promises of Activist Science -- Introduction -- The Perils of Activist Science -- Historical Lessons from Ecology -- A View from the Front Lines -- All Science Is Political, but Politics Are Complicated -- Activism and Power -- References -- Chapter 18: Passive No More -- Introduction -- Awakening Dissonance -- Activism for Inaction, a Complacency That Will Kill and Destroy -- Growing Up on an Overheated Planet -- The Neoliberal Activist Attack on Climate Science and the Environment -- Disclosing Power, the Courtiers to Climate Disaster -- Reinventing Participatory Democracy -- Developing a Skeptical Way of Reading the Media -- Whose Long-Term Interests Are Being Served? -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 19: Joining Up and Scaling Up: Analyzing Resistance to Canada´s ``Dirty Oil´´ -- Activism Against the Oilsands -- Aboriginal Activism -- Environmental Activism -- Religiously-Based Activism -- Labour Activism -- Growing the Movement (Horizontally and Vertically) -- Joining Up: Creating Coalitions Among Unlikely Allies -- Scaling Up: Crossing Borders -- Building Cross-Organizational, Cross-Border Consensus -- Assessing the Movement´s Strengths and Challenges -- Conclusion -- References -- Part III: Elementary and Secondary Education -- Preamble. , Chapter 20: We Got Involved and We Got to Fix It!: Action-Oriented School Science.

Note: Title -- Preface -- Organization -- Table of Contents - Part III -- Intelligent Computing for Image Analysis (I) -- Feature Analysis and Classification of Lymph Nodes -- Introduction -- Feature Extraction -- Feature Selection -- Correlation Image Feature Analysis for Different Imaging Systems -- Discriminate Feature Analysis of Different Imaging Systems -- A Combination of Correlation and Discrimination Analysis for Proper Feature Selection -- Multi-class Support Vector Machine (SVM) -- Experimental Results -- Conclusion -- References -- Automatic and Accurate Image Matting -- Introduction -- Modified Spectral Matting -- Experimental Results -- Conclusion -- References -- Improved DCT-Based Watermarking through Particle Swarm Optimization -- Introduction -- Background Review -- Discrete Cosine Transform -- Particle Swarm Optimization -- The Proposed Watermarking Scheme -- The Watermark Embedding Procedure -- The Watermark Extracting Procedure -- Experimental Results -- Conclusion -- References -- A New Adaptive B-spline VFC Snake for Object Contour Extraction -- Introduction -- B-spline VFC Snake -- Non-uniform B-spline VFC Snake -- Non-uniform B-spline -- Estimating the Control Points' Movement -- Complete Object Contour Extraction Algorithm -- Results -- Conclusions -- References -- Algorithm for Computational Measure of Color Constancy -- Introduction -- Proposed Algorithm -- Experimental Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Intelligent Digital Watermarking and Pattern Recognition -- GOP-Flexible Distributed Multiview Video Coding with Adaptive Side Information -- Introduction -- GOP-Flexible MVC Based on WZ Coding with Adaptive SI -- GOP-Flexible Structure of the Proposed MVC Scheme -- Adaptive Selection Scheme of SI -- Experimental Results -- Conclusion -- References. , A Novel Embedded Coding Algorithm Based on the Reconstructed DCT Coefficients -- Introduction -- Basic Knowledge -- Zerotree and Spatial Orientation Tree -- DCT and the Redistribution Method -- Our Proposed Algorithm -- Experiment Results -- Conclusion -- References -- A Vehicle License Plate Recognition System Based on Spatial/Frequency Domain Filtering and Neural Networks -- Introduction -- Related Works -- A Vehicle License Plate Recognition System Based on Spatial/Frequency Domain Filtering and Neural Networks -- Experiment Results -- Conclusion -- References -- Reversible Watermarking Based on Invariant Relation of Three Pixels -- Introduction -- The Proposed Method -- Watermark Embedding -- Performance Analysis -- Data Extraction and Image Restoration -- Experimental Results -- Conclusions -- References -- Alphanumeric Shape Recognition of Fingertip Writing Trajectory -- Introduction -- The Determination of Skin Color Areas and the Tracking of Fingertip Trajectory -- The Determination of the Hand Areas -- Determination of the Fingertip Position -- Record of Fingertip Trajectory -- Word Trajectory Recognition -- Trajectory Processing -- Characteristic Value of the Trajectory -- Word Trajectory Matching -- Experiment Results -- Conclusions -- References -- Recognition of Tire Tread Patterns Based on Gabor Wavelets and Support Vector Machine -- Introduction -- The Proposed Method for Tire Pattern Recognition -- Image Preprocessing -- Detection of Groove Number -- Principle of Gabor Wavelets -- Principal Component Analysis -- Support Vector Machine -- Database of Tire Images -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion and Future Work -- References -- Advanced Knowledgement Management (II) -- Terminological and Assertional Queries in KQL Knowledge Access Language -- Introduction -- The Algebra of s-modules -- Formal Model of an s-modular Knowledge Base. , Basic Assumptions for KQL -- Examples of KQL Usage -- Summary -- References -- Conditional Statements Grounded in Past, Present and Future -- Introduction -- Properly Using a Statement -- Considered Conditional Statements -- Using the Indicative Conditional -- Belief and Possibility Operators -- Time Reference -- Formal Language -- Intuitive Language Semantics -- Mental State Model -- Grounding Conditional Statements -- Grounding Statements without Modal Operator -- Grounding Statements with Belief Operator -- Grounding Statements with Possibility Operator -- Summary -- References -- Automatic Ontology Evolution in Open and Dynamic Computing Environments -- Introduction -- Use Case Scenario -- Design Considerations -- Uncertainty in Ontologies -- KR for Open and Dynamic Environments -- Rational Belief Change and Ontology Evolution -- Ontology Evolution in Dynamic Environments -- Conclusion and Future Work -- References -- Diagnostic Tests Based on Knowledge States -- Introduction -- Background -- Posets -- Ordered Sets -- Knowledge Spaces -- Posets of Elements -- Iceberg Concept Lattices -- Stability -- Cognition -- Conclusion -- References -- An Ontology-Supported Ubiquitous Interface Agent for Cloud Computing - Example on Zigbee Technique -- Introduction -- Background Knowledge and Techniques -- Ontology -- Ubiquitous Computing -- Cloud Computing -- Zigbee Technique with C/C++ -- Developing Techniques -- Architecture of the Ubiquitous Interface Agent and Interaction Diagram with OntoIAS -- System Display and Evaluations -- System Prototype -- Performance Evaluation -- Conclusions -- References -- Semantic Optimization of Query Transformation in Semantic Peer-to-Peer Networks -- Introduction -- Formal Notations and Problem Description -- Semantic Decomposition -- Composition Path Based on Semantic Centrality -- Experimental Results. , Evaluation on Mapping Composition -- Evaluation on Query Decomposition -- Discussion and Related Work -- Concluding Remark and Future Work -- References -- Intelligent Computing for Image Analysis (II) -- Comparative Studies of Parallel and Vertical Stereo Vision-Based 3D Pneumatic Arms -- Introduction -- System Descriptions -- Parallel Stereo Triangulation -- Vertical Stereo Triangulation -- Control Scheme -- Measuring Errors of Stereo Visions -- Experimental Results -- Conclusions -- References -- An Effective Image Enhancement Method for Electronic Portal Images -- Introduction -- Proposed Method -- Global Contrast Enhancement -- Local Contrast Enhancement -- Noise Reduction -- Experimental Results -- Conclusion -- References -- License Plate Tilt Correction Based on the Straight Line Fitting Method and Projection -- Introduction -- Proposed Framework -- VLP Tilt Correction and Detection Module -- Color Segmentation -- Labeling and Filtering -- Correcting Tilt -- Decomposing Candidates and Correcting Vertical Tilt -- Experimental Results and Conclusions -- References -- Differential Approximation of the 2-D Laplace Operator for Edge Detection in Digital Images -- Introduction -- Differential Approximation of the Laplace Operator -- Analysis of the Results -- References -- ARToolkit-Based Augmented Reality System with Integrated 1-D Barcode: Combining Colorful Markers with Remote Servers of 3D Data for Product Promotion Purposes -- Introduction -- AR-Based System with 1-D Barcode Reader -- Experimental Setup and Results -- Conclusion -- References -- Innovative Information System and Application -- Design and Implementation of e-Journal Review System Using Text-Mining Technology -- Introduction -- Related Works -- Design of Reviewer Assignment Recommendation System -- Document Collection -- Document Representation -- Document Classification. , Document Discrimination -- Implementation -- Conclusion and Future Works -- References -- Study on Architecture-Oriented Information Security Risk Assessment Model -- Introduction -- Background -- Information Security -- Information Security Management System -- Risk Management Model -- Architecture-Oriented Information Security Risk Assessment Model Design (AOISRAM) -- Architecture Hierarchy Diagram -- Structure Element Diagram -- Structure Element Service Diagram -- Structure Element Connection Diagram -- Structure Behavior Coalescence Diagram -- Interaction Flow Diagram -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Constructing Problem-Based Learning Activities Using Self-assessment System -- Introduction -- Related Works -- Self-directed Problem-Based Learning -- TjLRSE, Tajen Learning Resource Search Engine -- System Design -- Item-Bank Construction -- Setting Reference Material -- Implementation -- Conclusion and Future Works -- References -- Conducted EMI Analysis of a Three-Phase PWM Rectifier -- Introduction -- Noise Source Modeling -- The Equivalent Circuit of the DM EMI -- The Simulation and Validation -- Conclusion -- References -- Synchronization of Duffing-Holmes Oscillators Using Stable Neural Network Controller -- Introduction -- Chaos Synchronizations -- Duffing-Holmes Oscillators -- Synchronization of Duffing-Holmes Oscillators -- Control Design Process -- Simulation Results -- Conclusions -- References -- Codes Base on Unambiguous Products -- Introduction -- +-Unambiguous Product -- Alternative Codes -- Characterization for alt-codes -- Algorithms to Test for alt-codes and ealt-codes -- Conclusion -- References -- Intelligent Computing for Networks -- A Study on the Topology Control Method for Bluetooth Scatternet Formation -- Introduction -- Const-Hop Scatternet Formation Algorithm. , Variant-Hop Scatternet Formation Algorithm.