Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I : Global Problems and Mountain Regions -- Chapter 1: Scientific Research Basis for Sustainable Development of the Mountain Regions: Main Concepts and Basic Theories -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Research Base for Sustainable Development of Mountain Regions -- 1.3 "Pressure, State, Response" (PSR) and DPSIR Models Require Trans-Disciplinarity -- 1.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Solar Activity, Climate Change, and Natural Disasters in Mountain Regions -- 2.1 Background -- 2.2 Heliocentric Hypothesis on Forest Fires -- 2.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Mass Movement Processes Under Changing Climatic and Socioeconomic Conditions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Matrix of Mass Movement Processes and Triggering Parameters -- 3.2.1 Basics -- 3.2.2 The Event of 2005 (Communities of Gasen and Haslau, Austria) -- 3.3 Climate Change: Facts and Assumptions -- 3.4 Socioeconomic Development and Rising Disadvantages -- 3.5 Working with Scenarios: An Approach -- 3.6 Conclusions -- References -- Part II : Nature Resources and Land Use in Mountain Regions -- Chapter 4: Mountains and Mountain Regions in Bulgaria -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Arguments -- 4.3 Criteria -- 4.4 Results -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: The Nature Potential of Mountains in Bulgaria and Its Sustainable Use -- 5.1 Former Studies on the Natural Potential of the Mountains in Bulgaria -- 5.2 Assessment of Nature Potential by Components for Various Economic Purposes -- 5.2.1 Assessment of Relief -- 5.2.2 Climate Assessment -- 5.2.3 Assessment of Water -- 5.2.4 Assessment of the Soils, Vegetation, and Animal World -- 5.2.5 Complex Assessment of Mountain Landscapes -- 5.3 Assessment of the Possibilities for Sustainable Utilization of the Natural Potential of Mountains -- 5.4 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 6: Morphometry and Land Use on High Mountains in the Republic of Macedonia -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Methodology -- 6.3 Basic Morphometric Characteristics -- 6.4 Basic Land Use Characteristics -- 6.4.1 Hypsometry and Land Use -- 6.4.2 Slopes and Land Use -- 6.4.3 Aspects and Land Use -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Usage of the Mountain Areas in the Republic of Macedonia -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Methodology of Work and Data Sources -- 7.3 Population as a Precondition for Area Usage -- 7.4 Size of Villages According to Population Number -- 7.5 Usage of the Areas of Mountain Villages -- 7.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Physical Geographic Characteristics and Sustainable Development of the Mountain Area in Montenegro -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Borders and Division of the Mountain Terrain -- 8.3 Geologic Background -- 8.4 Climate Conditions -- 8.5 Hydrologic Characteristics -- 8.6 Geomorphological Characteristics -- 8.7 Geoheritage and Environmental Protection -- 8.8 Potentials and Limitations for the Application of the Concept of Sustainable Development -- 8.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Climate Variability, Soil, and Forest Ecosystem Diversity of the Dinaric Mountains -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Climate Characteristics and Observed Climate Change in Dinarides -- 9.3 Main Soil-Forming Factors -- 9.4 Characteristic Soil Types -- 9.5 Forest Vegetation of Dinarides -- 9.6 Climate Modeling and Future Climate Changes in Croatia -- 9.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Assessment of Greek Forests Protection and Management -- 10.1 Introduction: Forest Ecosystems in Greece -- 10.1.1 The General Context -- 10.1.2 Greek Diversity -- 10.2 Forests in Mountain Regions of Greece -- 10.2.1 Morphology and Diversity -- 10.2.2 Species and Formations of Forests in Mountainous Regions of Greece. , 10.3 Direct and Indirect Benefits of Forests -- 10.3.1 Direct Benefits -- 10.3.2 Indirect Benefits -- 10.4 Sustainable Forest Management -- 10.4.1 A Definition -- 10.4.2 The Global View -- 10.4.3 The European View -- 10.4.4 Greek Management -- 10.4.5 Regional Issues -- 10.4.6 The Future Approach -- 10.5 Threats and Risks of the Greek Forests -- 10.6 Restoration of Greek Forest Ecosystems -- References -- Chapter 11: Mapping Forest Fragmentation Based on Morphological Image Analysis of Mountain Regions in Bulgaria and Slovakia -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methods -- 11.2.1 Study Areas -- 11.2.2 Data -- 11.2.3 Morphological Image Analysis -- 11.3 Results and Discussion -- 11.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: Evaluation of the Avalanche Danger in Northwest Rila Mountain -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Avalanche and Avalanche Danger -- 12.3 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13: Management of Snow Avalanche Risk in the Ski Areas of the Southern Carpathians-Romanian Carpathians -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 General Facts of the Studied Area -- 13.3 Terrain Factors and Climatic Variables Analysis as Favorable for Ski Activities -- 13.3.1 Terrain Factors -- 13.3.2 Climatic Variables -- 13.4 Management of Snow Avalanche Risk -- 13.