Note: Front Cover -- Advanced Modelling Techniques Studying Global Changes in Environmental Sciences -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Introduction: Global changes and sustainable ecosystem management -- 1.1. Effects of Global Changes -- 1.2. Sustainable Ecosystem Management -- 1.3. Outline of This Book -- 1.3.1. Review of ecological models -- 1.3.2. Ecological network analysis and structurally dynamic models -- 1.3.3. Behavioral monitoring and species distribution models -- 1.3.4. Ecological risk assessment -- 1.3.5. Agriculture and forest ecosystems -- 1.3.6. Urban ecosystems -- 1.3.7. Estuary and marine ecosystems -- References -- Chapter 2: Toward a new generation of ecological modelling techniques: Review and bibliometrics -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Historical Development of Ecological Modelling -- 2.3. Bibliometric Analysis of Modelling Approaches -- 2.3.1. Data Sources and Analysis -- 2.3.2. Publication Output -- 2.3.3. Journal Distribution -- 2.3.4. Country/Territory Distribution and International Collaboration -- 2.3.5. Keyword Analysis -- 2.4. Brief Review of Modelling Techniques -- 2.4.1. Structurally Dynamic Model -- 2.4.2. Individual-Based Models -- 2.4.3. Support Vector Machine -- 2.4.4. Artificial Neural Networks -- 2.4.5. Tree-Based Model -- 2.4.6. Evolutionary Computation -- 2.4.7. Ordination and Classification Models -- 2.4.8. k-Nearest Neighbors -- 2.5. Future Perspectives of Ecological Modelling -- 2.5.1. Big Data Age: Data-Intensive Modelling -- 2.5.2. Hybrid Models -- 2.5.3. Model Sensitivities and Uncertainties -- References -- Chapter 3: System-wide measures in ecological network analysis -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Description of system-wide Measures -- 3.3. Ecosystem Models Used for Comparison -- 3.4. Methods -- 3.5. Observations and Discussion -- 3.5.1. Clusters of Structure-Based Measures. , 3.5.2. Clusters of Flow-Based Measures -- 3.5.3. Clusters of Storage-Based Measures -- References -- Chapter 4: Application of structurally dynamic models (SDMs) to determine impacts of climate changes -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Development of SDM -- 4.2.1. The Number of Feedbacks and Regulations Is Extremely High and Makes It Possible for the Living Organisms and Populatio -- 4.2.2. Ecosystems Show a High Degree of Heterogeneity in Space and in Time -- 4.2.3. Ecosystems and Their Biological Components, the Species, Evolve Steadily and over the Long-Term Toward Higher Complexi -- 4.3. Application of SDMs for the Assessment of Ecological Changes due to Climate Changes -- 4.4. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Modelling animal behavior to monitor effects of stressors -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Behavior Modelling: Dealing with Instantaneous or Whole Data Sets -- 5.2.1. Parameter Extraction and State Identification -- 5.2.2. Filtering and Intermittency -- 5.2.3. Statistics and Informatics -- 5.3. Higher Moments in Position Distribution -- 5.4. Identifying Behavioral States -- 5.5. Data Transformation and Filtering by Integration -- 5.6. Intermittency -- 5.7. Discussion and Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 6: Species distribution models for sustainable ecosystem management -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Model Development Procedure -- 6.3. Selected Models: Characteristics and Examples -- 6.3.1. Decision Trees -- 6.3.1.1. General characteristics -- 6.3.1.2. Examples -- 6.3.1.3. Additional remarks -- 6.3.2. Generalised Linear Models -- 6.3.2.1. General characteristics -- 6.3.2.2. Examples -- 6.3.2.3. Additional remarks -- 6.3.3. Artificial Neural Networks -- 6.3.3.1. General characteristics -- 6.3.3.2. Examples -- 6.3.3.3. Additional remarks -- 6.3.4. Fuzzy Logic -- 6.3.4.1. General characteristics -- 6.3.4.2. Examples. , 6.3.4.3. Additional remarks -- 6.3.5. Bayesian Belief Networks -- 6.3.5.1. General characteristics -- 6.3.5.2. Examples -- 6.3.5.3. Additional remarks -- 6.3.6. Summary of Advantages and Drawbacks -- 6.4. Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 7: Ecosystem risk assessment modelling method for emerging pollutants -- 7.1. Review of Ecological Risk Assessment Model Methods -- 7.2. The Selected Model Method -- 7.3. Case Study: Application of AQUATOX Models for Ecosystem Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Lake Ecos -- 7.3.1. Application of Models -- 7.3.2. Models -- 7.3.2.1. AQUATOX model -- 7.3.2.2. Parameterization -- 7.3.2.2.1. Biomass and physiological parameters of organisms -- 7.3.2.2.2. Characteristics of Baiyangdian Lake -- 7.3.2.2.3. PAHs model parameters -- 7.3.2.2.4. Determining PAHs water contamination -- 7.3.2.2.5. Sensitivity analysis -- 7.3.3. Results of Model Application -- 7.3.3.1. Model calibration -- 7.3.3.2. Sensitivity analysis -- 7.3.3.3. PAHs risk estimation -- 7.3.4. Discussion on the Model Application -- 7.3.4.1. Compare experiment-derived NOEC with model NOEC for PAHs -- 7.3.4.2. Compare traditional method with model method for ecological risk assessment for PAHs -- 7.4. Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8: Development of species sensitivity distribution (SSD) models for setting up the management priority with water qua -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Methods -- 8.2.1. BMC Platform Development for SSD Models -- 8.2.1.1. BMC structure -- 8.2.1.2. BMC functions -- 8.2.1.2.1. Fitting SSD models -- 8.2.1.2.2. Determining the best fitting model based on DIC -- 8.2.1.2.3. Uncertainty analysis -- 8.2.1.2.4. Calculating the eco-risk indicator: PAF and msPAF -- 8.2.2. Framework for Determination of WQC and Screening of PCCs -- 8.2.2.1. WQCs calculation -- 8.2.2.2. PCCs screening. , 8.2.3. Overview of BTB Areas, Occurrence of PTSs, and Ecotoxicity Data Preprocessing -- 8.3. Results and Discussion -- 8.3.1. Evaluation of the BMC Platform -- 8.3.1.1. Selection of the best SSD models -- 8.3.1.2. Priority and posterior distribution of SSDs parameters -- 8.3.1.3. CI for uncertainty analysis -- 8.3.1.4. Validation of SSD models -- 8.3.2. Eco-risks with Uncertainty -- 8.3.2.1. Generic eco-risks for a specific substance -- 8.3.2.2. Joint eco-risk for multiple substances based on response addition -- 8.3.3. Evaluation of Various WQC Strategies -- 8.3.3.1. Abundance of toxicity data -- 8.3.3.2. Limitation of toxicity data -- 8.3.3.3. Lack of toxicity data -- 8.3.3.4. Implication for improvement of the local WQC in BTB -- 8.3.4. Ranking and Screening Using Various PCC Strategies -- 8.3.4.1. PNEC -- 8.3.4.2. Eco-risk calculated by BMC -- 8.3.4.3. EEC/PNEC -- 8.3.4.4. PCC list in BTB area -- 8.3.4.5. Implication for update of the local PCC list in BTB -- 8.4. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9: Modelling mixed forest stands: Methodological challenges and approaches -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Review Methodology -- 9.2.1. Literature Review on Modelling Mixed Forest Stands -- 9.2.2. Ranking of Forest Models -- 9.3. Results and Discussion -- 9.3.1. Patterns of Ecological Model Use in Mixed Forests -- 9.3.2. Model Ranking -- 9.3.2.1. FORMIX -- 9.3.2.2. FORMIND -- 9.3.2.3. SILVA -- 9.3.2.4. FORECAST -- 9.3.3. Comparison of the Top-Ranked Models -- 9.4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10: Decision in agroecosystems advanced modelling techniques studying global changes in environmental sciences -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Approaches Based on Management Strategy Simulation -- 10.2.1. Simulation of Discrete Events in Agroecosystem Dynamics -- 10.2.2. Simulation of Agroecosystem Control. , 10.3. Design of Agroecosystem Management Strategy -- 