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- About This Book -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- Part I Overview -- 1 Media and Disaster Risk Reduction -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Global Pandemic and Role of Media -- 1.3 Ten Key Lessons on Media and DRR -- 1.4 Outline of the Book -- Reference -- 2 Media Experiences of Asian Disasters-A Way Forward -- 2.1 The Size of the Task -- 2.2 The Complexity of the Task -- 2.3 Setting the Standard -- 2.4 Working with the Science -- 2.5 High-risk Countries -- 2.6 A Detailed Case Study -- 2.7 Developments -- 2.8 Conclusions -- References -- Part II Media Types and Its Role -- 3 Community Radio Movement in the Promotion of Disaster Risk Reduction in Indonesia -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Collaboration Between Indonesia and Japan -- 3.3 Community Radio in Indonesia -- 3.4 Community Radio in Japan -- 3.5 Community Radio in Disaster Management -- 3.5.1 Experiences in Indonesia -- 3.5.2 Experiences in Japan -- 3.6 The Effort of Installment of Boyolali Model -- 3.6.1 Japan-Indonesia Collaboration Has Been Developed from Experience in Aceh -- 3.6.2 Localizing Japanese Model into Indonesia -- 3.6.3 Standard Operation Procedures of Communication and Information for DRR -- 3.6.4 Expected to Be a Model for Developing Standards and Procedures for Contingency Plans -- 3.6.5 Participatory Communication -- 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Social Media in Disaster Management -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Brief Literature Review -- 4.3 Social Media Overview -- 4.3.1 Types, Uses and Benefits -- 4.3.2 2013 Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda), the Philippines -- 4.3.3 2015 Chennai Floods, India -- 4.4 Threats and Challenges -- 4.5 Takeaway Messages for Practitioners and Policy-Makers -- References -- 5 Relic as Record Media in Japan -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Classification and Needs of Records -- 5.3 Records in Words -- 5.3.1 Witness Report in 17 Characters. , 5.3.2 Function of Stele -- 5.4 Records in Relic -- 5.4.1 Like Hiroshima Atomic Bomb Dome -- 5.4.2 Disaster Relics and Remains in Asia -- 5.5 Records in Tradition and Culture -- 5.5.1 Events Symbolizing Evacuation -- 5.5.2 On the Coast of "Fire of Inamura" -- 5.6 Role of Media and Records -- 5.7 Conclusion -- References -- Part III Examples and Issues Related to Role of Media -- 6 Adaptation Communication of Indigenous and Local Knowledge: Can Community Radios Be Mobilized in the Hindu Kush Himalaya Region? -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Communication of Indigenous and Local Knowledge (ILK) on Climate Change Adaptation -- 6.3 Promoting ILK for CCA in the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) Region -- 6.4 Potential Role of Media in Bridging the Knowledge Gaps on ILK and CCA -- 6.5 Community Radio as a Potential Medium for Communicating ILK on CCA in the HKH Region -- 6.6 The Case of Farmer-Focused Community Radio in Nepal -- 6.7 Framework for the Incorporation of Community Radio in Formal Communication of ILK for CCA -- 6.8 Conclusion and Way Forward -- References -- 7 Challenges and Lessons: Reporting from Ground Zero-Diaries of Journalists Covering Disasters in the Asia Pacific -- 7.1 Introduction and Need for Journalist's Diary -- 7.2 Diaries of Journalists -- 7.3 Postscripts -- References -- 8 Re-instating Sustainability of Community Radio Operations in Disaster Management-Lessons from Indonesia and Haiti -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Understanding 'Community Radios' and the 'Community' -- 8.3 Role of Community Radio in Disaster Management -- 8.4 Sustainability Challenges to Community Radio Operations -- 8.4.1 Impact of Digital Technologies on Radio Operations -- 8.5 Case Study Examples -- 8.5.1 Case of Jalin Merapi, Indonesia -- 8.5.2 Case of Signal FM, Haiti -- 8.6 Integrating Digital Technologies with Community Radio Operations. , 8.6.1 Connecting Traditional and Digital Media -- 8.6.2 Cross-Validating Information Through Local Community Engagement -- 8.6.3 Enhancing Digital Awareness -- 8.7 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Creating an Enabling Environment for Urban Disaster Reporting -- 9.1 Methodology -- 9.2 Background -- 9.3 Training and Capacity Enhancement -- 9.3.1 Activity 1: Introduction to Responsible Disaster Reporting -- 9.3.2 Activity 2: A Media Manual Was Prepared for the Journalists -- 9.3.3 Activity 3: Capacity Building DRR Fellowships for Journalists -- 9.3.4 Activity 4: Planning the DRR Story -- 9.3.5 The North Dhaka City Newsletter -- 9.4 Key Findings -- References -- 10 New Paradigms of Natural Disaster Reporting and Its Risk Communication in China in the New Media Age -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 New Trends and New Paradigms -- 10.2.1 Diversified Active Players in the Arena -- 10.2.2 Fun New Media Approaches and Advanced Technological Applications -- 10.2.3 New Dynamics of the Risk Communication in China -- 10.3 Discussion -- References -- 11 Importance of Reporting Local Disasters: Lessons from Varanasi, India -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Background -- 11.3 Methodology -- 11.4 Key Findings -- 11.5 Other Findings -- 11.6 Results and Discussion -- 11.7 Sample Interviews with Local Journalists -- 11.7.1 Flood Disasters -- 11.7.2 Cold Wave -- 11.7.3 Heat Wave -- 11.7.4 Road Accidents -- 11.7.5 Dust Storms -- 11.8 The Way Forward -- References -- 12 Challenges of News Gathering in a Disaster Zone: A Study of Jammu and Kashmir Floods -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Kashmir Deluge (September 2014) -- 12.3 Flight to 'Apocalyptic' Disaster Zone -- 12.4 First Lessons in Disaster Reporting -- 12.5 Breakdown of Communication Network -- 12.6 Flood Apocalypse in Kashmir -- 12.7 Reporting in a Climate of Fear -- 12.8 A Protocol to Interview Disaster Victims. , 12.9 Fear of an Epidemic -- 12.10 A Disaster-Sensitive Code for Reporting -- 12.11 Conclusion: The Road Ahead -- References -- 13 Disaster Broadcasting: Challenges, Evolution and Lessons from Japan -- 13.1 Background of Disaster Broadcasting in Japan -- 13.1.1 The Great Kanto Earthquake and Radio Broadcasting -- 13.1.2 Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act and Broadcasting -- 13.1.3 Current Status of Broadcasting Stations in Japan -- 13.2 Role of Disaster Broadcasting -- 13.2.1 Before the Disaster -- 13.2.2 During the Disaster -- 13.2.3 After the Disaster -- 13.2.4 Normal Time -- 13.3 Disaster Broadcasting of NHK -- 13.3.1 Earthquakes -- 13.3.2 Typhoons and Torrential Rains -- 13.4 Disaster Broadcasting in the Great East Japan Earthquake -- 13.5 Current Issues of Disaster Broadcasting -- 13.5.1 Presence of Disaster Broadcasting -- 13.5.2 Can the Broadcast Deliver "Sense of Crisis"? -- 13.5.3 Utilization of the Internet -- 13.6 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Disaster Awareness and Risk of Foreign Residents and Tourists in Japan: Impact on Society and Role of Media -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Foreign Tourist Risk Perception -- 14.3 Risk Perception Online Survey of Residents in Japan -- 14.3.1 Factors Correlate Disaster Preparedness Awareness -- 14.4 Face-to-Face Interview to Investigate Details of Each Language Group -- 14.4.1 Chinese Community: Largest Population in Japan -- 14.4.2 Brazilians Forming Tight and Large Community of 30 Years -- 14.4.3 Vietnamese Disconnected -- 14.4.4 Indonesians with Religious Differences -- 14.5 Role of Media in Enhancing Foreigner's Risk Perception and Preparedness -- 14.5.1 Provide Information Using Tools Popular Among Foreigners -- 14.5.2 Reach Many Foreigners by Using "Easy Japanese" -- 14.5.3 Promoting Multicultural Exchange in Daily Life -- 14.5.4 Promotion of the Value of Diversity. , 14.6 Media's Role for "National Minimum" and "Local Optimum" -- References -- 15 NHK WORLD-JAPAN's Challenge to Create BOSAI Culture in Japan and Across the World -- 15.1 NHK WORLD-JAPAN, History and Current Service -- 15.2 BOSAI Radio Program -- 15.3 Launch of BOSAI Website -- 15.4 BOSAI Events -- 15.5 Change of Needs and Audience -- 15.6 Raising Awareness Through the Production Process -- 15.7 "Participatory Coverage" and Challenges of BOSAI -- References.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Part I: Introduction -- Chapter 1: Ecological Informatics: An Introduction -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Data Management -- 1.3 Analysis and Synthesis -- 1.4 Communicating and Informing Decisions -- 1.5 Case Studies -- References -- Part II: Managing Ecological Data -- Chapter 2: Project Data Management Planning -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Components of a Data Management Plan -- 2.2.1 Context -- 2.2.2 Data Collection and Acquisition -- 2.2.3 Data Organization -- 2.2.4 Quality Assurance/Quality Control -- 2.2.5 Documentation -- 2.2.6 Storage and Preservation -- 2.2.7 Data Integration, Analysis, Modeling and Visualization -- 2.2.8 Data Policies -- Box 2.1 Recommended Data Citation Guidelines from Dryad Digital Repository (2016) -- 2.2.9 Communication and Dissemination of Research Outputs -- 2.2.10 Roles and Responsibilities -- 2.2.11 Budget -- 2.3 Developing and Using a Data Management Plan -- 2.3.1 Best Practices for Creating the Plan -- 2.3.2 Using the Plan -- 2.