Note: Intro -- Preface: Sustainability of Europe's Mountains -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I: Sustainable Policies in Mountain Regions -- Chapter 1: Mountain Development Policies in Bulgaria: Practices and Challenges -- 1.1 Analysis of the Regulatory Framework of Mountain Areas Development -- 1.2 Geographic Problems of Policy Formation for Mountain Development: The Bulgarian Experience -- 1.3 Challenges to Mountain Policy in Bulgaria -- References -- Chapter 2: Cooperation Models and Pluri-Activity to Exhaust Value-Added Potentials in Mountain Regions -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Data and Methods -- 2.3 Research Findings -- 2.4 Certification of Food Products -- 2.5 Food Quality and Quality Products -- 2.6 Logistics Cooperation -- 2.7 Discussion -- 2.7.1 Factors Favoring and Hindering Cooperation -- 2.7.2 Regional Food Cooperation Schemes: Examples from South Tyrol and Common Characteristics -- 2.8 Conclusion -- References -- Part II: Natural Resources and Ecosystem Services: Adaptation to Climate Change -- Chapter 3: Applications of GIS-Based Hydrological Models in Mountain Areas in Bulgaria for Ecosystem Services Assessment: Issues and Advantages -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Hydrological Modeling -- 3.1.2 Mountain Ecosystems and Their Services -- 3.2 Materials and Methods -- 3.2.1 Case Study Area -- 3.2.2 Application of Hydrological Models for ES Assessments -- 3.2.3 GIS-Based Hydrological Modeling: ArcSWAT -- 3.2.4 Data Requirements and Specification: Advantages and Issues -- 3.2.4.1 Land Use, Soils, and Topography -- Land Cover/Land Use -- Soils -- Slope -- 3.2.4.2 Climate -- 3.2.5 Assessment and Visualization of ES -- 3.3 Results -- 3.4 Discussion -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Mapping Carbon Storage Using Land Cover/Land Use Data in the Area of Beklemeto, Central Balkan -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Study Area. , 4.3 Data and Methods -- 4.4 Initial Data -- 4.5 Image Processing -- 4.6 Interpretation and Mapping -- 4.7 In Situ Measurements -- 4.8 Carbon Sequestration Modeling -- 4.9 Research Findings -- 4.10 Discussion -- 4.11 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Consequences of Non-intervention Management for the Development of Subalpine Spruce Forests in Bulgaria -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Data and Methods -- 5.2.1 Study Sites -- 5.2.2 Data Collection -- 5.3 Results -- 5.3.1 Disturbance Regimes -- 5.3.2 Forest Structure -- 5.3.3 Regeneration Patterns -- 5.4 Discussion -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Technical Climate Change Adaptation Options of the Major Ski Resorts in Bulgaria -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Data and Methods -- 6.3 Research Findings -- 6.4 Discussion -- 6.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Hydric Significance of Landscape in a Mountain River Basin -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Data and Methods -- 7.2.1 Scoring River Basin Attributes -- 7.2.2 Weighting River Basin Attributes -- 7.2.3 Study Area -- 7.3 Research Findings -- 7.3.1 Hydric Significance -- 7.4 Discussion -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- Part III: Mountain Economies -- Chapter 8: Small-Scale Mountain Tourism in Bulgaria: Development Patterns and Sustainability Implications -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Research Scope and Methodology -- 8.3 Research Findings and Discussion -- 8.3.1 Tourism Potential and Local Development Context -- 8.3.2 Tourism Development Driving Forces -- 8.3.3 Current Tourism Supply and Demand Patterns -- 8.3.4 Tourism Development Patterns in Terms of Current Business Practices -- 8.3.5 Local Tourism Development Process: Sustainability Implications -- 8.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Beyond Existing e-Tourism for Mountains: Findings from the Case of Zagori, Greece -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Study Area and Methods -- 9.2.1 Study Area. , 9.2.2 Data: Concepts and Analysis -- 9.2.2.1 Information -- 9.2.2.2 Navigation and Security -- 9.2.2.3 Visual Occlusion and Disorientation -- 9.2.2.4 Augmented Reality Plus Viewsheds Integration -- 9.3 Research Findings and Discussion -- 9.3.1 A Guide Toward Mitigating Limitations and Enhancing the Touristic Experience in Zagori -- 9.3.1.1 Information -- 9.3.1.2 Navigation and Security -- 9.3.1.3 Visual Occlusion and Disorientation -- 9.3.2 Conceptualizing the Integration of the Appropriate Elements in a Proper Architecture -- 9.