10.3.1. Hierarchical Planning -- 10.3.1.1. HTN planning concepts -- 10.3.1.2. Planning approach in HTNs -- 10.3.1.3. Illustration based on the problem of selecting an operating mode in agriculture -- 10.3.2. Planning as Weighted Constraint Satisfaction -- 10.3.2.1. Constraint satisfaction problem -- 10.3.2.2. Networks of weighted constraints -- 10.3.2.3. Illustration based on crop allocation -- 10.3.3. Planning Under Uncertainty with Markov Decision Processes -- 10.3.3.1. Markov decision processes -- 10.3.3.2. Illustration using a forest management problem -- 10.4. Strategy Design by Simulation and Learning -- 10.5. Illustrations -- 10.5.1. SAFIHR: Modelling a Farming Agent -- 10.5.1.1. Decision problem -- 10.5.1.2. SAFIHR: Continuous planning -- 10.5.1.3. Overview of the overall operation -- 10.6. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: Ecosystem services in relation to carbon cycle of Asansol-Durgapur urban system, India -- 11.1. Introduction -- 11.2. Methods -- 11.2.1. Study Area -- 11.2.2. Urban Forest -- 11.2.3. Agriculture -- 11.2.4. Anthropogenic Activities -- 11.2.5. Cattle Production -- 11.3. Analysis and Discussion -- 11.3.1. Ecosystem Services and Disservices of Urban Forest -- 11.3.2. Ecosystem Services and Disservices of Agricultural Field -- 11.3.3. Ecosystem Services and Disservices Through Anthropogenic Activities -- 11.3.4. Ecosystem Services and Disservices Through Cattle Production -- 11.3.5. Impact on Biodiversity -- 11.3.6. Cultural Services and Disservices -- 11.3.7. Future Perspective of Ecosystem Services -- 11.4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12: Modelling the effects of climate change in estuarine ecosystems with coupled hydrodynamic and biogeochemical mode -- 12.1. Introduction -- 12.2. Coupled Hydrodynamic and Biogeochemical Models. , 12.3. Models as Effective Tools to Support Estuarine Climate Change Impacts Assessment.

Note: Intro -- GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES: IMPACT, MANAGEMENT AND EFFECTS -- GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES: IMPACT, MANAGEMENT AND EFFECTS -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 THE ROLE OF GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY IN THE DETERMINATION OF POLICY LEGITIMACY -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: PEOPLE AND PLANET MATTERS -- CASE STUDY: THE COORONG AND LOWER LAKES WETLAND -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT, BIOFUEL: SUSTAINABLE FOOD PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- BIOFUELS AND DEFORESTATION -- CROPPING PATTERNS (CONVENTIONAL, ORGANIC AND GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS) -- EFFECT OF BIOMASS COLLECTION ON SOIL CARBON/FERTILITY -- BIOFUELS AND FOOD PRICE -- DIETARY CHOICES AND HEALTH CONCERNS -- FOOD PACKAGING, SUPPLY AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 WOODFUELS USE FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURES' MATERIALIZATION -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL -- 2.1. Application of the Retscreen International Software -- 2.2. Parameters of the Energy Projects -- 2.3. Retscreen Software Characteristics -- 3. EVALUATION OF THE PROJECTS -- 3.1. Environmental Evaluation of the Projects -- 3.2. Financial Evaluation of the Projects -- 3.2.1. Financial Considerations of Energy Projects -- 3.2.2. Financial Outcomes of the Projects -- 4. THE GREEK AND THE WOODFUEL IMPORTS FROM THE NEARBY BALKAN COUNTRIES SCENARIOS -- 5. TWO DIFFERENT SCENARIOS PRESENTATION -- 5.1. Environmental Evaluation of the Scenarios -- 5.2. Financial Evaluation of the Scenarios -- 5.2.1. General Financial Consideration -- 5.2.2. Financial Evaluation of the Scenarios -- 6. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 EVALUATION OF THE ALGORITHMS USED IN CALPUFF MODEL FOR VISIBILITY IMPACT DUE TO INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION. , 1.1. Air Quality Trends in National Parks -- 1.2. Purpose -- 2. METHODOLOGY -- 2.1. Input Data Compilation -- 2.2. Model Selection -- 2.2.1. CALMET Preprocessor -- 2.2.2. CALPUFF Model -- 2.2.3. CALPOST Postprocessor -- Old (Original ) IMPROVE Algorithm -- New IMPROVE Algorithm -- Sea Salt Term -- Organic Mass to Carbon Ratio -- Rayleigh Scattering Factor -- Split Component Extinction Efficiency Model -- NO2 Light Absorption Term -- 2.3. Evaluation of Results -- 2.3.1. Analysis of the Monitoring -- 2.3.2. Analysis of Model Results -- 2.3.3. Evaluation of Predicted Visibility Impact -- 2.3.4. 98th Percentile Method of Evaluation -- 3. INPUT DATABASE DEVELOPMENT -- 3.1.1. Facility Location and Relevant Class I Areas -- 3.2. The CALPUFF/CALMET Model Input Parameters -- 3.2.1. Modeling Domain -- 3.2.2. Receptor Network and Receptor Data -- 3.2.3. Emission Input Data -- 3.2.4. Pollutants Input Data -- 3.2.5. Meteorological Input Parameters -- 3.3. CALPOST Postprocessing Input Parameters -- 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 4.1. Visibility Impact -- 4.2. Comparison of Visibility Results between Two Algorithms -- 5.3. Comparison of Visibility Values between Observed and Predicted Visibility Results -- 6. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 THE STATE OF AIR POLLUTION IN NORTH KOREA IN COMPARISON WITH SOUTH KOREA -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL POLICY OF NORTH KOREA -- 3. THE STATE OF AIR POLLUTION IN NORTH KOREA -- 1) The State of Local Air Pollution in North Korea -- The State of Air Pollution of a Rural Area in North Korea: Geumho -- The State of Air Pollution of an Urban Area in North Korea: Pyongyang -- The State of Air Pollution of an Industrial Area in North Korea: Wonsan -- 2) Comparison of Ambient and Personal Exposure Levels of Air Pollution between Seoul and Pyongyang -- Ambient Air Qualities -- NO2 -- SO2. , Personal Exposure -- 3) The Estimation of the Air Pollutants Emissions in North Korea -- Air Pollutants Emissions in North Korea -- Air Pollutants Emissions in Pyongyang -- 4. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Articles in Journals -- Books -- Chapter 6 A DESCRIPTION OF ACCESS TO WATER IN YUCATÁN, MÉXICO -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. WATER SITUATION IN YUCATAN -- 3. ACCESS TO WATER IN YUCATAN -- 3.1. Types of Access to Water -- 3.2. Water Quality -- 3.3. Time Required for Access -- 4. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7 HOW CAN ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES? -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES -- ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING -- Environmental Management Accounting and Cost Assessments -- Environmental Financial Accounting -- Environmental Reporting -- Environmental Auditing -- Environmental Economics or Natural Resource Accounting -- THE POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES -- Identification of Issues -- Development of Environmental Policies -- Implementation of Environmental Policies -- Monitoring the Effects of Environmental Policies -- Reporting on the Effects of Environmental Policies -- Review of Environmental Policies -- HOW CAN THE CONTRIBUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING TO ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES BE IMPROVED? -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8 EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON LAKE MIXING PATTERNS AND WATER QUALITY -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. FACTS ABOUT LAKE TAHOE -- 3. METHODS -- 3.1. Lake Clarity model -- 3.2. Future 40-Year Scenario -- 3.3. Future Trends of Climatic Variables -- 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS -- 4.1. Future Trend of Climatic Variables -- 4.2. Lake Warming