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Scientific Databases for Environmental Research -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Challenges for Scientific Databases -- 3.3 Examples of Scientific Databases -- 3.3.1 A Useful Analogy -- 3.3.2 Examples of Databases -- 3.4 Evolving a Database -- 3.4.1 A Strategy for Evolving a Database -- 3.4.2 Choosing Software -- 3.4.3 Database Management System (DBMS) Types -- 3.4.4 Data Models and Normalization -- 3.4.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Using a DBMS -- 3.5 Interlinking Information Resources -- 3.5.1 A Database Related to the Human Genome Project -- 3.5.2 Environmental Databases for Sharing Data -- 3.5.3 Tools for Interlinking Information -- 3.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Quality Assurance -- 4.3 Quality Control -- 4.3.1 Data Filters. , 4.3.2 Graphical QC -- 4.3.3 Statistical QC -- 4.3.4 Treatment of Errors and Outliers -- 4.4 Implementing QA/QC -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Creating and Managing Metadata -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Metadata Descriptors -- 5.3 Metadata Standards -- 5.3.1 Dublin Core Metadata Initiative -- 5.3.2 Darwin Core -- 5.3.3 Ecological Metadata Language -- 5.3.4 GBIF Metadata Profile -- 5.3.5 FGDC CSDGM -- 5.3.6 ISO 19115 -- 5.4 Metadata Management -- 5.4.1 Metadata Tools -- 5.4.2 Best Practices for Creating and Managing Metadata -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Preserve: Protecting Data for Long-Term Use -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Preservation and Its Benefits -- 6.2 Practices for Preserving Ecological Data -- 6.2.1 Define the Contents of Your Data Files -- 6.2.2 Define the Parameters -- 6.2.3 Use Consistent Data Organization -- 6.2.4 Use Stable File Formats -- 6.2.5 Specify Spatial Information -- 6.2.6 Assign Descriptive File Names -- 6.2.7 Document Processing Information -- 6.2.8 Perform Quality Assurance -- 6.2.9 Provide Documentation -- 6.2.10 Protect Your Data -- 6.3 Prepare Your Data for Archival -- 6.4 What the Archive Does -- 6.4.1 Quality Assurance -- 6.4.2 Documentation and Metadata -- 6.4.3 Release of a Data Set -- 6.5 Data Users -- 6.6 Conclusions -- Appendix: Example R-Script for Processing Data -- References -- Chapter 7: Data Discovery -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Discovering Data Created by Others -- 7.2.1 Internet Search Engines -- 7.2.2 Data Repositories -- 7.2.3 Data Directories -- 7.2.4 Data Aggregators -- 7.3 Best Practices for Promoting Data Discovery and Reuse -- 7.3.1 Data Products -- Box 7.1 DataCite Recommendations for Data Citation -- Box 7.2 Dryad Digital Repository Data Citation Recommendations -- 7.3.2 Scientific Code -- References -- Chapter 8: Data Integration: Principles and Practice. , 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Essential Characteristics of All Data -- 8.3 Data as Records About Reality -- 8.4 Record-Keeping and Prose Documents as Data Integration Challenges -- 8.5 Formal Data Structures Facilitate Integration -- 8.5.1 Sets and Sequences -- 8.5.2 Matrices -- 8.5.3 Cross-classifications -- 8.5.4 Tables -- 8.5.5 Tables or Spreadsheets? -- 8.5.6 Tables or Cross-classifications? -- 8.5.7 Modeling True Tables -- 8.5.8 Need for Global Keys -- 8.6 Merging or JOINing Tables -- 8.6.1 APPENDING or Unioning -- 8.6.2 JOINs -- 8.7 The Datum Is the Atom -- 8.8 Conclusion -- References -- Part III: Analysis, Synthesis and Forecasting of Ecological Data -- Chapter 9: Inferential Modelling of Population Dynamics -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Inferential Modelling of Ecological Data by the Hybrid Evolutionary Algorithm -- 9.2.1 Population Dynamics of the Cyanobacterium Microcystis in Lake Müggelsee (Germany) -- 9.2.2 Meta-Analysis of Population Dynamics of the Cyanobacterium -- 9.3 Inferential Modelling of Ecological Data by Regression Trees -- 9.3.1 Induction Algorithm of Regression Trees -- 9.3.2 Pruning of Regression Trees -- 9.3.3 Diatom Populations in Lake Prespa (Mazedonia) -- 9.3.4 Vegetation Status of Selected Land Sites in Victoria (Australia) -- 9.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Process-Based Modeling of Nutrient Cycles and Food-Web Dynamics -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Zero- and One-Dimensional Lake Models -- 10.2.1 Zero-Dimensional Model for the Phosphorus Cycle in a Hypereutrophic Wetland -- 10.2.2 One-Dimensional Model for Nutrient Cycles and Plankton Dynamics in Lakes and Reservoirs -- 10.3 Multi-dimensional Lake Models -- 10.3.1 Horizontal and Vertical Transport of Nutrients and Organisms -- 10.3.2 Multi-segment Lake Model for Studying Dreissenids and Macrophytes -- 10.4 Concluding Remarks -- References. , Chapter 11: Uncertainty Analysis by Bayesian Inference -- 11.1 Does Uncertainty Really Matter? -- 11.2 Hamilton Harbour -- 11.2.1 Introduction -- 11.2.2 Eutrophication Modeling to Elucidate the Role of Lower Food Web -- 11.2.3 Nutrient Export Modeling for the Hamilton Harbour Watershed -- 11.3 Bay of Quinte -- 11.3.1 Introduction -- 11.3.2 Modeling the Relationship Among Watershed Physiography, Land Use Patterns, and Phosphorus Loading -- 11.3.3 Eutrophication Risk Assessment with Process-Based Modeling and Determination of Water Quality Criteria -- 11.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 12: Multivariate Data Analysis by Means of Self-Organizing Maps -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Properties of a Self-Organizing Map -- 12.3 Data Preparation -- 12.3.1 Missing Values and Outliers -- 12.3.2 Data Transformation -- 12.3.3 Distance Measure -- 12.4 Self-Organizing Maps -- 12.4.1 Architecture -- 12.4.2 Learning Algorithm -- Box 12.1 Sequential Learning Algorithm of an SOM -- 12.4.3 Evaluation of Trained Map Quality -- 12.4.4 Optimum Map Size -- 12.4.5 Clustering SOM Units -- 12.4.6 Evaluation of Input Variables -- 12.4.7 Relations Between Biological and Environmental Variables -- 12.5 Application in Ecological Modelling -- 12.6 SOM Tools -- 12.7 Example of SOM Application -- 12.8 Advantages and Disadvantages -- 12.8.1 Utility for Training and Information Extraction -- 12.8.2 Visualization and Recognition -- 12.8.3 Architecture Flexibility -- 12.8.4 Flexibility in Combining with Other Models -- 12.8.5 Constraints on Measure Consistency and Output Variability -- 12.8.6 Necessity of Sufficient Data -- 12.9 Future Development -- 12.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13: GIS-Based Data Synthesis and Visualization -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Synthesizing Species Distributions by Virtual Species. , 13.3 Cartograms to Synthesize and Visualize Sampling Effort Bias -- 13.4 Fuzzy Methods to Synthesize Species Distribution Uncertainty -- 13.5 Synthesis of Remote Sensing Data -- 13.5.1 Exploratory Data Analysis -- 13.5.1.1 Correlation of Remotely Sensed Bands by Hexagon Binning -- 13.5.1.2 Correlation Among Several Layers by Texture Measures -- 13.5.2 Fourier Transformations -- 13.6 Synthesizing Diversity Measurements from Space: The Case of Generalized Entropy -- 13.7 Neutral Landscapes -- 13.8 Conclusions -- References -- Part IV: Communicating and Informing Decisions -- Chapter 14: Communicating and Disseminating Research Findings -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Publishing Research Findings -- 14.2.1 Scholarly Publications -- 14.2.1.1 Journal Articles -- 14.2.1.2 Abstracts -- 14.2.1.3 Technical Reports -- 14.2.1.4 Books and Book Chapters -- 14.2.2 Newspaper and Magazine Articles for General Audiences -- 14.2.3 Designing Effective Figures -- 14.3 Communicating Research Findings Outside of Publications -- 14.3.1 Simple Steps for Giving an Effective Presentation -- 14.3.2 Best Practices for Slides -- 14.3.2.1 Slide Design -- 14.3.2.2 Text Slides -- 14.3.2.3 Graphics -- 14.3.3 Handouts -- 14.3.4 Posters -- 14.4 Communication in a Virtual Environment -- 14.4.1 Websites -- 14.4.2 Types and Uses of Different Social Media -- 14.4.3 Simple Steps for Effective Use of Social Media -- 14.4.4 Understanding Your Social Media Impact -- 14.5 Metrics and Altmetrics -- 14.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15: Operational Forecasting in Ecology by Inferential Models and Remote Sensing -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Early Warning of HABs Based on Inferential Modelling -- 15.2.1 Cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis in Lake Wivenhoe (Australia) -- 15.2.2 Cyanotoxin Microcystins in Lake Vaal (South Africa) -- 15.3 Early Warning of HABs Based on Remotely-Sensed Data. , 15.3.1 Earth Observation of Water Quality Parameters.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- About the Editor -- 1 Big Data: Who, What and Where? Social, Cognitive and Journals Map of Big Data Publications with Focus on Optimization -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Data and Basic Statistics -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Mapping the Cognitive Space -- 4.2 Mapping the Social Space -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Setting Up a Big Data Project: Challenges, Opportunities, Technologies and Optimization -- Abstract -- 1 How to Set Up a Big Data Project -- 2 Big Data Management Technologies -- 2.1 NoSQL Systems -- 2.2 NewSQL Systems -- 2.3 In-Memory Databases -- 2.4 Analytical Platforms -- 2.5 Hadoop Based Solutions -- 2.6 Big Data Streaming Systems -- 3 Big Data Benchmarking -- 3.1 Why Do We Need Big Data Benchmarking? -- 3.2 Big Data Benchmarking Challenges -- 3.3 Big Data Benchmarking Comparison -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Optimizing Intelligent Reduction Techniques for Big Data -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data Manipulation Challenges -- 2.1 Spatial and Temporal Databases -- 2.2 Key-Value Stores and NoSQL -- 2.3 Data Handling and Data Cleaning -- 2.4 Big Data Processing Stack -- 2.5 Processing in Big Data Platforms -- 3 Big Data Reduction Techniques -- 3.1 Intelligent Reduction Techniques -- 3.2 Descriptive Analytics -- 3.3 Predictive Analytics -- 3.4 Prescriptive Analytics -- 4 CyberWater Case Study -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Performance