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14: Landscape Structure and Ecosystem Services of Etropole Municipality -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Study Area -- 14.3 Materials and Methods -- 14.4 Results -- 14.5 Conclusion -- References -- Part III : Social, Economic and Regional Problems of Mountain Regions -- Chapter 15: Demographic Potential and Problems of the Settlements Network in the Mountains of Bulgaria -- References -- Chapter 16: Demographic Limits to Sustainable Development of Mountain Regions in Serbia -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 The Analysis -- 16.3 The Future -- References. , Chapter 17: Changes in the Ethnic and Demographic Profile of the Population in Eastern Stara Planina Region -- 17.1 General Notes -- 17.2 The Turkish Ethnic Group -- 17.3 The Bulgarian and the Roma Ethnic Groups -- 17.4 Classification and Grouping -- References -- Chapter 18: Small Urban Centers in the Alps and Their Development Issues -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Basic Features of Small Urban Centers in the Alps -- 18.2.1 Population Growth -- 18.2.2 Aging of the Population -- 18.2.3 Working Population -- 18.2.4 Jobs -- 18.2.5 Tourism -- 18.2.6 Transport Accessibility and Mobility -- 18.3 Survey on Contemporary Development Issues -- 18.4 Discussion -- 18.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 19: Impact of Macroeconomic Changes and Property Rights on Forest Degradation, Land Use, and Environmental Situation in Albania -- 19.1 Historical Land Tenure in Albania -- 19.1.1 Privatization of Agricultural Land -- 19.2 Main Land Tenure Issues -- 19.2.1 Land Fragmentation -- 19.3 Effects of Land Reforms on Land Use in Albania After 1991 -- 19.3.1 Land Cover -- 19.3.2 Forest Degradation -- 19.3.3 Pasture Degradation -- 19.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 20: Sustainable Development in the Eastern Black Sea Mountains: Present State and Perspectives -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 The Eastern Black Sea Region -- 20.2.1 Settlement System -- 20.2.2 The Economy -- 20.3 The Eastern Black Sea Regional Development Plan (DOKAP) and Sustainable Mountain Development -- 20.3.1 Legislative Basis -- 20.3.2 Design -- 20.3.3 Objectives, Rationale, and General Description -- 20.3.4 Financing -- 20.3.5 Administration of the Plan -- 20.4 The Project Achievements -- 20.4.1 Accessibility and Mountain Development -- 20.4.2 Tourism and Mountain Development -- 20.4.3 The Kaçkar Mountains National Park: A Model for Sustainable Mountain Development -- 20.5 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 21: Regional Differences and Regional Planning of Economic Activities in Bosnia and Herzegovina -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Methodology of Research -- 21.3 Socioeconomic Transformation and Regional Development of Bosnia and Herzegovina Since the Mid-­Twentieth Century -- 21.4 Modern Regional Development of Bosnia and Herzgovina -- 21.5 Conclusion -- References -- Journal Article -- Book -- Part IV : Nature Protection, Conservation and Monitoring -- Chapter 22: Applying Integrated Nature Conservation Management: Using Visitor Management and Monitoring to Handle Conflicts Between Winter Recreation and Grouse Species in Berchtesgaden National Park -- 22.1 Introduction and Background -- 22.2 Study Area and Study Objects -- 22.2.1 Berchtesgaden National Park -- 22.2.2 Winter Recreation: Ski-Touring and Snowshoeing -- 22.2.3 Wildlife: Grouse Species -- 22.3 Temporal and Spatial Use Characteristics of Ski-­Touring and Snowshoeing -- 22.3.1 Visitor Numbers and Temporal Use Characteristics -- 22.3.2 Spatial Use -- 22.4 Conflicts and Integrated Management Measures -- 22.4.1 Winter Season -- 22.4.2 Spring Season -- 22.5 Outlook -- References -- Chapter 23: Environmental Changes in the Maramureş Mountains Natural Park -- 23.1 Introduction -- 23.2 Environmental Changes in  Maramureş Mountains Natural Park -- Settlement Expansion -- Overgrazing -- Deforestation -- Mining Activities -- Touristic Activities -- 23.3 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 24: BEO Moussala: Complex for Environmental Studies -- 24.1 Introduction -- 24.1.1 Climate Notes -- 24.1.2 The Station Chronology -- 24.2 Environmental Measurements at BEO Moussala -- 24.2.1 Vaisala Automatic Weather Station (AWS) -- 24.2.2 POPs Passive Air Sampling -- 24.2.3 Atmospheric Gas Analysis System -- 24.2.4 BEO Moussala Aerosol Measurement and Devices -- 24.2.4.1 Scanning Mobility Particles Sizer. , 24.2.4.2 Nephelometer TSI 3563.