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Sustainable Tourism in Mountain Destinations: The Perceived and Actual Role of a Destination Management Organization -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The Role of Destination Management Organizations in Terms of Sustainability -- 10.3 Data and Methods -- 10.4 Research Findings -- 10.4.1 Qualitative Expert Interviews -- 10.4.2 Quantitative Survey with Mountain DMOs -- 10.5 Discussion -- 10.6 Conclusions -- References -- Part IV: Mountain Ecology, Risks and Protected Areas -- Chapter 11: Biodiversity Protection of the Forest Ecosystems on the Base of Representative Geoecosystems -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methods -- 11.3 Results and Discussion -- 11.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: Predicting the Potential Distribution of Ailanthus altissima, an Invasive Terrestrial Plant Species in Măcin Mountains National Park (Romania) -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Study Area -- 12.3 Integrated Methodology and Data -- 12.4 Results and Discussion -- 12.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13: Determination of the Landscapes Regulation Capacity and Their Role in the Prevention of Catastrophic Events: A Case Study from the Lom River Upper Valley, Bulgaria -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 Flood-Regulating Ecosystem Services. , 13.1.2 Spatial Units for Assessment of Ecosystem (Landscape) Regulation Services -- 13.1.3 Indicators for Assessment of Ecosystem (Landscape) Flood Regulation Services -- 13.2 Materials and Methods -- 13.2.1 Study Area -- 13.2.2 Data Collection and GIS-Based Modeling -- 13.2.3 Assessment Approach -- 13.2.3.1 Flood Regulation Necessity -- 13.2.3.2 Indicators for Assessment of Landscapes Flood-Regulating Capacity -- 13.3 Results -- 13.4 Discussion -- 13.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14: GIS- and RS-Based Modelling of Potential Natural Hazard Areas in Mountains. Case Study: Vlahina Mountain -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Study Area -- 14.3 Data and Methods -- 14.3.1 Soil Erosion -- 14.3.2 Landslide Susceptibility -- 14.3.3 Potential Flood Areas -- 14.3.4 Forest Fire Risk -- 14.4 Research Findings -- 14.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15: Spatial Discrepancies of Ecological Networks in the Border Region of Serbia and Bulgaria -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Material and Methodology -- 15.3 Research Findings -- 15.4 Discussion -- 15.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 16: Invasive Plant Species in the Northern Part of Mala Planina -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Data and Methods -- 16.3 Research Findings -- 16.4 Conclusions -- References -- Part V: Population and Heritage Challenges -- Chapter 17: Monitoring Glacier Changes with the Use of Archive Images: The Example of the Julian Alps (NW Slovenia, NE Italy) -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Glaciers in the Julian Alps (SE Alps) -- 17.3 Method: Processing Archive Images -- 17.4 Results -- 17.5 Potential Use of This Method in Southeastern Europe -- 17.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 18: Tourism and the Commodification of Cultural Heritage in the Eastern Black Sea Mountains, Turkey -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Data and Methods -- 18.3 Research Findings. , 18.3.1 Cultural Heritage of the Yaylas in the Eastern Black Sea Region -- 18.3.2 Transhumance Culture and Rural Lifestyle -- 18.3.3 Local Music and Dance -- 18.3.4 Festivals -- 18.4 Tangible Heritage (Built Heritage) -- 18.5 The Commodification of Cultural Heritage in Yaylas -- 18.