Tools for Big Data Optimization -- 1 What Performance Tool the Users Really Need for Big Data Optimization? -- 2 Challenges of Ideal Performance Tool -- 2.1 Data Collection -- 2.2 Data Presentation -- 2.3 Data Analysis -- 3 A Performance Tool for Tuning Experts: Sonata -- 3.1 Target Users -- 3.2 Design Considerations -- 3.3 Overall Architecture -- 3.4 Implementation Details. , 3.5 User Cases of Performance Analysis -- 3.6 Other Performance Analysis Tools -- 4 An Easy-of-Use Full-System Auto-Tuning Tool: Turbo -- 4.1 Target Users -- 4.2 Design Considerations -- 4.3 Overall Architecture -- 4.4 Implementation Details -- 4.5 Industrial Use Cases -- 4.6 Other Auto-Tuning Tools -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Optimising Big Images -- 1 Introduction: Big Image Processing Tasks -- 1.1 Types of Image Processing Tasks -- 2 Regularisation of Inverse Problems -- 3 Non-smooth Geometric Regularisers for Imaging -- 4 First-Order Optimisation Methods for Imaging -- 4.1 Remarks About Notation and Discretisation -- 4.2 Primal: FISTA, NESTA, etc. -- 4.3 Primal-Dual: PDHGM, ADMM, and Other Variants on a Theme -- 4.4 When the Proximal Mapping is Difficult -- 5 Second-Order Optimisation Methods for Imaging -- 5.1 Huber-Regularisation -- 5.2 A Primal-Dual Semi-smooth Newton Approach -- 5.3 A Note on Interior Point Methods -- 5.4 Methods for Non-convex Regularisers -- 6 Non-linear Operators and Methods for Iterative Regularisation -- 6.1 Inverse Problems with Non-linear Operators -- 6.2 Iterative Regularisation -- 7 Emerging Topics -- 7.1 Convex Relaxation -- 7.2 Decomposition and Preconditioning Techniques -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Interlinking Big Data to Web of Data -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Interlinking Tools -- 2.1 Silk -- 2.2 LIMES -- 2.3 LODRefine -- 3 Interlinking Process -- 4 A Case Study for Interlinking -- 5 Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- Topology, Big Data and Optimization -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Topology -- 3 Persistence -- 3.1 Persistence Diagrams as Features -- 3.2 Cohomology and Circular Coordinates -- 4 Mapper -- 5 Optimization -- 6 Applications -- 6.1 Local to Global -- 6.2 Nonlinear Dimensionality Reduction -- 6.3 Dynamics -- 6.4 Visualization -- 7 Software and Limitations. , 8 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Applications of Big Data Analytics Tools for Data Management -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Big Data and Big Data Analytics -- 2.1 Big Data -- 2.2 Big Data Analytics -- 2.2.1 Principal Component Analysis -- 2.2.2 Fuzzy Logic -- 2.2.3 Fuzzy C-Means Clustering -- 2.2.4 Traditional Artificial Neural Networks -- 2.2.5 Traditional Genetic Algorithms -- 3 Applications of Data Analytics -- 3.1 Solar Energy Forecasting -- 3.2 Wind Energy Forecasting -- 3.3 Financial Data Analytics -- 3.3.1 Training Process -- 3.3.2 Biological Data Analytics -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Optimizing Access Policies for Big Data Repositories: Latency Variables and the Genome Commons -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Information Commons and Latency Variables -- 3 Evolution and Design of the Genome Commons -- 4 Latency Analysis and the Genome Commons -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Big Data Optimization via Next Generation Data Center Architecture -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Challenges of Big Data Processing -- 1.2 DC Evolution: Limitations and Strategies -- 1.3 Vision on Future DC -- 2 DC3.0: HTC-DC -- 2.1 HTC-DC Overview -- 2.2 Key Features -- 2.3 Pooled Resource Access Protocol (PRAP) -- 2.4 Many-Core Data Processing Unit -- 2.5 NVM Based Storage -- 2.6 Optical Interconnects -- 2.7 DC-Level Efficient Programming Framework -- 3 Optimization of Big Data -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Big Data Optimization Within Real World Monitoring Constraints -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Monitoring -- 2.1 General Definition -- 2.2 Dike Monitoring Example -- 3 Big Data Related Constraints to Monitoring -- 3.1 The Big Data in Monitoring -- 3.1.1 Abstraction Level of Interpreted Information -- 3.1.2 Temporal Issues -- 3.1.3 Growth of Available Data -- 3.2 Performance -- 3.3 Availability. , 3.4 Reliability -- 4 Solutions Within Constraints -- 4.1 Approaches in Optimization -- 4.1.1 Data Oriented Optimization -- 4.1.2 Analysis Oriented Optimization -- 4.1.3 System Architecture Oriented Optimization -- 4.1.4 Goal Oriented Optimization -- 4.2 Summary of Optimizations and Constraints -- 4.2.1 Impact on Other Constraints -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Smart Sampling and Optimal Dimensionality Reduction of Big Data Using Compressed Sensing -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background -- 2.1 Notation and Fundamental Knowledge -- 2.2 Compressed Sensing and Sparse Reconstruction -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Feature Extraction -- 3.2 Smart Sampling -- 3.3 Classification and Evaluation -- 3.4 Dependance of Random Projections to Data Sparsity in Classification Problems -- 4 Experiments -- 4.1 Dataset Description -- 4.2 Sensitivity of Compressed Sensing to Randomness -- 4.3 Compressibility Estimation and Optimal Dimensionality Investigation -- 4.4 Investigating the Robustness of Hierarchical Compressed Sensing -- 4.5 Dependance of Random Projections to Data Sparsity -- 4.6 Comparison with Principal Component Analysis -- 5 Related Work -- 5.1 Dimensionality Reduction and Data Compression -- 5.2 Pattern Analysis Using Compressed Sensing -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Optimized Management of BIG Data Produced in Brain Disorder Rehabilitation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Scientific Dataspace Model -- 2.1 e-Science Life Cycle Activities -- 2.2 The Environment of Dataspaces in e-Science---a BIG Data Challenge -- 2.3 Relationships in the Scientific Dataspace -- 2.4 The e-Science Life Cycle Ontology and Towards Conceptualization in the Brain Damage Restoration Domain -- 3 Data Capture and Processing Model -- 3.1 Use-Cases -- 3.2 Indoor Treatment -- 3.3 Outdoor Treatment -- 3.4 Data Model -- 3.5 Event-Based Data -- 4 Towards the BDRI-Cloud. , 4.1 Motivation and System Usage -- 4.2 System Design -- 4.3 Architecture---a Service-Level View -- 5 Data Analysis and Visualization Services -- 5.1 Sequential Pattern Mining -- 5.2 Association Rule Mining -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Big Data Optimization in Maritime Logistics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Liner Shipping Network Design -- 2.1 Container Routing -- 3 Mat-Heuristic for Liner Shipping Network Design -- 4 Computational Results Using LINER-LIB -- 5 Empty Container Repositioning -- 5.1 Path Flow Formulation -- 6 Container Vessel Stowage Plans -- 6.1 Mathematical Model -- 7 Bunker Purchasing -- 7.1 Bunker Purchasing with Contracts -- 8 The Vessel Schedule Recovery Problem -- 8.1 Definitions -- 8.2 Mathematical Model -- 9 Conclusion and Future Challenges -- References -- Big Network Analytics Based on Nonconvex Optimization -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Network Issues, Properties and Notations -- 2.1 Issues Concerning Network Analytics -- 2.2 Eminent Properties of Network -- 2.3 Graph Based Network Notation -- 3 Introduction to Nonconvex Optimization and Evolutionary Computation -- 3.1 What is Optimization -- 3.2 How to Tackle Optimization Problems -- 4 Community Structure Analytics -- 4.1 Description of Community Discovery -- 4.2 Qualitative Community Definition -- 4.3 Existing Approaches for Community Discovery -- 5 Optimization Models for Community Structure Analytics -- 5.1 Single Objective Optimization Model -- 5.2 Multi-objective Optimization Model -- 6 Network Data Sets -- 6.1 Artificial Generated Benchmark Networks -- 6.2 Real-World Networks -- 6.3 Famous Websites -- 7 Experimental Exhibition -- 8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 16 Large-Scale and Big Optimization Based on Hadoop -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Air Traffic Flow Optimization -- 2.1 Problem Formulation -- 2.2 Dual Decomposition Method. , 3 Hadoop MapReduce Programming Model.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Section I Single Use Plastics -- Chapter 1 Scientometric Analysis of Microplastics across the Globe -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Materials and Methods -- 1.3 Results and Discussion -- 1.3.1 Trends in Scientific Production and Citations -- 1.3.2 Top Funding Agencies -- 1.3.3 Top 10 Global Affiliations -- 1.3.4 Top Countries -- 1.3.5 Top 10 Databases and Journals -- 1.3.6 Top 10 Published Articles -- 1.3.7 Top 10 Author Keywords and Research Areas -- 1.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 Microplastic Pollution in the Polar Oceans - A Review -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Plastics -- 2.1.2 Plastic Pollution -- 2.1.3 Microplastics -- 2.1.4 Importance of Microplastic Pollution in the Polar Oceans -- 2.2 Polar Regions -- 2.2.1 General -- 2.2.2 Sea Ice -- 2.2.3 Water -- 2.2.4 Sediments -- 2.2.5 Biota -- 2.3 Future Perspectives -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Microplastics - Global Scenario -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Environmental Issues of Plastic Waste -- 3.3 Coprocessing of Plastic Waste in Cement Kilns -- 3.3.1 Cost of Plants to Convert Plastic Waste to Refused-Derived Fuel (RDF) -- 3.4 Disposal of Plastic Waste Through Plasma Pyrolysis Technology (PPT) -- 3.4.1 Merits of PPT -- 3.5 Constraints on the Use of Plastic Waste Disposal Technologies -- 3.6 Alternate to Conventional Petro-based Plastic Carry Bags and Films -- 3.7 Improving Waste Management -- 3.7.1 Phasing Out Microplastics -- 3.7.2 Promoting Research into Alternatives -- 3.7.3 Actions and Resolutions -- References -- Chapter 4 The Single-Use Plastic Pandemic in the COVID-19 Era -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Materials and Methods -- 4.2.1 Data Sources -- 4.2.2 Estimation of the General population's Daily Use of Face Masks. , 4.2.3 Estimation of the Daily Amount of Medical Waste in Hospitals -- 4.3 Trends in Production and Consumption of SUPs during the Pandemic -- 4.3.1 Personal Protective Equipment -- 4.3.2 Packaging SUPs -- 4.3.2.1 Trends in Plastic Waste Generation, Management, and Environmental Fate during the COVID-19 Era -- 4.4 SUP Waste from the Pandemic -- 4.4.1 Environmental Impacts from SUP Waste -- 4.4.2 Management of SUP Waste -- 4.