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Contributors -- An Overview of Conservation Paleobiology -- 1 Defining and Establishing Conservation Paleobiologyas a Discipline -- 2 Data in Conservation Paleobiology -- 3 Looking Forward -- References -- Should Conservation Paleobiologists Save the World on Their Own Time? -- 1 Always Academicize? -- 2 To Advocate, or Not to Advocate -- 3 Speaking Honestly to Power -- 4 From Pure Scientist to Honest Broker -- 5 Keeping It Real -- 6 Overcoming the Fear Factor -- 7 Later Is Too Late -- References -- Conceptions of Long-Term Data Among Marine Conservation Biologists and What Conservation Paleobiologists Need to Know -- 1 What is "Long Term"? -- 2 Survey Implementation -- 3 Survey Responses and What They Mean for Conservation Paleobiologists -- Conservation Goals -- Long-Term Data -- Environmental Stressors -- Baselines -- Challenges -- 4 Takeaways for Conservation Paleobiologists -- 5 Moving Forward -- Appendix 1: Survey Questions -- Appendix 2: Survey Population Selection -- Appendix 3: Categorization of Responses -- References -- Effectively Connecting Conservation Paleobiological Research to Environmental Management: Examples from Greater Everglades' Restoration of Southwest Florida -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Defining the Problem -- 3 Ensuring Success as a Conservation Paleobiologist -- Developing Partnerships and Collaborative Teams -- Becoming or Engaging a Liaison -- Participate in "Management Collaboratives" -- Compose Technical Reports in Addition to Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles -- Present Your Findings to Stake Holder Groups -- Attend and Present at Environmental Science and Restoration Conferences -- Train our Students -- Reward Faculty for Conducting Community-Engaged Scholarship -- Promote and Reward Community Service for Work with Environmental Agencies and NGOs. , 4 Case Studies from Greater Everglades' Restoration -- Case Study 1: Water Management of the Caloosahatchee River -- Case Study 2: Picayune Strand Restoration Project -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Using the Fossil Record to Establish a Baseline and Recommendations for Oyster Mitigation in the Mid-Atlantic U.S. -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- Pleistocene Localities -- Field and Museum Sampling -- Oyster Size and Abundance Data -- Reconstructing Paleotemperature and Salinity -- Modern and Colonial Data -- 3 Results -- Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of Holland Point -- Paleotemperature -- Paleosalinity -- Shell Height -- Growth Rate -- 4 Discussion -- Comparing Pleistocene to Modern Oysters -- Environmental Controls on Oyster Size -- Human Factors Influencing Oyster Size -- Implications for Restoration -- A Role for Conservation Paleobiology -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Coral Reefs in Crisis: The Reliability of Deep-Time Food Web Reconstructions as Analogs for the Present -- 1 Introduction -- Preserving the Past -- Endangered Coral Reefs -- 2 Fossilizing a Coral Reef -- Dietary Breadth -- Trophic Chains and Levels -- Modularity -- 3 Guild Structure and Diversity -- Identifying Guilds in a Food Web -- 4 Reconstructing the Community -- Diversity and Evenness -- Simulated Food Webs -- 5 Summary -- Appendix 1 -- Hypergeometric Variance -- Appendix 2 -- References -- Exploring the Species -Area Relationship Within a Paleontological Context, and the Implications for Modern Conservation Biology -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geological Setting -- 3 Methods -- 4 Results -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Marine Refugia Past, Present, and Future: Lessons from Ancient Geologic Crises for Modern Marine Ecosystem Conservation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Defining Refugium. , A Species Must Have a Range Contraction, Range Shift, or Migration in Order to Escape the Onset of Global Environmental Degradation That Would Otherwise Cause Extinction of That Species -- Range Shifts -- Habitat Shifts -- Isolated Geographic Refugia -- Life History Refugia -- Cryptic Refugia -- Harvest Refugia -- The Environmental Conditions of a Refugium Are Sufficiently Habitable Such That the Species' Population Remains Viable During Its Time in the Refugium -- A Species' Population Is Smaller in the Refugium Than Its Pre-environmental Perturbation Size -- The Species Remains in the Refugium for Many Generations -- After the Environmental Crisis Ends, the Species Recovers by Inhabiting Newly Re-opened Habitats, Either Through Population Expansion or Through Adaptive Radiation -- Otherwise, the Refugium Became a Trap -- 3 Identifying Ancient Refugia -- Fossil Data -- Phylogeographic Studies -- Species Distribution Models -- 4 Lessons from the Past for Identifying Future Refugia -- As the Marine Environment Continues to Change, Refugia May Need to Shift -- Refugial Size and Connectivity Can Enhance Survivorship, But Can Also Have Evolutionary Consequences -- Conditions Inside Refugia May Not Necessarily Remain Pristine, But Will Need to Be of Sufficiently Lower Magnitude of Total Stress to Maintain Viable Populations -- Beware the Refugial Trap -- 5 Future Directions for Investigating Ancient Refugia -- 6 Conclusions -- Appendix -- References -- Training Tomorrow's Conservation Paleobiologists -- 1 Business As Usual Is Not Enough -- 2 A Call to Action -- 3 Bridging the Gap -- Recommendation 1 -- Recommendation 2 -- Recommendation 3 -- Recommendation 4 -- Recommendation 5 -- Recommendation 6 -- 4 Okay, But… -- 5 In the Meantime… -- 6 A Bright Future -- References -- A Conceptual Map of Conservation Paleobiology: Visualizinga Discipline. , 1 Determining the Current State and Structure of Conservation Paleobiology -- 2 Mapping a Discipline -- Bibliographic Co-Authorship Visualizations -- Text Co-Occurrence Visualizations -- Bibliographic Co-Citation Visualizations -- Bibliographic Coupling Visualizations -- 3 Bibliometric Networks -- Bibliographic Co-Authorship