and Stability Change -- 4.3. Warming Trend in Other Lakes. , 4.4. Possible Effects on Lake due to Warming Trend -- CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9 THE SUSTAINABLE TERRITORIAL ENVIRONMENTAL/ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT APPROACH TO MANAGE POLICY IMPACTS AND EFFECTS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- 4.1. The STeM Approach structure -- 4.2. The Conceptual Base of the Model -- 4.3. Easier Hypothesis of the STeM Approach -- 4.3.1. How to Calculate the Development Limit in STeMA -- 2. METHODOLOGY FOR THE PLANNING AND PROJECT CHOICE -- 3. OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES -- 4. CONCLUSION AND OPEN QUESTIONS: SOME REMARKS ON IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN THE GLOBAL CONTEXT -- REFERENCES -- ESPON 2006 PROGRAMME SOURCES -- Chapter 10 REVIEW OF CORNERSTONE PARAMETERS INFLUENCING FUTURE ENERGY POLICY -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. VANISHING CHEAP RESOURCES -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. A Changing World Energy Resource Base -- 1.3. Effects of Global Economies -- 1.4. Conclusion -- 2. POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF HYDROGEN GAS ON THE ENVIRONMENT -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Hydrogen in our Future -- 2.3. Impact of Hydrogen on the Ecosystem -- 2.4. "New" Renewables -- 2.5. Conclusion -- 3. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF GLOBAL WARMING AS A SCIENTIFIC FACT -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Human Impact on Global Warming -- 3.3. Conclusion -- 4. CO2 EMISSIONS CALCULATIONS DUE TO ELECTRICITY GENERATION BASED ON VARIOUS SOURCES -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Electricity Generation -- 4.3. Conclusion -- 5. SUMMARY AND OVERALL CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- INDEX -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Introduction - Perspectives of Water Resources Management -- Abstract -- 1.1. Water and the Society -- 1.2. Availability of Water on the Earth -- 1.3. Hydrologic Cycle and Human Intervention -- 1.4. Global Climate Change and the Water Resource -- 1.5. Future Challenges of Water Resources Management -- Relevant Journals -- References -- Assessment of Water Resources -- Abstract -- 2.1. Estimation of Surface Water Resource -- 2.2. Investigation of Groundwater -- 2.2.1. Planning an Investigation -- 2.2.2. Steps Involved in a Site Investigation -- Field Reconnaissance -- Literature Search -- Determination of Data Requirement and Selection of Method -- 2.2.3. Approaches of Investigation -- 2.3. MechanicalApproach -- Drilling of Exploratory Bore Wells -- Avoiding Cross Contamination during Drilling -- Limitations -- Sampling Interval and Representation -- 2.4. Geo-PhysicalApproach -- Principle of Geophysical Approach -- 2.5. ElectricalMethod -- Principle of the Method -- 2.6. Electromagnetic Method -- Principle of the Method -- 2.7. Estimation of Groundwater Potential -- 2.7.1. Quantitative Estimation of Groundwater -- 2.7.2. Groundwater Availability for Pumping in Terms of Potential Recharge -- 2.7.3. Groundwater Availability in Terms of Safe Yield -- Determination of Specific Yield -- 2.7.4. Water Budget Approach -- Expression of Water Budget -- I-Input -- Estimation of Potential Recharge -- O-Output -- Surface Runoff -- Groundwater Discharge -- Evapotranspiration -- S - Storage -- Estimation of Absolute Change (Amount) -- 2.8. Groundwater Development Potential and Issues in Saline/Coastal Areas -- 2.9. Environmental Flow Assessment -- Building Block Method (BBM) -- Drift Method -- Relevant Journals -- Exercises -- Estimation of Groundwater Recharge -- Abstract -- 3.1. Concept, Purpose and Significance of Recharge Estimation. , Concept -- Purpose -- Significance -- 3.2. Relevant Terminologies -- Infiltration -- Percolation -- Seepage -- Actual Recharge -- Potential Recharge -- Direct/Diffuse Recharge -- Indirect Recharge -- Localized/Focused Recharge -- Artificial Recharge -- Natural Recharge -- Induced Recharge -- Base-Flow -- Darcy's Equation or Law -- Deep Drainage -- Drainage Basin -- Groundwater Basin -- Hydrologic Budget or Water Budget -- Piston Flow or Plug Flow -- Preferential Recharge -- Recharge Area -- Rejected Recharge -- Residence Time -- Residual -- 3.3. Sources and Mechanism of Recharge -- 3.4. Factors Affecting Recharge -- Soil Factor -- Topography -- Land-Surface and Vegetation -- Sub-Surface Geology -- Climate -- Rainfall Amount and Its Distribution -- Evaporative Demand of the Atmosphere -- Existence of Water Bodies or Streams -- Storage Capacity of the Aquifer -- Depth to Aquifer -- 3.5. GW Recharge-Discharge/Withdrawal Relationship and Sustainability Issues -- 3.6. Functional Form of Recharge and Limiting Conditions -- 3.6.1. Functional Form -- 3.6.2. Limiting Conditions -- 3.7. Recharge Estimation - Available Approaches and Methods -- Initiating Recharge Study/Preliminary Recharge Estimate -- Recharge Estimation Techniques -- 3.7.1. Water Budget (or Water Balance) Method -- Principle of the Method -- Boundaries Require -- Mathematical Formulation of Water Budget Equation -- Merits of Water Budget Method -- Demerits of Water Budget Method -- 3.7.2. Water-Table Fluctuation Method -- Principle of the Method -- Appropriateness/Suitability of the Method -- Assumptions -- Mathematical Formulation -- Limitations -- Merits of the Method -- Demerits of the Method -- 3.7.3. Lysimeter Method -- Measurement Procedure -- ET Measurement -- Limitations -- Merits of Lysimeter Method -- Demerits/Shortcomings -- 3.7.4. Seepage Meter Method -- Principle of the Method. , Detail Method -- Merits -- Demerits -- 3.7.5. Field Plot Water Balance -- Principle -- Detail Method -- Merits of the Method -- Demerits -- 3.7.6. Soil-Water Balance Approach -- Merits -- Demerits -- 3.7.7. Zero-Flux Plane -- Principle -- Methods -- In Absence of a Zero Flux Plane -- Limitations -- Merits -- Demerits -- 3.7.8. Darcy's Law Approach -- 3.7.8.1. Darcy's Law Method for Unsaturated Zone -- Principle -- Method -- Suitability/Limitations -- Merits -- Demerits -- 3.7.8.2. Darcy's Law Method for Saturated Zone -- Merits -- Demerits/Shortcomings -- 3.7.9. Base-Flow Discharge -- Principle of the Method -- Detail Method -- Merits -- Demerits -- 3.7.10. Numerical Method -- 3.7.10.1. Numerical Method for Watershed modeling -- Merits -- Demerits -- 3.7.10.2. Numerical Modeling for Unsaturated-Zone Studies -- Merits -- Demerits -- 3.7.10.3. Numerical Model for Saturated-Unsaturated Flow -- Merits -- Demerits -- 3.7.11. Tracer Techniques -- Characteristics of an Ideal Tracer -- 3.7.11.1. Chemical Tracer -- Perspectives and Procedure -- Merits -- Demerits -- 3.7.11.2. Isotopic Tracer -- Stable Isotope -- Radioactive Isotope -- Detail Working Method -- Merits -- Demerits -- 3.7.11.3. Environmental Tracers -- Chloride Mass Balance (CMB) Approach -- Perspectives and Methods -- Merits -- Demerits -- 3.7.11.4. Historical Tracer -- Perspectives and Procedure -- Merits -- Demerits -- 3.7.11.5. Groundwater Dating -- Perspectives and Methods -- Age from 3H/3He Data -- Use of 14C for Groundwater Age -- Recharge Rate from GW Age -- Characteristics and Considerations -- Merits -- Demerits -- 3.7.11.6. Limitations/Restrictions of Using Tracer -- 3.7.11.7. Interpretation of Tracer Results -- 3.7.11.8. Merits of Tracer Techniques over Other Methods, and Concerns -- Merits -- Concerns -- 3.7.12. Empirical Method -- Anderson et al. (1992) Formula -- Chaturvedi Formula. , Kumar and Seethapathi Formula -- Merits of Empirical Methods -- Demerits -- Future Refinement -- 3.7.13. Application of Multiple Techniques -- 3.8. Recharge Estimation Related to Aquifer