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  • 11
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    Lifestyle of sponge symbiont phages by host prediction and correlative microscopy (2021)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Bacteriophages (phages) are ubiquitous elements in nature, but their ecology and role in animals remains little understood. Sponges represent the oldest known extant animal-microbe symbiosis and are associated with dense and diverse microbial consortia. Here we investigate the tripartite interaction between phages, bacterial symbionts, and the sponge host. We combined imaging and bioinformatics to tackle important questions on who the phage hosts are and what the replication mode and spatial distribution within the animal is. This approach led to the discovery of distinct phage-microbe infection networks in sponge versus seawater microbiomes. A new correlative in situ imaging approach (‘PhageFISH-CLEM‘) localised phages within bacterial symbiont cells, but also within phagocytotically active sponge cells. We postulate that the phagocytosis of free virions by sponge cells modulates phage-bacteria ratios and ultimately controls infection dynamics. Prediction of phage replication strategies indicated a distinct pattern, where lysogeny dominates the sponge microbiome, likely fostered by sponge host-mediated virion clearance, while lysis dominates in seawater. Collectively, this work provides new insights into phage ecology within sponges, highlighting the importance of tripartite animal-phage-bacterium interplay in holobiont functioning. We anticipate that our imaging approach will be instrumental to further understanding of viral distribution and cellular association in animal hosts.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 12
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    Manganese co-limitation of phytoplankton growth and major nutrient drawdown in the Southern Ocean (2021)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Residual macronutrients in the surface Southern Ocean result from restricted biological utilization, caused by low wintertime irradiance, cold temperatures, and insufficient micronutrients. Variability in utilization alters oceanic CO2 sequestration at glacial-interglacial timescales. The role for insufficient iron has been examined in detail, but manganese also has an essential function in photosynthesis and dissolved concentrations in the Southern Ocean can be strongly depleted. However, clear evidence for or against manganese limitation in this system is lacking. Here we present results from ten experiments distributed across Drake Passage. We found manganese (co-)limited phytoplankton growth and macronutrient consumption in central Drake Passage, whilst iron limitation was widespread nearer the South American and Antarctic continental shelves. Spatial patterns were reconciled with the different rates and timescales for removal of each element from seawater. Our results suggest an important role for manganese in modelling Southern Ocean productivity and understanding major nutrient drawdown in glacial periods.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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    Format: other
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 13
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    FS/RV SONNE Fahrtbericht SO165 = Cruise report SO165 OTEGA I : LOTUS - OMEGA - MUMM ; Balboa - San Diego - Portland - San Francisco, June 29 - August 20, 2002 ; [financed by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research in Bonn (BMBF) grant no. 03G0165A] (2003)
    GEOMAR
    In:  GEOMAR-Report, 112 . GEOMAR, Kiel, 159 pp.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-28
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.3289/GEOMAR_REP_112_2003
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    OceanRep: Report - Cruise Report
  • 14
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    Warming and acidification threaten glass sponge Aphrocallistes vastus pumping and reef formation (2020)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-08
    Description: The glass sponge Aphrocallistes vastus contributes to the formation of large reefs unique to the Northeast Pacific Ocean. These habitats have tremendous filtration capacity that facilitates flow of carbon between trophic levels. Their sensitivity and resilience to climate change, and thus persistence in the Anthropocene, is unknown. Here we show that ocean acidification and warming, alone and in combination have significant adverse effects on pumping capacity, contribute to irreversible tissue withdrawal, and weaken skeletal strength and stiffness of A. vastus. Within one month sponges exposed to warming (including combined treatment) ceased pumping (50–60%) and exhibited tissue withdrawal (10–25%). Thermal and acidification stress significantly reduced skeletal stiffness, and warming weakened it, potentially curtailing reef formation. Environmental data suggests conditions causing irreversible damage are possible in the field at +0.5 °C above current conditions, indicating that ongoing climate change is a serious and immediate threat to A. vastus, reef dependent communities, and potentially other glass sponges.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 15
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    Integrating experimental and distribution data to predict future species patterns (2019)
    Nature Research
    In:  Scientific Reports, 9 (1). Art.Nr. 1821.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: Predictive species distribution models are mostly based on statistical dependence between environmental and distributional data and therefore may fail to account for physiological limits and biological interactions that are fundamental when modelling species distributions under future climate conditions. Here, we developed a state-of-the-art method integrating biological theory with survey and experimental data in a way that allows us to explicitly model both physical tolerance limits of species and inherent natural variability in regional conditions and thereby improve the reliability of species distribution predictions under future climate conditions. By using a macroalga-herbivore association (Fucus vesiculosus - Idotea balthica) as a case study, we illustrated how salinity reduction and temperature increase under future climate conditions may significantly reduce the occurrence and biomass of these important coastal species. Moreover, we showed that the reduction of herbivore occurrence is linked to reduction of their host macroalgae. Spatial predictive modelling and experimental biology have been traditionally seen as separate fields but stronger interlinkages between these disciplines can improve species distribution projections under climate change. Experiments enable qualitative prior knowledge to be defined and identify cause-effect relationships, and thereby better foresee alterations in ecosystem structure and functioning under future climate conditions that are not necessarily seen in projections based on non-causal statistical relationships alone.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38416-3
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 16
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    Earthquake and typhoon trigger unprecedented transient shifts in shallow hydrothermal vents biogeochemistry (2019)
    Nature Research
    In:  Scientific Reports, 9 (Article number 16926).