Networks -- Text Co-Occurrence Networks -- Bibliographic Co-Citation Networks -- Bibliometric Coupling Networks -- 4 The Intellectual Landscape -- 5 Emerging Frontiers -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Part I: Introduction -- Chapter 1: Ecological Informatics: An Introduction -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Data Management -- 1.3 Analysis and Synthesis -- 1.4 Communicating and Informing Decisions -- 1.5 Case Studies -- References -- Part II: Managing Ecological Data -- Chapter 2: Project Data Management Planning -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Components of a Data Management Plan -- 2.2.1 Context -- 2.2.2 Data Collection and Acquisition -- 2.2.3 Data Organization -- 2.2.4 Quality Assurance/Quality Control -- 2.2.5 Documentation -- 2.2.6 Storage and Preservation -- 2.2.7 Data Integration, Analysis, Modeling and Visualization -- 2.2.8 Data Policies -- Box 2.1 Recommended Data Citation Guidelines from Dryad Digital Repository (2016) -- 2.2.9 Communication and Dissemination of Research Outputs -- 2.2.10 Roles and Responsibilities -- 2.2.11 Budget -- 2.3 Developing and Using a Data Management Plan -- 2.3.1 Best Practices for Creating the Plan -- 2.3.2 Using the Plan -- 2.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Scientific Databases for Environmental Research -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Challenges for Scientific Databases -- 3.3 Examples of Scientific Databases -- 3.3.1 A Useful Analogy -- 3.3.2 Examples of Databases -- 3.4 Evolving a Database -- 3.4.1 A Strategy for Evolving a Database -- 3.4.2 Choosing Software -- 3.4.3 Database Management System (DBMS) Types -- 3.4.4 Data Models and Normalization -- 3.4.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Using a DBMS -- 3.5 Interlinking Information Resources -- 3.5.1 A Database Related to the Human Genome Project -- 3.5.2 Environmental Databases for Sharing Data -- 3.5.3 Tools for Interlinking Information -- 3.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Quality Assurance -- 4.3 Quality Control -- 4.3.1 Data Filters. , 4.3.2 Graphical QC -- 4.3.3 Statistical QC -- 4.3.4 Treatment of Errors and Outliers -- 4.4 Implementing QA/QC -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Creating and Managing Metadata -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Metadata Descriptors -- 5.3 Metadata Standards -- 5.3.1 Dublin Core Metadata Initiative -- 5.3.2 Darwin Core -- 5.3.3 Ecological Metadata Language -- 5.3.4 GBIF Metadata Profile -- 5.3.5 FGDC CSDGM -- 5.3.6 ISO 19115 -- 5.4 Metadata Management -- 5.4.1 Metadata Tools -- 5.4.2 Best Practices for Creating and Managing Metadata -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Preserve: Protecting Data for Long-Term Use -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Preservation and Its Benefits -- 6.2 Practices for Preserving Ecological Data -- 6.2.1 Define the Contents of Your Data Files -- 6.2.2 Define the Parameters -- 6.2.3 Use Consistent Data Organization -- 6.2.4 Use Stable File Formats -- 6.2.5 Specify Spatial Information -- 6.2.6 Assign Descriptive File Names -- 6.2.7 Document Processing Information -- 6.2.8 Perform Quality Assurance -- 6.2.9 Provide Documentation -- 6.2.10 Protect Your Data -- 6.3 Prepare Your Data for Archival -- 6.4 What the Archive Does -- 6.4.1 Quality Assurance -- 6.4.2 Documentation and Metadata -- 6.4.3 Release of a Data Set -- 6.5 Data Users -- 6.6 Conclusions -- Appendix: Example R-Script for Processing Data -- References -- Chapter 7: Data Discovery -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Discovering Data Created by Others -- 7.2.1 Internet Search Engines -- 7.2.2 Data Repositories -- 7.2.3 Data Directories -- 7.2.4 Data Aggregators -- 7.3 Best Practices for Promoting Data Discovery and Reuse -- 7.3.1 Data Products -- Box 7.1 DataCite Recommendations for Data Citation -- Box 7.2 Dryad Digital Repository Data Citation Recommendations -- 7.3.2 Scientific Code -- References -- Chapter 8: Data Integration: Principles and Practice. , 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Essential Characteristics of All Data -- 8.3 Data as Records About Reality -- 8.4 Record-Keeping and Prose Documents as Data Integration Challenges -- 8.5 Formal Data Structures Facilitate Integration -- 8.5.1 Sets and Sequences -- 8.5.2 Matrices -- 8.5.3 Cross-classifications -- 8.5.4 Tables -- 8.5.5 Tables or Spreadsheets? -- 8.5.6 Tables or Cross-classifications? -- 8.5.7 Modeling True Tables -- 8.5.8 Need for Global Keys -- 8.6 Merging or JOINing Tables -- 8.6.1 APPENDING or Unioning -- 8.6.2 JOINs -- 8.7 The Datum Is the Atom -- 8.8 Conclusion -- References -- Part III: Analysis, Synthesis and Forecasting of Ecological Data -- Chapter 9: Inferential Modelling of Population Dynamics -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Inferential Modelling of Ecological Data by the Hybrid Evolutionary Algorithm -- 9.2.1 Population Dynamics of the Cyanobacterium Microcystis in Lake Müggelsee (Germany) -- 9.2.2 Meta-Analysis of Population Dynamics of the Cyanobacterium -- 9.3 Inferential Modelling of Ecological Data by Regression Trees -- 9.3.1 Induction Algorithm of Regression Trees -- 9.3.2 Pruning of Regression Trees -- 9.3.3 Diatom Populations in Lake Prespa (Mazedonia) -- 9.3.4 Vegetation Status of Selected Land Sites in Victoria (Australia) -- 9.