Vulnerability to Contamination -- 3.9. Choosing an Appropriate Method for Recharge Estimation -- 3.9.1. Factors to be Considered in Selecting a Recharge Estimation Method -- Aim or Objective of Recharge Estimation -- Required Accuracy of Recharge Estimate -- Geomorphology of the Target Area -- Climate -- Geology -- Source and Mechanism of Recharge -- Temporal and Spatial Scale Required -- Availability of Time and Money -- Limitations/Suitability of the Methods themselves -- 3.9.2. Optimization among Different Factors and Estimating Recharge -- 3.10. Developing a Conceptual Model of Recharge/Conceptualizing a Recharge Model -- 3.11. Challenges in Predictive Relations and Recharge Generalization -- 3.12. Geological Mapping of the Recharge Areas -- General Guidelines for Mapping Recharge Area -- 3.13. Methods for Estimating/Measuring Components of Water Budget Equation -- 3.13.1. Evapotranspiration -- Direct Measurement of ET by Lysimeter -- Indirect Method -- From Field Plot -- From Crop Coefficient -- 3.13.2. Surface Runoff -- From Crop Fields -- SCS Runoff Method -- Peak Runoff from Single Storm Event -- 3.14. Worked Out Problems -- Example 3.1 -- Solution -- Example 3.2 -- Solution -- Example 3.3 -- Solution -- Example 3.4 -- Solution -- Example 3.5 -- Solution -- Example 3.6 -- Solution -- Example 3.7 -- Solution -- Relevant Journals -- Questions/Exercise -- References -- Water-Well Construction and Well Hydraulics -- Abstract -- 4.1. Construction of Water-Well -- 4.1.1. Importance of Proper Design and Construction of Well -- 4.1.2. Types of Well -- Bored Wells -- Drilled Wells -- 4.1.3. Well Construction -- 4.1.3.1. Principal Activities in Well Construction. , Site Selection -- Drilling -- 4.1.3.2. Drilling Methods -- 4.1.3.3. Definition of Relevant Terminologies -- 4.2. Well Design -- 4.2.1. Design Elements and Design Considerations -- Well Depth -- Casing Size and Material Type -- Well Screen -- Slot Size Openings -- Screen Length, Pattern, Total Open Area, and Placement -- Screen Material -- Filter Material -- Casing Materials -- 4.2.2. Design Criteria and Procedure -- Diameter of Slot/SCREEN opening -- Screen Open Area -- Length of Screen -- Position of Screen -- Screen Material -- Hydraulic Criteria/Velocity of Water -- Diameter of Screen Pipe, Vertical Velocity -- Gravel Pack/Filter Material -- 4.3. Well Completion and Development -- 4.3.1. Well Completion -- Well Casing and Sealing -- The Annular Seal -- Annulus Seal -- Well Cap -- Filter Material -- 4.3.2. Well Development -- 4.3.3. Disinfection of Well -- 4.3.4. Economic Considerations -- 4.4. Well Hydraulics -- 4.4.1. Relevant Terminologies -- Specific Capacity -- Well Capacity or Yield -- Well Efficiency -- 4.4.2. Well Yield in Aquifer -- 4.4.2.1. Flow of Water to Well in Unconfined Aquifer -- Theim Equation -- 4.4.2.2. Flow of Water to Well in Confined AQUIFER -- Theis Equation -- Derivation of the Equation -- 4.5. Pumping Test/Well Yield Test and Determination of Aquifer Parameters -- 4.5.1. Relevant Terminologies -- Residual Drawdown -- Specific Capacity -- Well Efficiency -- 4.5.2. Perspectives of Pumping Test -- 4.5.3. General Assumptions in Pumping Test -- 4.5.4. Constant Rate Test -- Observation Wells -- 4.5.5. Step Wise Test -- 4.5.6. Analysis of Pump Test Data -- Theis Method -- Cooper-Jacob Method -- Time-Drawdown Approach -- Distance-Drawdown Approach -- Theis Recovery Approach -- Limitations -- Relevant Journals -- Questions/Exercises -- References -- Management of Water Resources -- Abstract. , 5.1. Concept of Water Resources Management.