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects -- References -- Section II Microplastics in the Aerosphere -- Chapter 5 Atmospheric Microplastic Transport -- 5.1 The Phenomenon of Microplastic Transport -- 5.2 Factors Affecting Microplastic Transport -- 5.2.1 Types of MPs -- 5.2.2 Characteristics and Sources of Microplastics Emitters -- 5.2.3 Meteorological Conditions -- 5.2.4 Altitude and Surface Roughness -- 5.2.5 Microplastic Deposition Processes in the Ocean -- 5.2.6 Microplastics Deposition Processes in the Air -- 5.3 Microplastic Transport Modelling -- 5.3.1 Eulerian Method -- 5.3.2 Lagrangian Method -- References -- Chapter 6 Microplastics in the Atmosphere and Their Human and Eco Risks -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Microplastics in the Atmosphere -- 6.2.1 Size, Shapes, and Colours -- 6.2.2 Chemical Composition -- 6.2.3 Sources of Microplastics -- 6.2.4 Spatial Distribution and Rate of Deposition -- 6.2.5 Effects of Climatic Conditions on MP Distribution -- 6.2.6 Transport Pathways -- 6.2.7 Pollutants Associated with MPs -- 6.3 Impact of Microplastics on Human Health and the Eco Risk -- 6.3.1 Impact on Human Health -- 6.3.2 Eco Risk -- 6.4 Strategies to Minimise Atmospheric MPs through Future Research -- 6.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7 Sampling and Detection of Microplastics in the Atmosphere -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Classification -- 7.3 Sampling Microplastics -- 7.3.1 Sampling Airborne Microplastics. , 7.3.2 Sediment -- 7.3.3 Water -- 7.3.4 Biota -- 7.4 Sample Preparation -- 7.5 Detection and Characterisation of MPs in the Atmosphere -- 7.5.1 Microscopic Techniques for Detecting MPs -- 7.5.1.1 Stereomicroscopy -- 7.5.1.2 Fluorescence Microscopy -- 7.5.1.3 Polarised Optical Microscopy (POM) -- 7.5.1.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) -- 7.5.1.5 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) -- 7.5.1.6 Hot Needle Technique -- 7.5.1.7 Digital Holography -- 7.5.2 Spectroscopic Techniques for Analysing MPs -- 7.5.2.1 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy -- 7.5.2.2 Raman Spectroscopy -- 7.5.3 Thermal Analysis -- 7.5.3.1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) -- 7.5.3.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) -- 7.5.3.3 Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (Pyr-GC-MS) -- 7.6 Conclusion -- Funding -- References -- Chapter 8 Sources and Circulation of Microplastics in the Aerosphere - Atmospheric Transport of Microplastics -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Occurrence and Abundance of Atmospheric MP -- 8.1.2 Plastic Polymers and Their Properties -- 8.1.3 Sources and Pathways of MPs in the Atmosphere -- 8.2 Temporal and Spatial Trends in MP Accumulation -- 8.2.1 Roadside MPs -- 8.2.2 Agricultural Fields and Soil -- 8.2.3 Wastewater and Sludge -- 8.2.4 Ocean/Marine Debris -- 8.3 Formation of MPs -- 8.3.1 Physical Weathering -- 8.3.2 Chemical Weathering -- 8.3.3 Biodegradation -- 8.3.4 Photo-thermal Oxidation -- 8.3.5 Thermal Degradation -- 8.4 Atmospheric Circulation, Transport, Suspension, and Deposition -- 8.4.1 Wet Deposition -- 8.4.2 Dry Deposition -- 8.4.3 Urban Dust -- 8.4.4 Suspended Atmospheric MPs -- 8.5 Atmospheric Chemistry of MPs -- 8.6 Predicting MP Dispersion and Transport -- 8.7 Eco-Environmental Impacts -- 8.7.1 Impacts on Human and Wildlife Health -- 8.7.2 Impacts on the Climate -- 8.8 Future Perspectives -- References. , Section III Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment -- Chapter 9 Interaction of Chemical Contaminants with Microplastics -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Interactions -- 9.3 Mechanisms -- 9.3.1 Interactions between Organic Contaminants and Microplastics -- 9.3.2 Interactions between Heavy Metals and Microplastics -- 9.3.3 Kinetics of the Sorption Process -- 9.3.4 Pseudo-First-Order Model -- 9.3.5 Pseudo-Second-Order Model -- 9.3.6 Intraparticle Diffusion Model -- 9.3.7 Film Diffusion Model -- 9.3.8 Isotherm Models -- 9.3.9 Langmuir Model -- 9.3.10 Freundlich Model -- 9.4 Environmental Burden of Microplastics -- 9.5 Future Approaches -- References -- Chapter 10 Microplastics in Freshwater Environments -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Microplastics in Rivers and Tributaries -- 10.3 Microplastics in Lakes -- 10.4 Microplastics in Groundwater Sources -- 10.5 Microplastics in Glaciers and Ice Caps -- 10.6 Microplastics in Deltas -- 10.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 11 Microplastics in Landfill Leachate: Flow and Transport -- 11.1 Plastics and Microplastics -- 11.2 Microplastics in Landfill Leachate -- 11.3 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12 Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment - Effects on Ocean Carbon Sequestration and Sustenance of Marine Life -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment -- 12.2.1 Major Sources -- 12.2.2 Chemical Nature and Distribution Processes -- 12.2.2.1 Chemical Nature -- 12.2.2.2 Distribution Processes -- 12.3 Microplastics and Ocean Carbon Sequestration -- 12.3.1 Ocean Carbon Sequestration -- 12.3.2 Effect of Microplastics on Ocean Carbon Sequestration -- 12.3.2.1 Effect on Phytoplankton Photosynthesis and Growth -- 12.3.2.2 Effect on Zooplankton Development and Reproduction -- 12.3.2.3 Effect on the Marine Biological Pump -- 12.4 Microplastics and Marine Fauna. , 12.4.1 Effects on Corals -- 12.4.2 Effects on Fisheries and Aquaculture -- 12.4.2.1 Shrimp -- 12.4.2.2 Oysters and Mussels -- 12.4.2.3 Fish -- 12.4.3 Effects on Sea Turtles and Sea Birds -- 12.4.4 Effects on Marine Mammals -- 12.5 Microplastic Pollution, Climate Change, and Antibiotic Resistance - A Unique Trio -- 12.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Section IV Microplastics in Soil Systems -- Chapter 13 Entry of Microplastics into Agroecosystems: A Serious Threat to Food Security and Human Health -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Sources of Microplastics in Agroecosystems -- 13.2.1 Plastic Mulching -- 13.2.2 Plastic Use in Modern Agriculture -- 13.2.3 Application of Sewage Sludge/Biosolids -- 13.2.4 Compost and Fertilizers -- 13.2.5 Wastewater Irrigation -- 13.2.6 Landfill Sites -- 13.2.7 Atmospheric Deposition -- 13.2.8 Miscellaneous Sources -- 13.3 Implications of Microplastic Contamination on Agroecosystems -- 13.3.1 Implications for Soil Character -- 13.3.2 Implications for Crop Plants and Food Security -- 13.4 Human Health Risks -- 13.5 Knowledge Gaps -- 13.6 Conclusion and Future Recommendations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 14 Migration of Microplastic-Bound Contaminants to Soil and Their Effects -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Microplastics as Sorbing Materials for Hazardous Chemicals -- 14.3 Types of Microplastic-Bound Contaminants in Soils -- 14.3.1 Heavy Metals and Metalloids - Inorganic Contaminants Adsorbed to MPs -- 14.3.2 Persistent Organic Pollutants, Pharmaceuticals, Antibiotics, Pesticides, and Other Organic Contaminants Adsorbed to MPs -- 14.4 Effects of Exposure and Co-exposure in Soil - Consequences of Contaminant Sorption for MP Toxicity and Bioaccumulation -- 14.5 Microplastic-Bound Contaminants in Soils as Potential Threats to Human Health -- 14.6 Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 15 Plastic Mulch-Derived Microplastics in Agricultural Soil Systems.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Contributors -- An Overview of Conservation Paleobiology -- 1 Defining and Establishing Conservation Paleobiologyas a Discipline -- 2 Data in Conservation Paleobiology -- 3 Looking Forward -- References -- Should Conservation Paleobiologists Save the World on Their Own Time? -- 1 Always Academicize? -- 2 To Advocate, or Not to Advocate -- 3 Speaking Honestly to Power -- 4 From Pure Scientist to Honest Broker -- 5 Keeping It Real -- 6 Overcoming the Fear Factor -- 7 Later Is Too Late -- References -- Conceptions of Long-Term Data Among Marine Conservation Biologists and What Conservation Paleobiologists Need to Know -- 1 What is "Long Term"? -- 2 Survey Implementation -- 3 Survey Responses and What They Mean for Conservation Paleobiologists -- Conservation Goals -- Long-Term Data -- Environmental Stressors -- Baselines -- Challenges -- 4 Takeaways for Conservation Paleobiologists -- 5 Moving Forward -- Appendix 1: Survey Questions -- Appendix 2: Survey Population Selection -- Appendix 3: Categorization of Responses -- References -- Effectively Connecting Conservation Paleobiological Research to Environmental Management: Examples from Greater Everglades' Restoration of Southwest Florida -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Defining the Problem -- 3 Ensuring Success as a Conservation Paleobiologist -- Developing Partnerships and Collaborative Teams -- Becoming or Engaging a Liaison -- Participate in "Management Collaboratives" -- Compose Technical Reports in Addition to Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles -- Present Your Findings to Stake Holder Groups -- Attend and Present at Environmental Science and Restoration Conferences -- Train our Students -- Reward Faculty for Conducting Community-Engaged Scholarship -- Promote and Reward Community Service for Work with Environmental Agencies and NGOs. , 4 Case Studies from Greater Everglades' Restoration -- Case Study 1: Water Management of the Caloosahatchee River -- Case Study 2: Picayune Strand Restoration Project -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Using the