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Process-Based Modeling of Nutrient Cycles and Food-Web Dynamics -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Zero- and One-Dimensional Lake Models -- 10.2.1 Zero-Dimensional Model for the Phosphorus Cycle in a Hypereutrophic Wetland -- 10.2.2 One-Dimensional Model for Nutrient Cycles and Plankton Dynamics in Lakes and Reservoirs -- 10.3 Multi-dimensional Lake Models -- 10.3.1 Horizontal and Vertical Transport of Nutrients and Organisms -- 10.3.2 Multi-segment Lake Model for Studying Dreissenids and Macrophytes -- 10.4 Concluding Remarks -- References. , Chapter 11: Uncertainty Analysis by Bayesian Inference -- 11.1 Does Uncertainty Really Matter? -- 11.2 Hamilton Harbour -- 11.2.1 Introduction -- 11.2.2 Eutrophication Modeling to Elucidate the Role of Lower Food Web -- 11.2.3 Nutrient Export Modeling for the Hamilton Harbour Watershed -- 11.3 Bay of Quinte -- 11.3.1 Introduction -- 11.3.2 Modeling the Relationship Among Watershed Physiography, Land Use Patterns, and Phosphorus Loading -- 11.3.3 Eutrophication Risk Assessment with Process-Based Modeling and Determination of Water Quality Criteria -- 11.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 12: Multivariate Data Analysis by Means of Self-Organizing Maps -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Properties of a Self-Organizing Map -- 12.3 Data Preparation -- 12.3.1 Missing Values and Outliers -- 12.3.2 Data Transformation -- 12.3.3 Distance Measure -- 12.4 Self-Organizing Maps -- 12.4.1 Architecture -- 12.4.2 Learning Algorithm -- Box 12.1 Sequential Learning Algorithm of an SOM -- 12.4.3 Evaluation of Trained Map Quality -- 12.4.4 Optimum Map Size -- 12.4.5 Clustering SOM Units -- 12.4.6 Evaluation of Input Variables -- 12.4.7 Relations Between Biological and Environmental Variables -- 12.5 Application in Ecological Modelling -- 12.6 SOM Tools -- 12.7 Example of SOM Application -- 12.8 Advantages and Disadvantages -- 12.8.1 Utility for Training and Information Extraction -- 12.8.2 Visualization and Recognition -- 12.8.3 Architecture Flexibility -- 12.8.4 Flexibility in Combining with Other Models -- 12.8.5 Constraints on Measure Consistency and Output Variability -- 12.8.6 Necessity of Sufficient Data -- 12.9 Future Development -- 12.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13: GIS-Based Data Synthesis and Visualization -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Synthesizing Species Distributions by Virtual Species. , 13.3 Cartograms to Synthesize and Visualize Sampling Effort Bias -- 13.4 Fuzzy Methods to Synthesize Species Distribution Uncertainty -- 13.5 Synthesis of Remote Sensing Data -- 13.5.1 Exploratory Data Analysis -- 13.5.1.1 Correlation of Remotely Sensed Bands by Hexagon Binning -- 13.5.1.2 Correlation Among Several Layers by Texture Measures -- 13.5.2 Fourier Transformations -- 13.6 Synthesizing Diversity Measurements from Space: The Case of Generalized Entropy -- 13.7 Neutral Landscapes -- 13.8 Conclusions -- References -- Part IV: Communicating and Informing Decisions -- Chapter 14: Communicating and Disseminating Research Findings -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Publishing Research Findings -- 14.2.1 Scholarly Publications -- 14.2.1.1 Journal Articles -- 14.2.1.2 Abstracts -- 14.2.1.3 Technical Reports -- 14.2.1.4 Books and Book Chapters -- 14.2.2 Newspaper and Magazine Articles for General Audiences -- 14.2.3 Designing Effective Figures -- 14.3 Communicating Research Findings Outside of Publications -- 14.3.1 Simple Steps for Giving an Effective Presentation -- 14.3.2 Best Practices for Slides -- 14.3.2.1 Slide Design -- 14.3.2.2 Text Slides -- 14.3.2.3 Graphics -- 14.3.3 Handouts -- 14.3.4 Posters -- 14.4 Communication in a Virtual Environment -- 14.4.1 Websites -- 14.4.2 Types and Uses of Different Social Media -- 14.4.3 Simple Steps for Effective Use of Social Media -- 14.4.4 Understanding Your Social Media Impact -- 14.5 Metrics and Altmetrics -- 14.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15: Operational Forecasting in Ecology by Inferential Models and Remote Sensing -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Early Warning of HABs Based on Inferential Modelling -- 15.2.1 Cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis in Lake Wivenhoe (Australia) -- 15.2.2 Cyanotoxin Microcystins in Lake Vaal (South Africa) -- 15.3 Early Warning of HABs Based on Remotely-Sensed Data. , 15.3.1 Earth Observation of Water Quality Parameters.