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 19: The Role of Cultural Heritage in the Development of Mountain Tourism: Case Study Mountain Rudnik, Serbia -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Natural Resources of Mountain Tourist Destination Rudnik -- 19.3 Cultural Heritage in the Area of Rudnik Mountain -- 19.4 The Role of Cultural Heritage in the Development of Tourism in the Case of the Mountain Destination Rudnik -- 19.5 Conclusions -- References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I Global Problems and Mountain Regions -- 1 Scientific Research Basis for Sustainable Development of the Mountain Regions: Main Concepts and Basic Theories -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Research Base for Sustainable Development of Mountain Regions -- 1.3 PSR and DPSIR Models Require Transdisciplinarity -- 1.4 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Solar Activity Climate Change and Natural Disasters in Mountain Regions -- 2.1 Background -- 2.2 Heliocentric Hypothesis on Forest Fires -- 2.3 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Mass Movement Processes Under Changing Climatic and Socioeconomic Conditions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Matrix of Mass Movement Processes and Triggering Parameters -- 3.2.1 Basics -- 3.2.2 The Event of 2005 (Communities of Gasen and Haslau, Austria) -- 3.3 Climate Change Facts and Assumptions -- 3.4 Socioeconomic Development and Rising Disadvantages -- 3.5 Working with Scenarios -- An Approach -- 3.6 Conclusions -- References -- Part II Nature Resources and Land Use in Mountain Regions -- 4 Mountains and Mountain Regions in Bulgaria -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Arguments -- 4.3 Criteria -- 4.4 Results -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- 5 The Natural Potential of Mountains in Bulgaria and Its Sustainable Use -- 5.1 Former Studies on the Natural Potential of the Mountains in Bulgaria -- 5.2 Assessment of Natural Potential by Components for Various Economic Purposes -- 5.2.1 Assessment of Relief -- 5.2.2 Assessment of Climate -- 5.2.3 Assessment of Water -- 5.2.4 Assessment of the Soils, Vegetation and Animal World -- 5.2.5 Complex Assessment of Mountain Landscapes -- 5.3 Assessment of the Possibilities for Sustainable Utilization of the Natural Potential of the Mountains -- 5.4 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Morphometry and Land Use on the Mountains in Republic of Macedonia. , 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Methodology -- 6.3 Basic Morphometric Characteristics -- 6.4 Basic Land-Use Characteristics -- 6.4.1 Hypsometry and Land Use -- 6.4.2 Slopes and Land Use -- 6.4.3 Aspects and Land Use -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Usage of the Mountain Areas in the Republic of Macedonia -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Population as a Precondition for Area Usage -- 7.3 Size of Villages According to Population Number -- 7.4 Usage of the Areas of Mountain Villages -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Landscape Structure and Ecosystem Services of Etropole Municipality -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area -- 8.3 Materials and Methods -- 8.4 Results -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Evaluation of the Avalanche Danger in Northwest Rila Mountain -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Avalanche and Avalanche Danger -- 9.3 Conclusions -- References -- 10 Management of Snow Avalanche Risk in the Ski Areas of the Southern Carpathians-Romanian Carpathians -- Case Study: The Bâlea (Fagaras Massif) and Sinaia (Bucegi Mountains) Ski Areas -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 General Facts of the Studied Area -- 10.3 Terrain and Climatic Analysis as Favourable Elements for Ski Practices -- 10.3.1 Terrain Factors -- 10.3.2 Climatic Variables -- 10.4 The Management of Snow Avalanche Risk -- 10.5 Conclusions -- References -- 11 BEO Moussala -- A New Facility for Complex Environment Studies -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Climate Notes -- 11.1.2 The Station Chronology -- 11.2 Environmental Measurements at BEO Moussala -- 11.2.1 Automatic Weather Station (AWS) -- 11.2.2 Atmospheric Gas Analysis System -- 11.2.3 BEO Moussala Aerosol Measurement and Devices -- 11.2.3.1 Scanning Mobility Particles Sizer -- 11.2.3.2 Nephelometer TSI3563 -- 11.2.4 System for Measurements of Radioactivity in Aerosols -- 11.2.5 BEO Moussala Gamma Background Measurement. , 11.3 Cosmic Ray Research at BEO Moussala -- 11.3.1 Muon Telescope -- 11.3.2 Neutron Flux Meter -- 11.3.3 SEVAN -- 11.3.4 Cerenkov Light Telescope -- 11.4 Telecommunication and Information System INRNE-BEO -- 11.5 The BEO Moussala and the National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology (NIMH) Data -- 11.6 Environmental and Ecotoxicological Investigations at the Vicinity of BEO Moussala -- 11.7 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Researches of Field Evidence for Late Quaternary Climate Changes in the Highest Mountains of Bulgaria -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Bulgarian Mountains -- A Target Area for Paleoclimatic Researches -- 12.3 Types of Indicators and Research Methods -- 12.4 Previous Geographical Studies in Rila and Pirin -- 12.5 Our Latest Research Review of Achieved Results -- 12.5.1 Researching Environmental Conditions of the Past -- The Glacial Evidence -- 12.5.2 Monitoring of Present Geomorphic and Hydrological Processes -- 12.6 The Future -- Prospects and Expectations -- 12.7 Conclusion -- References -- Part III Social, Economic and Regional Problems of Mountain Regions -- 13 Demographic Potential and Problems of the Settlements Network in the Mountains of Bulgaria -- References -- 14 Demographic Limits to Sustainable Development ofINTtie -- Mountain Regions inINTtie -- Serbia -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 The Analysis -- 14.3 The Future -- 14.4 Instead of Conclusion -- References -- 15 Regional Differences and Regional Planning of Economic Activities in Bosnia and Herzegovina -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Methodology of Research -- 15.3 Socio-economic Transformation and Regional Development of Bosnia and Herzegovina since the Mid-20th Century -- 15.4 Modern Regional Development of Bosnia and Herzegovina -- 15.5 Conclusion -- References -- 16 On the Sunny Side of the Alps: Slovenian Mountains and Their Perspectives. , 16.1 The Characteristics of the Mountain Areas in Slovenia -- 16.1.1 Definition of the Mountain Areas in Slovenia -- 16.2 Mountain Policy in Slovenia -- 16.2.1 Agriculture -- 16.2.2 Forestry -- 16.2.3 Mining -- 16.2.4 Tourism -- 16.2.5 Protected Areas -- 16.2.6 Natural Hazards and Measures -- 16.2.7 Traffic -- 16.2.8 NGO Participation in the Mountain Areas -- Bibliography -- 17 Impact of Macroeconomic Changes and Property Rights on Forest Degradation, Land Use and Environmental Situation in Albania -- 17.1 Historical Land Tenure in Albania -- 17.1.1 Privatization of Agricultural Land -- 17.2 Main Land Tenure Issues -- 17.2.1 Land Fragmentation -- 17.3 Effects of Land Reforms on Land Use in Albania After 1991 -- 17.3.1 Land Cover -- 17.3.2 Forest Degradation -- 17.3.3 Pasture Degradation -- 17.4 Conclusions -- References -- 18 Sustainable Development in the Eastern Black Sea Mountains: PresentINTtie -- State andINTtie -- Perspectives -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 The Eastern Black Sea Region -- 18.2.1 Settlement System -- 18.2.2 The Economy -- 18.3 The Eastern Black Sea Regional Development Plan (DOKAP) and Sustainable Mountain Development -- 18.3.1 Legislative Basis -- 18.3.2 Design -- 18.3.3 Objectives, Rationale, and General Description -- 18.3.4 Financing -- 18.3.5 Administration of the Plan -- 18.4 The Project Achievements -- 18.4.1 Accessibility and Mountain Development -- 18.4.2 Tourism and Mountain Development -- 18.4.3 The Ka231kar Mountains National Park: A Model for Sustainable Mountain Development -- 18.5 Conclusion -- References -- 19 Changes in the Ethnic and Demographic Profile of the Population in Eastern Stara Planina Region -- 19.1 General Notes -- 19.2 The Turkish Ethnic Group -- 19.3 The Bulgarian and the Roma Ethnic Groups -- 19.4 Classification and Grouping -- References -- Part IV Nature Protection and Conservation. , 20 Applying Integrated Nature Conservation Management: Visitor Management and Monitoring of Winter Recreation Activities Focusing Grouse Species in Berchtesgaden National Park -- 20.1 Introduction and Background -- 20.2 Study Area and Objects -- 20.3 Protected Area Berchtesgaden National Park -- 20.4 Winter Recreation: Ski-Touring and Snow-Shoeing -- 20.5 Wildlife: Grouse Species -- 20.6 Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Ski-Touring and Snow-Shoeing -- 20.7 Visitor Numbers and Temporal Performance Pattern -- 20.8 Spatial Presence -- 20.9 Conflicts and Integrated Management Measures -- 20.10 Outlook -- References -- 21 Human Pressure on the Environment in the Munii Maramureului Natural Park -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Human Impact in the Munii Maramureului Natural Park -- 21.2.1 Settlements Expansion -- 21.2.2 Over-Grazing -- 21.2.3 Deforestation -- 21.2.4 Mining Activities -- 21.2.5 Tourist Activities -- 21.3 Conclusion -- References -- Part V Networks and Strategies for Mountain Regions -- 22 Models and Strategies for Sustainable Management of Mountain Territories in Central and Southeastern Europe -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.2 Specific Mountain Legislation -- 22.2.1 Mountain Law in Southeast European Countries -- 22.3 Regional Conventions -- 22.3.1 Alps Convention -- 22.3.2 Initiative Carpathian Ecoregion (Carpathian Convention) -- 22.4 Transborder Initiatives between Bulgaria and Neighbour Countries -- 22.4.1 Transborder Ecological Network between Bulgaria and Greece -- 22.4.2 Euroregion in Western Balkan Mountain between Bulgaria and Serbia -- 22.4.3 Green Network Strandzha/Yildiz between Bulgaria and Turkey -- 22.4.4 International Cooperation of Bulgarian Mountain Regions -- 22.4.4.1 Centres and Programmes for Education -- 22.4.4.2 Funding -- References. , 23 Science Networks for Global Change in Mountain Regions: The Mountain Research Initiative.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I : Global Problems and Mountain Regions -- Chapter 1: Scientific Research Basis for Sustainable Development of the Mountain Regions: Main Concepts and Basic Theories -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Research Base for Sustainable Development of Mountain Regions -- 1.3 "Pressure, State, Response" (PSR) and DPSIR Models Require Trans-Disciplinarity -- 1.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Solar Activity, Climate Change, and Natural Disasters in Mountain Regions -- 2.1 Background -- 2.2 Heliocentric Hypothesis on Forest Fires -- 2.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Mass Movement Processes Under Changing Climatic and Socioeconomic Conditions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Matrix of Mass Movement Processes and Triggering Parameters -- 3.2.1 Basics -- 3.2.2 The Event of 2005 (Communities of Gasen and Haslau, Austria) -- 3.3 Climate Change: Facts and Assumptions -- 3.4 Socioeconomic Development and Rising Disadvantages -- 3.5 Working with Scenarios: An Approach -- 3.6 Conclusions -- References -- Part II : Nature Resources and Land Use in Mountain Regions -- Chapter 4: Mountains and Mountain Regions in Bulgaria -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Arguments -- 4.3 Criteria -- 4.4 Results -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: The Nature Potential of Mountains in Bulgaria and Its Sustainable Use -- 5.1 Former Studies on the Natural Potential of the Mountains in Bulgaria -- 5.2 Assessment of Nature Potential by Components for Various Economic Purposes -- 5.2.1 Assessment of Relief -- 5.2.2 Climate Assessment -- 5.2.3 Assessment of Water -- 5.2.4 Assessment of the Soils, Vegetation, and Animal World -- 5.2.5 Complex Assessment of Mountain Landscapes -- 5.3 Assessment of the Possibilities for Sustainable Utilization of the Natural Potential of Mountains -- 5.4 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 6: Morphometry and Land Use on High Mountains in the Republic of Macedonia -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Methodology -- 6.3 Basic Morphometric Characteristics -- 6.4 Basic Land Use Characteristics -- 6.4.1 Hypsometry and Land Use -- 6.4.2 Slopes and Land Use -- 6.4.3 Aspects and Land Use -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Usage of the Mountain Areas in the Republic of Macedonia -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Methodology of Work and Data Sources -- 7.3 Population as a Precondition for Area Usage -- 7.4 Size of Villages According to Population Number -- 7.5 Usage of the Areas of Mountain Villages -- 7.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Physical Geographic Characteristics and Sustainable Development of the Mountain Area in Montenegro -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Borders and Division of the Mountain Terrain -- 8.3 Geologic Background -- 8.4 Climate Conditions -- 8.5 Hydrologic Characteristics -- 8.6 Geomorphological Characteristics -- 8.7 Geoheritage and Environmental Protection -- 8.8 Potentials and Limitations for the Application of the Concept of Sustainable Development -- 8.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Climate Variability, Soil, and Forest Ecosystem Diversity of the Dinaric Mountains -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Climate Characteristics and Observed Climate Change in Dinarides -- 9.3 Main Soil-Forming Factors -- 9.4 Characteristic Soil Types -- 9.5 Forest Vegetation of Dinarides -- 9.6 Climate Modeling and Future Climate Changes in Croatia -- 9.