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: Shallow hydrothermal vents are of pivotal relevance for ocean biogeochemical cycles, including seawater dissolved heavy metals and trace elements as well as the carbonate system balance. The Kueishan Tao (KST) stratovolcano off Taiwan is associated with numerous hydrothermal vents emitting warm sulfur-rich fluids at so-called White Vents (WV) and Yellow Vent (YV) that impact the surrounding seawater masses and habitats. The morphological and biogeochemical consequences caused by a M5.8 earthquake and a C5 typhoon (“Nepartak”) hitting KST (12th May, and 2nd–10th July, 2016) were studied within a 10-year time series (2009–2018) combining aerial drone imagery, technical diving, and hydrographic surveys. The catastrophic disturbances triggered landslides that reshaped the shoreline, burying the seabed and, as a consequence, native sulfur accretions that were abundant on the seafloor disappeared. A significant reduction in venting activity and fluid flow was observed at the high-temperature YV. Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) maxima in surrounding seawater reached 3000–5000 µmol kg−1, and Total Alkalinity (TA) drawdowns were below 1500–1000 µmol kg−1 lasting for one year. A strong decrease and, in some cases, depletion of dissolved elements (Cd, Ba, Tl, Pb, Fe, Cu, As) including Mg and Cl in seawater from shallow depths to the open ocean followed the disturbance, with a recovery of Mg and Cl to pre-disturbance concentrations in 2018. The WV and YV benthic megafauna exhibited mixed responses in their skeleton Mg:Ca and Sr:Ca ratios, not always following directions of seawater chemical changes. Over 70% of the organisms increased skeleton Mg:Ca ratio during rising DIC (higher CO2) despite decreasing seawater Mg:Ca ratios showing a high level of resilience. KST benthic organisms have historically co-existed with such events providing them ecological advantages under extreme conditions. The sudden and catastrophic changes observed at the KST site profoundly reshaped biogeochemical processes in shallow and offshore waters for one year, but they remained transient in nature, with a possible recovery of the system within two years.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Format: other
    Format: other
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    DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53314-y
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 17
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    Alpha radiation from polymetallic nodules and potential health risks from deep-sea mining (2023)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: In search for critical elements, polymetallic nodules at the deep abyssal seafloor are targeted for mining operations. Nodules efficiently scavenge and retain several naturally occurring uranium-series radioisotopes, which predominantly emit alpha radiation during decay. Here, we present new data on the activity concentrations of thorium-230, radium-226, and protactinium-231, as well as on the release of radon-222 in and from nodules from the NE Pacific Ocean. In line with abundantly published data from historic studies, we demonstrate that the activity concentrations for several alpha emitters are often higher than 5 Bq g −1 at the surface of the nodules. These observed values can exceed current exemption levels by up to a factor of 1000, and even entire nodules commonly exceed these limits. Exemption levels are in place for naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) such as ores and slags, to protect the public and to ensure occupational health and radiation safety. In this context, we discuss three ways of radiation exposure from nodules, including the inhalation or ingestion of nodule fines, the inhalation of radon gas in enclosed spaces and the potential concentration of some radioisotopes during nodule processing. Seen in this light, inappropriate handling of polymetallic nodules poses serious health risks.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 18
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    Oxygen Variability and Tropical Atlantic Circulation Cruise No. M130 August 28 – October 3, 2016 Mindelo (Cape Verde) – Recife (Brazil) (2017)
    GEOMAR
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-19
    Description: A physical - biogeochemical survey was carried out in the northeastern tropical Atlantic and in the western tropical South Atlantic. The main objective of the works in the oxygen minimum zone of the eastern tropical North Atlantic was to improve oxygen budget estimates. Additional objectives were to investigate the role of zooplankton for fluxes of particulate and dissolved organic matter and to advance quantitative understanding of nitrogen fixation in the tropical Atlantic. The main objective of the measurements program in the western tropical South Atlantic was to investigate the variability of transport and water mass properties of the western boundary circulation. A major component of the work program was the recovery of nine and the redeployment of eight