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Authors -- List of Abbreviations and Acronyms -- Pamirian Spaces: Mapping Process Geographies in the Mountainous Periphery -- Introduction -- Protection of Indigenous Rights? -- Alai and Pamirs: Environmental Niche and Hub of Ecological Resources -- Border Processes -- Scope of the Volume -- References -- Pamir or Pamirs: Perceptions and Interpretations -- Introduction -- Colonial Exploration of the Pamirian Void -- Classification of Exclusion and Inclusion -- The Pamir Highway: An Internal Artery Motivating Cross-­Border Road Construction -- Regionalisation of the Pamirs: Introduction of the Various Pamirian Regions -- Importance of the Pamirian Knot -- References -- Archival Records -- Who Is Mapping the Pamirs? A Review on Plant and Vegetation Sciences -- Introduction -- Data Collection -- Discussion of the Dataset -- Results -- Paper Statistics -- Journal Statistics -- Author Statistics -- Coauthor Networks -- Discussion -- References -- Geomorphic Features of the Eastern Pamirs, with a Focus on the Occurrence of Intermontane Basins -- Introduction -- Regional Setting -- Tectonic Features -- Present and Past Climatic Features -- Intermontane Basins in the Eastern Pamirs -- Tectonic Basins -- Basins Related to Downstream Damming -- Glaciated Basins -- Alichur Pamir -- Great Pamir -- Little Pamir -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Water of the Pamir - Potential and Constraints -- Introduction -- Observed Glacier Changes -- Observed Runoff Changes -- Future Trends -- Conclusions -- References -- Khans, Kings, Communists, Warlords and Presidents: Afghan Kirghiz Socioeconomic Strategies for Extorting and Extracting from the State -- Introduction -- State-Society Relations: The Kirghiz Experience -- Political Capital -- Non-state Sources of Patronage -- A Direct Line to Kabul. , The Politics of State Patronage -- A Last Migration for the Afghan Kirghiz? -- References -- Changes in the Relationship Between Borders and Pastoral Mobility in Mountain Regions of Central Asia -- National Independence: An Obstacle for Transboundary Pastoral Mobility in Central Asia? -- Spatial Boundaries and Pastoral Mobility: A Tricky Relationship -- 'Containment of Chaotic Land Use' under Russia's Colonial Rule -- 'Nationalisation of the Means of Production' and Planned Economy in Soviet Times -- Contemporary Suppressed Transboundary Mobility -- Conclusion: Effects and Risks of Resource-Related 'Othering' Strategies -- Interview Partners -- References -- Seasonal Pasture Use and Vegetation Cover Changes in the Alai Valley, Kyrgyzstan -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Data Set and Methods -- Interviews -- Satellite-Based Vegetation Index Data -- Grazing Intensity -- GIS -- Results -- Seasonal Pasture Use -- Changes in Vegetated Cover -- Analysis of Grazing Intensity -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- Diversity of Seasonal Migration of Livestock in the Eastern Alai Valley, Southern Kyrgyzstan -- Introduction -- Study Area and Method -- Movement Patterns of Livestock Grazing in the Eastern Alai Valley -- Sary-Tash -- Taldy-Suu -- Seasonal Pastoral Practise and Natural Environments in the Eastern and Western Alai Valley -- Discussion -- Comparison Between the Eastern and Western Valleys -- Inequality of Pastureland Use and Future Sustainability -- Conclusions -- References -- Kezüü and Novad: A Form of Pastoralism in the Eastern Alai Valley, Southern Kyrgyzstan -- Introduction -- Development of the Cooperative Daily Grazing System of Kezüü/Novad in the Alai Valley -- Study Area and Method -- The Cooperative Daily Grazing System of Kezüü in Sary-Tash and Taldy-Suu -- Kezüü in Sary-Tash AA -- Kezüü in Taldy-Suu AA. , Types of Kezüü and Novad Throughout the Entire Alai Valley -- Types of Kezüü and Novad Throughout the Entire Alai Valley -- References -- External Support and Local Agency: Uncertain Transformations of Livelihoods in the Pamirian Borderland of Tajikistan -- Introduction -- Borderlands as Social Space -- Historic Legacy: The Pamirs as a Soviet Borderland -- Persistence and Change in Tajikistan's Borderland During the Transition Period -- Russian Border Forces: Persisting Role after the Soviet Dissolution -- Post-Soviet Economic Realities: Humanitarian Relief and Dissolution of Exchange Relations -- Livelihood Trajectories in the Border District -- Less Urgency for Economic Success -- 'Hidden' Emergency Assistance -- Exclusive Buffer Zone Access -- Conclusions -- Interview Partners -- References -- The Current Status of Lifestyle and Occupations in the Wakhan Area of Tajikistan -- Introduction -- General Description of the Wakhan Area and Its Inhabitants -- Status of Agriculture and Local Society -- Agriculture and Other Employment -- Infrastructure and Education -- Introducing Sustainable Tourism -- Conclusions -- References -- Political Ecology of Human-Environment Change in Gojal, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan -- Introduction -- Legal and Constitutional Liminality -- Global Conservation -- Transnational Ismailism -- Road Infrastructure -- The Attabad Landslide -- Conclusion -- References -- The Changes in Regional Structure and Land Use Related to External Factors in Hussaini Village, Northern Pakistan -- Introduction -- Changes in the Regional Structure and Farmland Use in Hussaini Village -- The Period of Isolation before the Opening of the Karakoram Highway -- The Period of Opening Up: The 1980s Until the Late 2000s -- The Period between 2010 and the Present after the Emergence of the Dammed Lake -- Conclusions -- References. , Humanitarianism Across Mountain Valleys: "Shia Aid" and Development Encounters in Northern Pakistan and Eastern Tajikistan -- Introduction -- Entering Contact Zones -- Developing Hunza -- Education for Nagar -- Saving and Substituting in the State in Gorno-Badakhshan -- Worldly Duties and Sectarian Aims -- Conclusion -- References -- History of the Development of the Pamir Region of Tajikistan (Gorno-Badakhshan) -- Introduction -- Early Development History -- Nineteenth-Century Russian Exploration -- Permanent Russian Presence and Early Development Activities -- Population Growth -- Soviet Period -- Socialist Revolution in a Muslim Country -- Food Production -- The Post-Soviet Period and the Aga Khan Foundation -- A New Paradigm -- Sustainable Solutions -- Health -- Emergency Needs -- Pharmaceuticals -- Essential Hospital Services -- Health Management Information System (HMIS) -- Education -- Agricultural Reform -- Food Diversification -- Village-Level Autonomy -- Gender and Social Equality -- Energy -- Challenges and Future Prospects -- References -- Conclusions: Why Do We Need to Make Efforts to Map the Transition? -- Introduction -- Transitions: Driven by External Pressures or Internal Efforts? -- The Next Step -- References.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Series Editors' Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I: Introduction -- Chapter 1: The Quest for Transdisciplinarity in Small-Scale Fisheries Governance -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 About this Book -- References -- Chapter 2: Too Big To Ignore - A Transdisciplinary Journey -- 2.1 A Global Look at Small-Scale Fisheries -- 2.2 The Need for a Large-Scale Research Network -- 2.3 Identification of the Big Questions -- 2.4 The Focus on Knowledge Sharing and Integration -- 2.5 The Role of Transdisciplinary Capacity Building -- 2.6 Looking Forward -- Appendix 2.1 -- List of TBTI Book Volumes, E-book Publications and Journal Special Issues -- References -- Part II: Broadening the Scope -- Chapter 3: The Value of Values for Understanding Transdisciplinary Approaches to Small-Scale Fisheries -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Transdisciplinary Approaches to Values in Small-Scale Fisheries -- 3.2.1 Economic Valuation -- 3.2.2 Ecosystem Services -- 3.2.3 Political Economy -- 3.2.4 Social Wellbeing -- 3.2.5 Interactive Governance -- 3.2.6 Post-normal Science -- 3.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Fish and Food Security in Small-Scale Fisheries -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Fisheries and Food Security -- 4.3 Linking Fish Nutrition to Food Security -- 4.4 Fish, Food, and Culture -- 4.5 Fish as a Linkage Between Ecosystem Health and Human Well-Being -- 4.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Broadening the Knowledge Base of Small-Scale Fisheries through a Food Systems Framework: A Case Study of the Lake Superior Region -- 5.1 The Lake Superior Fisheries Governance System -- 5.2 A Food Systems Framework -- 5.3 Three Illustrative Case Studies -- 5.3.1 Batchewana First Nation Fisheries -- 5.3.2 Eat the Fish -- 5.3.3 Bodin's Fisheries -- 5.4 Discussion -- 5.5 Conclusions -- References -- Part III: Strengthening the Base. , Chapter 6: Economic Viability of Small-Scale Fisheries: A Transdisciplinary Evaluation Approach -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 A Transdisciplinary Approach to Economic Viability -- 6.3 Methodology -- 6.3.1 Attribute-Based Approach -- 6.3.2 Assessment of Economic Viability -- 6.4 Relating Attributes to Economic Viability -- 6.5 Case Study: Mexico -- 6.5.1 Case Study Context -- 6.6 Defining Mexican Small- and Large-Scale Fisheries -- 6.6.1 Basic Economic Viability -- 6.6.1.1 Data Sources of Basic Economic Viability -- 6.6.1.2 Results of Basic Economic Viability -- 6.6.2 Extended Economic Viability -- 6.6.2.1 Data Sources for Extended Economic Viability -- 6.6.2.2 Results of Extended Economic Viability Assessment -- 6.6.3 Policy Recommendations and Conclusions Based on the Economic Viability Assessment of Mexican Fisheries -- 6.7 Discussion and Conclusion -- Appendices -- Appendix 6.1: Glossary -- Appendix 6.2: Equations -- Appendix 6.3: Tables Showing Data Sources for Each Attribute -- References -- Chapter 7: Gender Perspective in Fisheries: Examples from the South and the North -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Searching for Women's Visibility in Fisheries: Feminist Research and International Legal Framework -- 7.2.1 International Legal and Institutional Frames Securing Women and Gender Equality -- 7.3 Conceptualizing and Constructing Gender in Contexts and Empowerment -- 7.3.1 Gender Empowerment: What to Measure -- 7.4 Women in Fisheries - A Few Examples -- 7.4.1 Pre-harvesting and Household Work -- 7.4.2 Harvesting Activities, Property Rights, and Management of Territories and Resources -- 7.4.3 Women in Harvesting -- 7.4.4 Post-harvesting Activities -- 7.4.4.1 Selling and Artisanal Processing of Fish -- 7.4.4.2 Women in Industrial Processing -- 7.5 Women Organizations and Participation in Decision Making -- 7.6 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 8: Markets, Distribution and Value Chains in Small-Scale Fisheries: A Special Focus on Europe -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Main Initiatives and Strategies to Promote Small-Scale Fisheries Products and Improve Market Opportunities Around the World -- 8.2.1 Direct Marketing Arrangements -- 8.2.2 Certification and Labels -- 8.3 Challenges in the Trade of Small-Scale Fisheries Products in the European Union -- 8.3.1 Sector Organization -- 8.3.2 Marketing Standards -- 8.3.3 Consumer Information -- 8.3.4 Competition Rules and