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Assessment of Greek Forests Protection and Management -- 10.1 Introduction: Forest Ecosystems in Greece -- 10.1.1 The General Context -- 10.1.2 Greek Diversity -- 10.2 Forests in Mountain Regions of Greece -- 10.2.1 Morphology and Diversity -- 10.2.2 Species and Formations of Forests in Mountainous Regions of Greece. , 10.3 Direct and Indirect Benefits of Forests -- 10.3.1 Direct Benefits -- 10.3.2 Indirect Benefits -- 10.4 Sustainable Forest Management -- 10.4.1 A Definition -- 10.4.2 The Global View -- 10.4.3 The European View -- 10.4.4 Greek Management -- 10.4.5 Regional Issues -- 10.4.6 The Future Approach -- 10.5 Threats and Risks of the Greek Forests -- 10.6 Restoration of Greek Forest Ecosystems -- References -- Chapter 11: Mapping Forest Fragmentation Based on Morphological Image Analysis of Mountain Regions in Bulgaria and Slovakia -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methods -- 11.2.1 Study Areas -- 11.2.2 Data -- 11.2.3 Morphological Image Analysis -- 11.3 Results and Discussion -- 11.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: Evaluation of the Avalanche Danger in Northwest Rila Mountain -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Avalanche and Avalanche Danger -- 12.3 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13: Management of Snow Avalanche Risk in the Ski Areas of the Southern Carpathians-Romanian Carpathians -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 General Facts of the Studied Area -- 13.3 Terrain Factors and Climatic Variables Analysis as Favorable for Ski Activities -- 13.3.1 Terrain Factors -- 13.3.2 Climatic Variables -- 13.4 Management of Snow Avalanche Risk -- 13.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14: Landscape Structure and Ecosystem Services of Etropole Municipality -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Study Area -- 14.3 Materials and Methods -- 14.4 Results -- 14.5 Conclusion -- References -- Part III : Social, Economic and Regional Problems of Mountain Regions -- Chapter 15: Demographic Potential and Problems of the Settlements Network in the Mountains of Bulgaria -- References -- Chapter 16: Demographic Limits to Sustainable Development of Mountain Regions in Serbia -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 The Analysis -- 16.3 The Future -- References. , Chapter 17: Changes in the Ethnic and Demographic Profile of the Population in Eastern Stara Planina Region -- 17.1 General Notes -- 17.2 The Turkish Ethnic Group -- 17.3 The Bulgarian and the Roma Ethnic Groups -- 17.4 Classification and Grouping -- References -- Chapter 18: Small Urban Centers in the Alps and Their Development Issues -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Basic Features of Small Urban Centers in the Alps -- 18.2.1 Population Growth -- 18.2.2 Aging of the Population -- 18.2.3 Working Population -- 18.2.4 Jobs -- 18.2.5 Tourism -- 18.2.6 Transport Accessibility and Mobility -- 18.3 Survey on Contemporary Development Issues -- 18.4 Discussion -- 18.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 19: Impact of Macroeconomic Changes and Property Rights on Forest Degradation, Land Use, and Environmental Situation in Albania -- 19.1 Historical Land Tenure in Albania -- 19.1.1 Privatization of Agricultural Land -- 19.2 Main Land Tenure Issues -- 19.2.1 Land Fragmentation -- 19.3 Effects of Land Reforms on Land Use in Albania After 1991 -- 19.3.1 Land Cover -- 19.3.2 Forest Degradation -- 19.3.3 Pasture Degradation -- 19.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 20: Sustainable Development in the Eastern Black Sea Mountains: Present State and Perspectives -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 The Eastern Black Sea Region -- 20.2.1 Settlement System -- 20.2.2 The Economy -- 20.3 The Eastern Black Sea Regional Development Plan (DOKAP) and Sustainable Mountain Development -- 20.3.1 Legislative Basis -- 20.3.2 Design -- 20.3.3 Objectives, Rationale, and General Description -- 20.3.4 Financing -- 20.3.5 Administration of the Plan -- 20.4 The Project Achievements -- 20.4.1 Accessibility and Mountain Development -- 20.4.2 Tourism and Mountain Development -- 20.4.3 The Kaçkar Mountains National Park: A Model for Sustainable Mountain Development -- 20.5 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 21: Regional Differences and Regional Planning of Economic Activities in Bosnia and Herzegovina -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Methodology of Research -- 21.3 Socioeconomic