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Building the City of Kings: Environmental Consciousness and the Construction of Colonial Lima, Peru, 1535-1625 -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Historiography -- Founding the City of Kings -- Urban Growth -- Building Materials -- Environmental Influences on Architecture and Design -- Conclusion -- References -- Articles in Journals -- Conference Proceedings -- Dissertations -- Books -- Edited Books -- Articles in Edited Books -- Electronic Media -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 2 -- Makers of Waterscapes: Water Abundance, Discourses and the Market in the Ica and Pampas Basins, Peru -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Water Scarcity -- Water Scarcity, Development and Discourses -- Huancavelica and the Pampas Basin -- Water Conflict between Ica and Huancavelica and the State Intervention -- Making up Water Scarcity in Ica -- Ica's Discourse on Water Abundance in the Upper Basin -- Peasant Communities, Alpacas and the Market -- Ecosystem Management and Water Use in the Upstream Basin -- Discussion -- Annex N 1. -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 3 -- The Environmental Aspects of Bioenergy Production in Peru -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. A Global Perspective -- 1.2. Bioenergy Context in Peru -- 2. Methodology -- 2.1. Raw Materials -- 2.2. Processes Description -- 2.2.1. Biodiesel Production -- 2.2.2. Bioethanol Production -- 2.3. Simulation Approach -- 2.4. Environmental Assessment -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 3.1. Biodiesel Production -- 3.2. Bioethanol Production -- 3.3. Environmental Analysis -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Paraguay's Dramatic Land-Use Change in the 20th Century: Concerning Massive Deforestation and Crawling Reforestation -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. History of Deforestation -- 2.1. Eastern Paraguay -- 2.2. Western Paraguay. , 3. National Reserves -- 4. Reasons for Tree Planting -- 5. Reforestation Activities in a Historical Overview -- 5.1. National Efforts (1950s/80s) -- 5.2. Social Plantations (1980-Present) -- 5.3. Corporate Efforts (After 1995) -- 5.4. Out-Grower Schemes (After 2000) -- 5.5. Carbon Forestry (After 2007) -- 6. Main Constraints for Forest Plantations -- 6.1. Legal Insecurity -- 6.2. Centralization -- 6.3. Corruption -- 6.4. Political Will -- 6.5. Problems with Long-Term Loans -- 6.6. Weakness of Institutions -- 6.7. Investigation and Information Deficit -- 6.8. Producers' Attitude -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 5 -- Citizen Participation in the Local Governments of Paraguay through Social Networking Sites -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Literature Review, Hypotheses and Research Questions -- Political Ideology -- Citizens' Access to Internet -- Economic Capacity of the Municipality -- Social Networking Activity and Interactivity -- Education Level -- Method -- Phase 1: Sample Selection and Data Collection -- Phase 2: Descriptive Analysis of Citizens' Engagement via Facebook -- Phase 3: Empirical Analysis of Engagement via Facebook -- Results -- Level of Citizens' Engagement Via Local Governments' Facebook Pages in Paraguay -- Factors Influencing Citizens' Engagement Via Local Governments' Facebook Pages -- Conclusion and Discussion -- References -- Biographical Sketches -- Chapter 6 -- Paraguay: Where Corruption and Poverty Hamper Development -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Poverty Permeates Through Paraguayan Families -- Caazapá Struggles with a Chronic Malnutrition Obstacle -- Empty Rhetoric on the War Against Poverty -- Tape Porã Concession: Example of a Broken System -- Grim Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 -- Assessing Paraguay's Possible Futures -- Abstract -- Introduction. , Is Something Different Now? -- Assessing Possible Futures from Today's Perspective -- What Could be the Next Chapter of Paraguay's History? -- Factors Shaping a New Historical Period -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Index -- Blank Page.