moorings. The moorings positioned off Cape Verde, in the tropical northeastern Atlantic and at the western boundary off Brazil are collecting velocity, oxygen, temperature, and salinity time series since several years. All moorings were successfully recovered and redeployed. Section work focused on 23°W from 15°N to 5.5°S, on 11.5°S from 32°W to the coast of Brazil and on 5°S from 29.5°W to the coast of Brazil. Parameters measured along the sections included temperature-salinity-depth, oxygen and turbulence profiles, lowered acoustic Doppler current profiles, underwater vision profiles, shipboard velocity profiles, multinet and Working Party 2 net casts, and photosynthetically active radiation profiles. Water samples were analyzed for numerous variables including salinity, oxygen concentrations, tracer concentrations (CFC-12, SF6, CF3SF5), nutrients in micro and nano range, and halocarbons. Filtered samples were taken for NanoSIMS, flow cytometry, dissolved organic phosphorus, DNA/RNA, particulate organic matter, particulate organic nitrogen, and chlorophyll a. Samples of Heme content and dissolved iron were taken from a towed trace metal clean fish. Furthermore, on-board incubations to quantify nitrogen and carbon fixation and primary productivity were performed. The measurement program was successfully completed and all data sets were acquired as planned.
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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    OceanRep: Report - Cruise Report
  • 19
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    Winter weather controls net influx of atmospheric CO2 on the north-west European shelf (2019)
    Nature Research
    In:  Scientific Reports, 9 (1). Art.Nr. 20153.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: Shelf seas play an important role in the global carbon cycle, absorbing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and exporting carbon (C) to the open ocean and sediments. The magnitude of these processes is poorly constrained, because observations are typically interpolated over multiple years. Here, we used 298500 observations of CO2 fugacity (fCO2) from a single year (2015), to estimate the net influx of atmospheric CO2 as 26.2 ± 4.7 Tg C yr−1 over the open NW European shelf. CO2 influx from the atmosphere was dominated by influx during winter as a consequence of high winds, despite a smaller, thermally-driven, air-sea fCO2 gradient compared to the larger, biologically-driven summer gradient. In order to understand this climate regulation service, we constructed a carbon-budget supplemented by data from the literature, where the NW European shelf is treated as a box with carbon entering and leaving the box. This budget showed that net C-burial was a small sink of 1.3 ± 3.1 Tg C yr−1, while CO2 efflux from estuaries to the atmosphere, removed the majority of river C-inputs. In contrast, the input from the Baltic Sea likely contributes to net export via the continental shelf pump and advection (34.4 ± 6.0 Tg C yr−1).
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: text
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    DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56363-5
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 20
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    In search for the sources of plastic marine litter that contaminates the Easter Island Ecoregion (2019)
    Nature Research
    In:  Scientific Reports, 9 (1). Art.Nr. 19662.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: Subtropical gyres are the oceanic regions where plastic litter accumulates over long timescales, exposing surrounding oceanic islands to plastic contamination, with potentially severe consequences on marine life. Islands’ exposure to such contaminants, littered over long distances in marine or terrestrial habitats, is due to the ocean currents that can transport plastic over long ranges. Here, this issue is addressed for the Easter Island ecoregion (EIE). High-resolution ocean circulation models are used with a Lagrangian particle-tracking tool to identify the connectivity patterns of the EIE with industrial fishing areas and coastline regions of the Pacific basin. Connectivity patterns for “virtual” particles either floating (such as buoyant macroplastics) or neutrally-buoyant (smaller microplastics) are investigated. We find that the South American shoreline between 20°S and 40°S, and the fishing zone within international waters off Peru (20°S, 80°W) are associated with the highest probability for debris to reach the EIE, with transit times under 2 years. These regions coincide with the most-densely populated coastal region of Chile and the most-intensely fished region in the South Pacific. The findings offer potential for mitigating plastic contamination reaching the EIE through better upstream waste management. Results also highlight the need for international action plans on this important issue.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56012-x
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
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