Transformation and Regional Development of Bosnia and Herzegovina Since the Mid-­Twentieth Century -- 21.4 Modern Regional Development of Bosnia and Herzgovina -- 21.5 Conclusion -- References -- Journal Article -- Book -- Part IV : Nature Protection, Conservation and Monitoring -- Chapter 22: Applying Integrated Nature Conservation Management: Using Visitor Management and Monitoring to Handle Conflicts Between Winter Recreation and Grouse Species in Berchtesgaden National Park -- 22.1 Introduction and Background -- 22.2 Study Area and Study Objects -- 22.2.1 Berchtesgaden National Park -- 22.2.2 Winter Recreation: Ski-Touring and Snowshoeing -- 22.2.3 Wildlife: Grouse Species -- 22.3 Temporal and Spatial Use Characteristics of Ski-­Touring and Snowshoeing -- 22.3.1 Visitor Numbers and Temporal Use Characteristics -- 22.3.2 Spatial Use -- 22.4 Conflicts and Integrated Management Measures -- 22.4.1 Winter Season -- 22.4.2 Spring Season -- 22.5 Outlook -- References -- Chapter 23: Environmental Changes in the Maramureş Mountains Natural Park -- 23.1 Introduction -- 23.2 Environmental Changes in  Maramureş Mountains Natural Park -- Settlement Expansion -- Overgrazing -- Deforestation -- Mining Activities -- Touristic Activities -- 23.3 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 24: BEO Moussala: Complex for Environmental Studies -- 24.1 Introduction -- 24.1.1 Climate Notes -- 24.1.2 The Station Chronology -- 24.2 Environmental Measurements at BEO Moussala -- 24.2.1 Vaisala Automatic Weather Station (AWS) -- 24.2.2 POPs Passive Air Sampling -- 24.2.3 Atmospheric Gas Analysis System -- 24.2.4 BEO Moussala Aerosol Measurement and Devices -- 24.2.4.1 Scanning Mobility Particles Sizer. , 24.2.4.2 Nephelometer TSI 3563.

Note: Description based upon print version of record , Part I: Global Problems and Mountain RegionsScientific Research Basis for Sustainable Development of the Mountain Regions: Main Concepts and Basic Theories -- Solar Activity - Climate Change and Natural Disasters in Mountain Regions -- Mass Movement Processes Under Changing Climatic and Socioeconomic Conditions -- Part II: Nature Resources and Land Use in Mountain Regions -- Mountains and Mountain Regions in Bulgaria -- The Natural Potential of Mountains in Bulgaria and Its Sustainable Use -- Morphometry and Land Use on the Mountains in Republic of Macedonia -- Usage of the Mountain Areas in the Republic of Macedonia -- Physical Geographical Characteristics and Sustainable Development of the Mountain Area in Montenegro -- Climate variability, soil and forest ecosystem diversity of Dinaric Mountains -- Assessment of Greek Forests Protection and Management -- Mapping forest fragmentation based on morphological image analysis of mountain regions in Bulgaria and Slovakia -- Evaluation of the Avalanche Danger in Northwest Rila Mountain -- Management of Snow Avalanche Risk in the Ski Areas of the Southern Carpathians-Romanian Carpathians -- Landscape Structure and Ecosystem Services of Etropole Municipality -- Part III: Social, Economic and Regional Problems of Mountain Regions -- Demographic Potential and Problems of the Settlements Network in the Mountains of Bulgaria -- Demographic Limits to Sustainable Development of Mountain Regions in Serbia -- Changes in the Ethnic and Demographic Profile of the Population in Eastern Stara Planina Region -- Small Urban Centres in the Alps and their Development Issues -- Impact of Macroeconomic Changes and Property Rights on Forest Degradation, Land Use and Environmental Situation in Albania -- Sustainable Development in the Eastern Black Sea Mountains: Present State and Perspectives -- Regional Differences and Regional Planning of Economic Activities in Bosnia and Herzegovina -- Part IV Nature Protection, Conservation and Monitoring.- Applying Integrated Nature Conservation Management: Using Visitor Management and Monitoring to Handle Conflicts Between Winter Recreation and Grouse Species in Berchtesgaden National Park -- Environmental Changes in the “Maramures Mountains” Natural Park -- BEO Moussala - Complex for Environment Studies -- Researches of Field Evidence for Late Quaternary Climate Changes in the Highest Mountains of Bulgaria -- Part V: Networks and Strategies for Mountain Regions -- Models and Strategies for Sustainable Management of Mountain Territories in Central and Southeastern Europe -- Science Networks for Global Change in Mountain Regions: The Mountain Research Initiative.