Fossil Record to Establish a Baseline and Recommendations for Oyster Mitigation in the Mid-Atlantic U.S. -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- Pleistocene Localities -- Field and Museum Sampling -- Oyster Size and Abundance Data -- Reconstructing Paleotemperature and Salinity -- Modern and Colonial Data -- 3 Results -- Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of Holland Point -- Paleotemperature -- Paleosalinity -- Shell Height -- Growth Rate -- 4 Discussion -- Comparing Pleistocene to Modern Oysters -- Environmental Controls on Oyster Size -- Human Factors Influencing Oyster Size -- Implications for Restoration -- A Role for Conservation Paleobiology -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Coral Reefs in Crisis: The Reliability of Deep-Time Food Web Reconstructions as Analogs for the Present -- 1 Introduction -- Preserving the Past -- Endangered Coral Reefs -- 2 Fossilizing a Coral Reef -- Dietary Breadth -- Trophic Chains and Levels -- Modularity -- 3 Guild Structure and Diversity -- Identifying Guilds in a Food Web -- 4 Reconstructing the Community -- Diversity and Evenness -- Simulated Food Webs -- 5 Summary -- Appendix 1 -- Hypergeometric Variance -- Appendix 2 -- References -- Exploring the Species -Area Relationship Within a Paleontological Context, and the Implications for Modern Conservation Biology -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geological Setting -- 3 Methods -- 4 Results -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Marine Refugia Past, Present, and Future: Lessons from Ancient Geologic Crises for Modern Marine Ecosystem Conservation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Defining Refugium. , A Species Must Have a Range Contraction, Range Shift, or Migration in Order to Escape the Onset of Global Environmental Degradation That Would Otherwise Cause Extinction of That Species -- Range Shifts -- Habitat Shifts -- Isolated Geographic Refugia -- Life History Refugia -- Cryptic Refugia -- Harvest Refugia -- The Environmental Conditions of a Refugium Are Sufficiently Habitable Such That the Species' Population Remains Viable During Its Time in the Refugium -- A Species' Population Is Smaller in the Refugium Than Its Pre-environmental Perturbation Size -- The Species Remains in the Refugium for Many Generations -- After the Environmental Crisis Ends, the Species Recovers by Inhabiting Newly Re-opened Habitats, Either Through Population Expansion or Through Adaptive Radiation -- Otherwise, the Refugium Became a Trap -- 3 Identifying Ancient Refugia -- Fossil Data -- Phylogeographic Studies -- Species Distribution Models -- 4 Lessons from the Past for Identifying Future Refugia -- As the Marine Environment Continues to Change, Refugia May Need to Shift -- Refugial Size and Connectivity Can Enhance Survivorship, But Can Also Have Evolutionary Consequences -- Conditions Inside Refugia May Not Necessarily Remain Pristine, But Will Need to Be of Sufficiently Lower Magnitude of Total Stress to Maintain Viable Populations -- Beware the Refugial Trap -- 5 Future Directions for Investigating Ancient Refugia -- 6 Conclusions -- Appendix -- References -- Training Tomorrow's Conservation Paleobiologists -- 1 Business As Usual Is Not Enough -- 2 A Call to Action -- 3 Bridging the Gap -- Recommendation 1 -- Recommendation 2 -- Recommendation 3 -- Recommendation 4 -- Recommendation 5 -- Recommendation 6 -- 4 Okay, But… -- 5 In the Meantime… -- 6 A Bright Future -- References -- A Conceptual Map of Conservation Paleobiology: Visualizinga Discipline. , 1 Determining the Current State and Structure of Conservation Paleobiology -- 2 Mapping a Discipline -- Bibliographic Co-Authorship Visualizations -- Text Co-Occurrence Visualizations -- Bibliographic Co-Citation Visualizations -- Bibliographic Coupling Visualizations -- 3 Bibliometric Networks -- Bibliographic Co-Authorship Networks -- Text Co-Occurrence Networks -- Bibliographic Co-Citation Networks -- Bibliometric Coupling Networks -- 4 The Intellectual Landscape -- 5 Emerging Frontiers -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Honorary Committee -- Scientific Committee -- Organizing Committee -- Contents -- Part IDecision Making -- 1 New Aggregation Methods for Decision-Making in the Selection of Business Opportunities -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Preliminares -- 2.1 The OWA Operator -- 2.2 The OWAAC Operator -- 2.3 The OWAD Operator -- 2.4 The OWAIMAM Operator -- 2.5 A New Method for Dealing with the Weight of the OWA Operator -- 3 Decision Making Approach for Starting New Business -- 4 Numerical Example -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Credit Analysis Using a Combination of Fuzzy Robust PCA and a Classification Algorithm -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Classification Procedure -- 2.1 Fuzzy Robust Principal Component Analysis (FRPCA) -- 2.2 Fuzzy k-Nearest Neighbor Classifier -- 2.3 Similarity Classifier -- 3 Classification Results with an Australian Credit Screening Dataset -- 3.1 Results from the Australian Credit Scoring Data with FRPCA and the Similarity Classifier -- 3.2 Results from the Australian Credit Scoring Data with FRPCA and Fuzzy k-Nearest Neighbor Classifier -- 3.3 Short Discussion About the Results -- 4 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 3 Fuzzy TOPSIS for an Integrative Sustainability Performance Assessment: A Proposal for Wearing Apparel Industry -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Fuzzy Multi-criteria Decision-Making Method (MCDM) -- 2.1 Fuzzy Inference System -- 2.2 Fuzzy TOPSIS -- 3 Empirical Design -- 4 Results -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 4 On the Orness of SUOWA Operators -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Preliminaries -- 3 Choquet Integral -- 3.1 Weighted Means and OWA Operators -- 3.2 SUOWA Operators -- 4 Orness Measures -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 OWA Operators in Portfolio Selection -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Preliminares -- 2.1 The OWA Operator. , 2.2 Portfolio Selection with Markowitz Approach -- 3 The OWA Operator in Portfolio Selection -- 3.1 Asset Return and Risk Using OWA -- 3.2 Portfolio Mean Return and Risk Using OWA -- 3.3 Investor's Criteria for Mean-OWA -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Part IIExpert Systems and Forgotten EffectsTheory -- 6 Application of the Forgotten Effects Model to the Agency Theory -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Recuperation of Forgotten Effects in the Resolution of the Agency Problem -- 2.1 The Main Agency Problems (Effects) -- 2.2 Mechanisms to Solve the Agency Problems (Causes) -- 2.3 Process Work Out for the Detection of Possible Forgotten Effects -- 3 Results -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Determining the Influence Variables in the Pork Price, Based on Expert Systems -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Experts -- 3 The Questionnaire -- 4 The Variables -- 5 The Process of Valuation from Experts and Making Expertons -- 6 Analyzing Results -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Forgotten Effects Analysis Between the Regional Economic Activity of Michoacan and Welfare of Its Inhabitants -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theoretical Background -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Application of the Model -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Interval Numbers Versus Correlational Approaches Analyzing Corporate Social Responsibility -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theoretical Background: CSR and Effectiveness -- 3 OWA Operators: UPA, UWA and UPWA -- 4 Procedure and Sample -- 5 Results and Conclusions -- References -- 10 Second-Order Changes on Personnel Assignment Under Uncertainty -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Employees Commitment Level Evaluation -- 2.2 Fuzzy SOC -- 3 Study Case -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Part IIIForecasting Models. , 11 Advanced Spectral Methods and Their Potential in Forecasting Fuzzy-Valued and Multivariate Financial Time Series -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Approaches to Extracting Independent Factors from Signal Mixtures: The FastICA Algorithm -- 3 Singular Spectrum Analysis, Its Multivariate Extension, and the Recurrent SSA Forecasting Procedure -- 4 Applying MSSA to Forecasting Triangular-Shaped Fuzzy Monthly Exchange Rates -- 5 A Hybrid ICA-SSA Approach to Separating and Forecasting Independent Factors and then Remixing the Forecasts into the Observable Foreign Exchange Rates -- 6 Conclusion -- 12 Goodness of Aggregation Operators in a Diagnostic Fuzzy Model of Business Failure -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Diagnosis Model -- 3 Limitations of the Model -- 4 Grouping the Causes -- 4.1 The Aggregation Operators -- 4.2 Motion for Monitoring and Grouping of Causes -- 5 Goodness Index -- 6 Estimation of the Model -- 7 Empirical Verification of the Grouping -- 8 Conclusions -- Appendix A -- Appendix B -- References -- 13 Forecasting Global Growth in an Uncertain Environment -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Fuzzy Regression Model -- 4 Forecasting Model of GDP Growth Rate -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Fuzzy NN Time Series Forecasting -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Nearest Neighbour Forecasting Method -- 2.1 One-Step-Ahead Forecasting -- 3 Fuzzy Logic -- 3.1 Classical and Fuzzy Sets -- 3.2 Fuzzy Operations -- 4 Fuzzy Nearest Neighbours -- 4.1 Fuzzy Linguistic Terms -- 4.2 Fuzzy Rules -- 4.3 Learning Phase -- 4.4 Fuzzy Forecasting -- 4.5 Multi-step Simultaneous Forecasting -- 5 Study Case -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Part IVFuzzy Logic and Fuzzy Sets -- 15 A Methodology for the Valuation of Quality Management System in a Fuzzy Environment -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Proposed Methodology. , 2.1 Valuation of the Company with the ISO 9001 Quality System -- 2.2 Valuation of the Company Without the ISO 9001 Quality System -- 2.3 Valuation of the Quality System -- 3 Case Study -- 3.1 Valuation Assuming that It Has the Quality System Implementation -- 3.2 Valuation Assuming that It Has not the Quality System Implemented -- 3.3 Valuation of the ISO 9001 Quality System -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 16 A Qualitative Study to Strong Allee Effect with Fuzzy Parameters -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Allee Effect Equation with Fuzzy Parameters -- 3 Examples -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 17 Distribution of Financial Resources Using a Fuzzy Transportation Model -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Preliminaries -- 2.1 Classic Transportation Problem -- 2.2 Elements of Fuzzy Sets -- 2.3 Ranking Fuzzy Numbers -- 3 Fuzzy Transportation Problem (FTP) -- 4 Determining the Optimal Structure in the Financing of a Firm -- 4.1 Application Case -- 5 Final Comments -- References -- 18 Clustering Variables Based on Fuzzy Equivalence Relations -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Fuzzy Equivalence Relations -- 4 Proposed Method for Clustering Variables and Factor Analysis Based on Fuzzy Equivalence Relation -- 4.1 Empirical Example -- Variable Clustering -- 4.2 Empirical Example -- Factor Analysis -- 5 Some Interpretations of the Clustered Variables -- 6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 19 Fuzzy EOQ Inventory Model With and Without Production as an Enterprise Improvement Strategy -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Stock Costs -- 3 Demand Behavior -- 4 Classical Economic Order(ing) Quantity (EOQ) -- 5 Classical Economic Order(ing) Quantity (EOQ) with Production -- 6 Case Analysis -- 7 Results -- 8 Conclusions -- 9 Recommendations -- References -- Part VModelling and Simulation Techniques. , 20 A Bibliometric Overview of Financial Studies -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Citation Structure in Finance -- 3 Journal Rankings -- 4 The Most Influential Papers in Finance -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 21 A Theoretical Approach to Endogenous Development Traps in an Evolutionary Economic System -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 ESO Systems -- 3 Economic Systems in Evolution -- 4 Economics ESO Systems -- 4.1 Development Traps and Unsuccessful EESO Systems -- 5 Discussion -- References -- 22 ABC, A Viable Algorithm for the Political Districting Problem -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Problem Description -- 3 Heuristic Algorithms -- 3.1 Simulated Annealing -- 3.2 Simulated Annealing Adaptation -- 3.3 Artificial Bee Colony -- 3.4 Artificial Bee Colony Adaptation -- 4 Computational Experiments -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 23 Asymmetric Uncertainty of Mortality and Longevity in the Spanish Population -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Factor Models -- 3 Data and Results -- 4 Conclusions -- 24 Joint Modeling of Health Care Usage and Longevity Uncertainty for an Insurance Portfolio -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data and Methods -- 2.1 Longitudinal Submodel: Random Intercept Model -- 2.2 Survival Submodel: PH Cox Model -- 2.3 Joint Model for Longitudinal and Survival Data -- 3 Results and Prediction -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 25 The Commodities Financialization As a New Source of Uncertainty: The Case of the Incidence of the Interest Rate Over the Maize Price During 1990--2014 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Commodities Financialization -- 3 The Interest Rate Incidence Over the Maize Price -- 3.1 VAR Model -- 3.2 Testing and Results -- 3.3 Period 1990--2003 -- 3.4 Period 2004--2014 -- 4 Conclusions -- 26 The Fairness/Efficiency Issue Explored Through El Farol Bar Model -- Abstract. , 1 Introduction.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Authors -- List of Abbreviations and Acronyms -- Pamirian Spaces: Mapping Process Geographies in the Mountainous Periphery -- Introduction -- Protection of Indigenous Rights? -- Alai and Pamirs: Environmental Niche and Hub of Ecological Resources -- Border Processes -- Scope of the Volume -- References -- Pamir or Pamirs: Perceptions and Interpretations -- Introduction -- Colonial Exploration of the Pamirian Void -- Classification of Exclusion and Inclusion -- The Pamir Highway: An Internal Artery Motivating Cross-­Border Road Construction -- Regionalisation of the Pamirs: Introduction of the Various Pamirian Regions -- Importance of the Pamirian Knot -- References -- Archival Records -- Who Is Mapping the Pamirs? A Review on Plant and Vegetation Sciences -- Introduction -- Data Collection -- Discussion of the Dataset -- Results -- Paper Statistics -- Journal Statistics -- Author Statistics -- Coauthor Networks -- Discussion -- References -- Geomorphic Features of the Eastern Pamirs, with a Focus on the Occurrence of Intermontane Basins -- Introduction -- Regional Setting -- Tectonic Features -- Present and Past Climatic Features -- Intermontane Basins in the Eastern Pamirs -- Tectonic Basins -- Basins Related to Downstream Damming -- Glaciated Basins -- Alichur Pamir -- Great Pamir -- Little Pamir -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Water of the Pamir - Potential and Constraints -- Introduction -- Observed Glacier Changes -- Observed Runoff Changes -- Future Trends -- Conclusions -- References -- Khans, Kings, Communists, Warlords and Presidents: Afghan Kirghiz Socioeconomic Strategies for Extorting and Extracting from the State -- Introduction -- State-Society Relations: The Kirghiz Experience -- Political Capital -- Non-state Sources of Patronage -- A Direct Line to Kabul. , The Politics of State Patronage -- A Last Migration for the Afghan Kirghiz? -- References -- Changes in the Relationship Between Borders and Pastoral Mobility in Mountain Regions of Central Asia -- National Independence: An Obstacle for Transboundary Pastoral Mobility in Central Asia? -- Spatial Boundaries and Pastoral Mobility: A Tricky Relationship -- 'Containment of Chaotic Land Use' under Russia's Colonial Rule -- 'Nationalisation of the Means of Production' and Planned Economy in Soviet Times -- Contemporary Suppressed Transboundary Mobility -- Conclusion: Effects and Risks of Resource-Related 'Othering' Strategies -- Interview Partners -- References -- Seasonal Pasture Use and Vegetation Cover Changes in the Alai Valley, Kyrgyzstan -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Data Set and Methods -- Interviews -- Satellite-Based Vegetation Index Data -- Grazing Intensity -- GIS -- Results -- Seasonal Pasture Use -- Changes in Vegetated Cover -- Analysis of Grazing Intensity -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- Diversity of Seasonal Migration of Livestock in the Eastern Alai Valley, Southern Kyrgyzstan -- Introduction -- Study Area and Method -- Movement Patterns of Livestock Grazing in the Eastern Alai Valley -- Sary-Tash -- Taldy-Suu -- Seasonal Pastoral Practise and Natural Environments in the Eastern and Western Alai Valley -- Discussion -- Comparison Between the Eastern and Western Valleys -- Inequality of Pastureland Use and Future Sustainability -- Conclusions -- References -- Kezüü and Novad: A Form of Pastoralism in the Eastern Alai Valley, Southern Kyrgyzstan -- Introduction -- Development of the Cooperative Daily Grazing System of Kezüü/Novad in the Alai Valley -- Study Area and Method -- The Cooperative Daily Grazing System of Kezüü in Sary-Tash and Taldy-Suu -- Kezüü in Sary-Tash AA -- Kezüü in Taldy-Suu AA. , Types of Kezüü and Novad Throughout the Entire Alai Valley -- Types of Kezüü and Novad Throughout the Entire Alai Valley -- References -- External Support and Local Agency: Uncertain Transformations of Livelihoods in the Pamirian Borderland of Tajikistan -- Introduction -- Borderlands as Social Space -- Historic Legacy: The Pamirs as a Soviet Borderland -- Persistence and Change in Tajikistan's Borderland During the Transition Period -- Russian Border Forces: Persisting Role after the Soviet Dissolution -- Post-Soviet Economic Realities: Humanitarian Relief and Dissolution of Exchange Relations -- Livelihood Trajectories in the Border District -- Less Urgency for Economic Success -- 'Hidden' Emergency Assistance -- Exclusive Buffer Zone Access -- Conclusions -- Interview Partners -- References -- The Current Status of Lifestyle and Occupations in the Wakhan Area of Tajikistan -- Introduction -- General Description of the Wakhan Area and Its Inhabitants -- Status of Agriculture and Local Society -- Agriculture and Other Employment -- Infrastructure and Education -- Introducing Sustainable Tourism -- Conclusions -- References -- Political Ecology of Human-Environment Change in Gojal, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan -- Introduction -- Legal and Constitutional Liminality -- Global Conservation -- Transnational Ismailism -- Road Infrastructure -- The Attabad Landslide -- Conclusion -- References -- The Changes in Regional Structure and Land Use Related to External Factors in Hussaini Village, Northern Pakistan -- Introduction -- Changes in the Regional Structure and Farmland Use in Hussaini Village -- The Period of Isolation before the Opening of the Karakoram Highway -- The Period of Opening Up: The 1980s Until the Late 2000s -- The Period between 2010 and the Present after the Emergence of the Dammed Lake -- Conclusions -- References. , Humanitarianism Across Mountain Valleys: "Shia Aid" and Development Encounters in Northern Pakistan and Eastern Tajikistan -- Introduction -- Entering Contact Zones -- Developing Hunza -- Education for Nagar -- Saving and Substituting in the State in Gorno-Badakhshan -- Worldly Duties and Sectarian Aims -- Conclusion -- References -- History of the Development of the Pamir Region of Tajikistan (Gorno-Badakhshan) -- Introduction -- Early Development History -- Nineteenth-Century Russian Exploration -- Permanent Russian Presence and Early Development Activities -- Population Growth -- Soviet Period -- Socialist Revolution in a Muslim Country -- Food Production -- The Post-Soviet Period and the Aga Khan Foundation -- A New Paradigm -- Sustainable Solutions -- Health -- Emergency Needs -- Pharmaceuticals -- Essential Hospital Services -- Health Management Information System (HMIS) -- Education -- Agricultural Reform -- Food Diversification -- Village-Level Autonomy -- Gender and Social Equality -- Energy -- Challenges and Future Prospects -- References -- Conclusions: Why Do We Need to Make Efforts to Map the Transition? -- Introduction -- Transitions: Driven by External Pressures or Internal Efforts? -- The Next Step -- References.