Market Intelligence -- 8.4 Transdisciplinarity in Action: An Example of Small-Scale Fishery Marketing in the Canary Islands -- 8.4.1 Research Methods in Small-Scale Fisheries Markets in Tenerife -- 8.4.2 Some Results from Market Research in Tenerife -- 8.4.3 Some Proposals and Actions -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Governing for Viability: The Case of Velondriake Locally Managed Marine Area in Madagascar -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The Village and the Fisheries -- 9.3 The Governability of Velondriake LMMA -- 9.3.1 The Diverse, Complex and Dynamic Fisheries Systems -- 9.3.2 The LMMA as a Governing Institution -- 9.4 Lessons from the Velondriake LMMA -- 9.5 Strengthening the Base with Transdisciplinary Perspective -- References -- Part IV: Enhancing the Stewardship -- Chapter 10: Stewardship and Sustainable Practices in Small-Scale Fisheries -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Key Concepts -- 10.2.1 Stewardship -- 10.2.2 Sustainable Practices -- 10.3 Stewardship and Sustainability -- 10.4 Supporting Services, Pre-harvest, and Harvest -- 10.5 Postharvest, Distribution, and Consumption -- 10.6 Inter-sectoral Coordination Mechanisms Support Stewardship -- 10.6.1 Integrated Coastal Area Management and Marine Spatial Planning -- 10.6.2 Marine Protected Areas and Their Networks -- 10.7 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 11: Interplay Between Local and Global: Change Processes and Small-Scale Fisheries -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Vulnerabilities of Small-Scale Fisheries -- 11.3 Building on Strengths to Increase Viability -- 11.4 Global Change Responses -- 11.5 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12: Enhancing the Stewardship in Trat Bay, Eastern Thailand: A Transdisciplinary Exercise -- 12.1 Stewardship and Small-Scale Fisheries -- 12.2 Trat Bay Situation Overview and the Transdisciplinary Workshop -- 12.3 Governability Analysis of Trat Bay -- 12.3.1 A Rich and Productive Ecosystem Supporting Diverse Fisheries -- 12.3.2 Dynamic Social Systems Affecting Sustainability -- 12.3.3 Complex Governing System Lowering Governability -- 12.3.4 Wicked Problems in Trat Bay Within and Beyond Fisheries -- 12.4 Ways Forward to Enhancing Stewardship -- 12.4.1 Innovative Policies Aligning with the Local Context -- 12.4.2 Strengthening Local Organizations -- 12.4.3 Building Alliance with Other Sectors -- References -- Part V: Defending the Beach -- Chapter 13: Strategies and Policies Supporting Small-Scale Fishers' Access and  Conservation Rights in a Neoliberal World -- 13.1 Introduction: Why Small-Scale Fishers Tend to Lose Access to Fish and Fishing Benefits -- 13.2 Strategy 1. Local or National Institutions Hold and Lease Out Access Privileges According to Place-Based and Sustainability Criteria -- 13.2.1 The Cape Cod Fisheries Trust in Massachusetts, USA -- 13.2.2 The Thorupstrand Coastal Fishermen's Guild in Denmark -- 13.2.3 The Namibian Government Holds and Leases Out IQs on a Temporary Basis -- 13.2.4 The Western Alaska Community Development Quota (CDQ) Program, USA -- 13.3 Strategy 2. State Uses Non-market Mechanisms to Limit and Transfer Permits -- 13.4 Strategy 3. Local Bodies Limit Sale or Allocation of Access Privileges to Local Fishers. , 13.5 Strategy 4. State Prohibits Access Privileges Going to Non-fishers -- 13.6 Strategy 5. Successful Resistance by Artisanal Fisheries to Overfishing by Larger Gear and Habitat Destruction by Development Projects -- 13.6.1 Dominican Republic Community Protects Local Waters from Outsiders' Destructive Gear -- 13.6.2 Malawi Fishers' Committees Protect Local Waters from Outsiders' Destructive Gear -- 13.6.3 Lummi Tribe and Coalition in Washington State, USA, Defeats Attempt to Build Habitat-Destroying Coal Port Terminal -- 13.7 Strategy 6. Local Governing Body Exercises Conservation Rights in British Columbia, Canada -- 13.8 Strategy 7. Alternative Marketing Strategies by Small-Scale Fishers Bypass Corporate Fish Processors and Gain Market Power -- 13.8.1 Direct Marketing of Higher Quality Fish for a Better Price, Alaska and Washington State, USA -- 13.8.2 Community Supported Fisheries (CSFs): Social Enterprises That Use Market Power to Support a Broader Range of Benefits -- 13.9 Strategy 8. State Regulation or Re-regulation Dampens Neoliberal Control Mechanisms -- 13.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14: The Small-Scale Fisheries of Indigenous Peoples: A Struggle for Secure Tenure Rights -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 The Legal Status of Indigenous Fishing Peoples -- 14.3 Indigenous Peoples - Recognition of Fishing Tenure -- 14.3.1 Norway -- 14.3.2 Australia -- 14.3.3 Nicaragua -- 14.3.4 South Africa -- 14.4 Discussion -- 14.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15: Defending the Beach: Transdisciplinary Approaches in Small-Scale Fisheries in Pernambuco, Brazil -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Untangling the Wicked Problems of Small-Scale Fisheries -- 15.2.1 The Legal Framework of the Small-Scale Fisheries System to Be Governed: Territoriality, Tradition, and Sustainable Use -- 15.3 Interactions and Governing System(s) Quality. , 15.3.1 The Northern Coast Fishing Territory Policy and Multi-Stakeholder Council.