Note: Intro -- International Encyclopedia of Human Geography -- Table of Contents -- Senior Editors -- Section Editors -- Foreword by Mary Robinson -- Foreword by Rob Kitchin and Nigel Thrift -- Permission Acknowledgments -- A -- Activism -- Activist Geographies -- Actor-Network Theory/Network Geographies -- Affect -- Africa -- Ageing and Health -- Ageing and Mobility -- Ageism and Age -- Agglomeration -- Agoraphobia -- Agrarian Transformations -- Agri-Environmentalism and Rural Change -- Agricultural Land Preservation -- Agriculture, Sustainable -- Aid -- von Humboldt, A. -- Aménagement du Territoire: Territorial Development -- Americas -- Anarchism/Anarchist Geography -- Anglo-American/Anglophone Hegemony -- Animal Geographies -- Animal Welfare, Agricultural -- Antarctica -- Anthropogeography (After Ratzel) -- Anthropology and Human Geography -- Anti-Geopolitics -- Anti-Urbanism -- Apartheid/Post-Apartheid -- Applied Geography -- Archives -- Arctic -- Art and Cartography -- Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems -- Asia -- Atlases -- Australasia -- Auto-Photography -- Autobiography -- Autoethnography -- Avant-Garde/Avant-Garde Geographies -- Aviation -- B -- Balkans -- Barnes, T. -- Beaujeu-Garnier, J. -- Becoming -- Behavioral Geography -- Belonging -- Berkeley School -- Berry, B. -- Biodiversity -- Biodiversity Mapping -- Biopolitics -- Bobek, H. -- Body, The -- Borderlands -- Bowman, I. -- Brain Drain -- Brandt Commission -- Brown Agenda -- Buffer Zone -- Business Services -- C -- Capital and Space -- Capitalism -- Capitalism and Division of Labor -- Care/Caregiving -- Cartographic Animation -- Cartography in Islamic Societies -- Cartography, History of -- Case Study Approach -- Cassa per il Mezzogiorno -- Categorical Data Analysis -- Cellular Automata -- Census Geography -- Census Mapping -- Central Business District -- Central Place Theory. , Chaos and Complexity -- Chicago School -- Child Labor -- Children and Mapping -- Children/Childhood -- Chinese Urbanism -- Chinese-Language Geography -- Choice Modeling -- Christaller, W. -- Christian Geography -- Chronic Disease -- Citation Geography -- Citizenship -- Citizenship and Governmentality, Rural -- City Marketing -- City-Region -- Civil Society -- Claval, P. -- Climate Change -- Cloke, P. -- Cognitive Geography -- Cohen, S. -- Cold War -- Colonialism I -- Colonialism II -- Colonialism, Internal -- Color, Mapping -- Commodity Chains -- Communicable Diseases, Globalization of -- Communist and Post-Communist Geographies -- Community -- Competitiveness -- Complementary and Alternative Medicine -- Complexity Theory, Nonlinear Dynamic Spatial Systems -- Computational Human Geography -- Concentrated Deconcentration -- Conservation and Ecology -- Consumption -- Content Analysis -- Corbridge, S. -- Core-Periphery Models -- Corporate Responsibilities -- Corridor and Axis Development -- Cosgrove, D. -- Cosmopolitanism -- Counter-Mapping -- Counterurbanization -- Cox, K. -- Creativity -- Crime/Fear of Crime -- Critical Cartography -- Critical Geography -- Critical Geopolitics -- Critical GIS -- Critical Rationalism (After Popper) -- Critical Realism/Critical Realist Geographies -- Critical Theory (After Habermas) -- Cross-Cultural Research -- Cultural Capital -- Cultural Economy -- Cultural Geography -- Cultural Materialism -- Cultural Politics -- Cultural Studies and Human Geography -- Cultural Turn -- Culture -- Culture/Natures -- Cumulative Causation -- Cyberspace/Cyberculture -- D -- Darby, H. C. -- Darwinism (and Social Darwinism) -- De-Industrialization -- De-Localization -- Dear, M. J. -- Debt -- Deconstruction -- Defensible Space -- Deforestation -- Democracy -- Demography -- Dependency -- Statistics, Descriptive -- Desertification. , Determinism/Environmental Determinism -- Development I -- Development II -- Developmentalism -- Devolution -- Dialectical Reasoning and Dialectical Materialism -- Dialogism (After Bakhtin) -- Diaries (Video, Audio or Written) -- Diaspora -- Dicken, P. -- Difference/Politics of Difference -- Diffusion -- Digital Data, Historical Geography and -- Digital Divide -- Digital Earth -- Disability and Chronic Illness -- Discourse -- Discourse Analysis -- Disease Diffusion -- Disease Mapping -- Distance -- Dudley Stamp, L. -- Dutch Human Geography -- Dwelling -- E -- e-Business and e-Commerce -- East Asian Miracle -- East/West -- Ecological Fallacy -- Ecology -- Economic Crises -- Economic Development, Rural -- Economic Geography -- Economic Geography, Quantitative -- Economics and Human Geography -- Economies, Alternative -- Economies, Borderland -- Economies, Branch Plant -- Economies, Imagined -- Economy, Informal -- Ecotourism -- Edge Cities -- Edge Effects -- Education -- Electoral Cartography -- Electoral Districts -- Electoral Geography -- Embeddedness -- Embodied Knowing -- Emigration -- Emotional Geographies -- Emotional Knowing -- Empire -- Empowerment -- Enlightenment Geography -- Enterprise Discourse -- Entrepreneurship -- Entropy-Maximising Models -- Environment -- Environment, Historical Geography of -- Environmental Hazards -- Environmental Health -- Environmental Justice -- Environmental Policy -- Environmental Regulation -- Environmental Security -- Environmental Studies and Human Geography -- Environmentalism -- Epidemiological Transition -- Equity -- Error (Propagation and Modeling) -- Ethical Issues in Research -- Ethnic Conflict -- Ethnic Economies -- Ethnicity -- Ethnicity and Resistance, Historical Geographies of -- Ethnography -- Ethnomethodology/Ethnomethodological Geography -- Eurocentrism -- Europe -- Europe of Regions. , Evans, E. E. -- Evolutionary Algorithms -- Transnational Elites -- Existentialism/Existential Geography -- Experimental Design -- Exploration -- Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis -- Export Processing Zones -- Extended Metropolitan Region -- F -- Factor Analysis and Principal-Components Analysis -- Fair Trade -- Famine -- Fatherland/Homeland -- Feminism and Work -- Feminism, Maps and GIS -- Feminism/Feminist Geography -- Feminist Geography, Prehistory of -- Feminist Groups within Geography -- Feminist Methodologies -- Feminist Political Economy -- Fertility -- Festival and Spectacle -- Feudalism and Feudal Society -- Field Geographies -- Field Systems and Enclosure -- Fieldwork -- Film -- Finance, Historical Geographies of -- Finance, Offshore -- Financial Centers, International -- Financial Exclusion -- Financial Knowledge -- Financial Risks and Management -- Firms -- First Law of Geography -- First World -- Flâneur, The -- Fluidity-Fixity -- Focus Groups -- Food Networks -- Food Networks, Alternative -- Food Regimes -- Fordism -- Fordism, Post-Fordism and Flexible Specialization -- Foreign Direct Investment -- Foucauldianism -- Fractal Analysis -- Francophone Geography -- Functionalism (Including Structural Functionalism) -- Fuzzy Set and Fuzzy Logic -- G -- Gardens and Gardening -- Garrison, W. -- Gated Communities/Privatopias -- Gay Geographies -- Gender and Health -- Gender and Rurality -- Gender in the City -- Gender, Historical Geographies of -- Genealogy and Family History -- Genealogy Method -- Generalization -- Genetics -- Gentrification -- Gentrification, Rural -- Geocomputation -- Geodemographics -- Geodesy -- Geographical Journals -- Geographical Masking -- Geographically Weighted Regression -- Geography, History of -- Geohistory -- Geomatics -- Geopolitics -- Geopolitics and Religion -- Georeferencing, Geocoding. , Geospatial Intelligence -- Geovisualization -- German-Language Geography -- Gerrymandering -- Ghettos -- GIS and Cartography -- GIS and Society -- GIS, Mobile and Locational Based Services -- GIS, Public Participation -- GIScience and Systems -- Global Commodity Chains -- Global Positioning/GPS -- Global Production Networks -- Globalization and Transnational Corporations -- Transport and Globalization -- Globalization, Cultural -- Globalization, Economic -- Golledge, R. -- Gottmann, J. -- Governance -- Governance, Corporate -- Governance, Good -- Governance, Transport -- Governance, Urban -- Governmentality -- Green Revolution -- Greenfield Development -- Gregory, D. -- Grounded Theory -- Growth Poles, Growth Centers -- H -- Habitus -- Hagerstrand, T. -- Haggett, P. -- Haptic or Touch-Based Knowledge -- Harley, J. B. -- Hartshorne, R. -- Harvey, D. -- Health and Development -- Health Geography -- Health Inequalities -- Health Services Restructuring -- Health Systems and Health Services -- Healthcare Accessibility -- Hegemony -- Heritage -- Heritage and Culture -- Heritage and Economy -- Heritage and Identity -- Heteronormativity -- Hettner, A. -- High-Tech Industry -- Hinterland Development -- Trade, Transport and Communications, Historical Geographies of -- Historical Geographies, Rural -- Historical Geographies, Urban -- Historical Geography -- War, Historical Geography and -- Historical Geography, Evolution of -- Urban Morphologies, Historical -- Historical-Geographical Materialism -- HIV/AIDS in Developed Countries -- HIV/AIDS in Developing Countries -- Home -- Homelessness -- Homelessness, Rural -- Housing -- Housing, Neighbourhoods and Health -- Housing, Rural -- Hub Network Location -- Human Geography -- Urban Planning and Human Geography -- Human Rights -- Human-Nonhuman -- Humanism/Humanistic Geography -- Hybridity -- Hypothesis Testing -- I. , Idealism/Idealist Human Geography.