Description:    Variations in the characteristics of the annual, dry-season, and minimal monthly runoff in rivers of European Russia for the recent 35 years (1975–2005) have been estimated and analyzed in comparison with a period of approximately the same duration (1935–1969). The genesis of runoff for different river basins and the major causes of current changes in runoff characteristics have been studied. Regional regularities in the hydrological and geohydrological processes have been identified, and zoning of the territory has been performed with identification of specific features in the formation of river runoff in the European North and the basins of the Volga, Don, Ural, etc. The natural resources of surface and subsurface waters over 1970–2005 have been re-estimated with the construction of appropriate maps. Water availability and load on water resources have been analyzed. Content Type Journal Article Category Water Resources and the Regime of Water Bodies Pages 623-639 DOI 10.1134/S0097807812060036 Authors R. G. Dzhamalov, Water Problems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Gubkina 3, Moscow, 119333 Russia N. L. Frolova, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia G. N. Krichevets, Water Problems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Gubkina 3, Moscow, 119333 Russia T. I. Safronova, Water Problems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Gubkina 3, Moscow, 119333 Russia M. B. Kireeva, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia M. I. Igonina, Water Problems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Gubkina 3, Moscow, 119333 Russia Journal Water Resources Online ISSN 1608-344X Print ISSN 0097-8078 Journal Volume Volume 39 Journal Issue Volume 39, Number 6

Description:    Regularities in the manifestation of hysteresis effect in the relationship between water discharge and suspended load in rivers in the permafrost zone of Siberia and Far East are studied for individual phases of water regime. The existing typifications of hysteresis curves, the formation mechanisms of suspended load peaks in permafrost zone rivers are considered. Data of regime observations are used to determine the predominant types of hysteresis curves discharge-sediment load for 27 gages on 16 large rivers in the region. The role of permafrost conditions and processes in the formation of the hysteresis effect is identified and a relationship between the type of the hysteresis curve and the predominant sediment source is established. Content Type Journal Article Category Water Resources and the Regime of Water Bodies Pages 648-656 DOI 10.1134/S0097807812060073 Authors N. I. Tananaev, Melnikov Permafrost Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pervyi Mikroraion 8A, Igarka, Krasnoyarsk Territory, 663200 Russia Journal Water Resources Online ISSN 1608-344X Print ISSN 0097-8078 Journal Volume Volume 39 Journal Issue Volume 39, Number 6

Description:    Analysis is given to the source of errors, invalidating the results of laboratory studies of water and the standards, norms, and regulations for ensuring the accuracy (validity and accuracy) of methods and results of measurements. The accreditation of laboratories, and their use of the means of measurements and reference standards, admitted for use in accordance with the established order, as well as the participation in interlaboratory comparison tests are shown to be necessary but not sufficient conditions for providing customers with reliable measurement data. To obtain measurement results with an error satisfying the established standards, one should demonstrate conscious and competent attitude toward the measurement problem in accordance with the basic ISO/MEK 17025 standard. It is shown that, under the conditions of increasing value of fresh water in the world, the metrological support of water-environmental control becomes an urgent and specific scientific problem. Therefore, it is proposed to develop water qualimetry—the direction of scientific and applied studies, making it possible to evaluate the characteristics of measurement errors in the characteristics under control to ensure their lying within the established limits with a specified probability. Content Type Journal Article Category Water Resources Use: Economic and Legal Aspects Pages 685-699 DOI 10.1134/S009780781206005X Authors O. M. Rozental, Water Problems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Gubkina 3, Moscow, 119333 Russia Journal Water Resources Online ISSN 1608-344X Print ISSN 0097-8078 Journal Volume Volume 39 Journal Issue Volume 39, Number 6

Description:    The structure and development of hydrological benches, which regulate water discharge from Caspian transgressions into the Black Sea are considered. Content Type Journal Article Category Water Resources and the Regime of Water Bodies Pages 640-647 DOI 10.1134/S0097807812060061 Authors A. A. Svitoch, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia R. R. Makshaev, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia Journal Water Resources Online ISSN 1608-344X Print ISSN 0097-8078 Journal Volume Volume 39 Journal Issue Volume 39, Number 6

Description:    The forced regime of groundwater development is an efficient method of enhancing the reliability of water supply to cities, where it is based on the joint use of surface water and groundwater and suffers from their deficiency in dry years that occur with certain probability. To solve the problem of water supply to Vladivostok, it is planned to use groundwater of the Razdol’ninskii Area of the Pushkinskoe Groundwater Deposit. The possibility to cover water deficiency by changing the operation regime of water intake is proved. The total reserves explored in 1983 are 124.5 thous. m 3 /day. Mathematical modeling was used to substantiate the possibility of the use of periodic forced regime of water intake operation with the capacity of 250 thous. m 3 /day with its subsequent decrease to 60 thous. m 3 /day. Content Type Journal Article Category Water Resources Use: Economic and Legal Aspects Pages 657-671 DOI 10.1134/S0097807812060024 Authors B. V. Borevskii, Hydrogeological and Geoecological Company CJSC HYDEC, Pyatnadtsataya Parkovaya ul. 10A, Moscow, 105203 Russia N. S. Kozak, Hydrogeological and Geoecological Company CJSC HYDEC, Pyatnadtsataya Parkovaya ul. 10A, Moscow, 105203 Russia A. G. Chernyak, Hydrogeological and Geoecological Company CJSC HYDEC, Pyatnadtsataya Parkovaya ul. 10A, Moscow, 105203 Russia Journal Water Resources Online ISSN 1608-344X Print ISSN 0097-8078 Journal Volume Volume 39 Journal Issue Volume 39, Number 6

Description:    The current state of the problem of artificial recharge of groundwater in Russia and other countries is analyzed. The factors that govern the zoning by the conditions of artificial groundwater recharge are considered. The territory of the southern European Russia was zoned by the conditions of artificial groundwater recharge and the results of this zoning were used to compile maps of perspectives of artificial groundwater recharge in southern European Russia. Content Type Journal Article Category Water Resources Use: Economic and Legal Aspects Pages 672-684 DOI 10.1134/S0097807812060085 Authors I. S. Zektser, Water Problems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Gubkina 3, Moscow, 119333 Russia E. Yu. Potapova, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia A. V. Chetverikova, Water Problems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Gubkina 3, Moscow, 119333 Russia R. S. Shtengelov, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia Journal Water Resources Online ISSN 1608-344X Print ISSN 0097-8078 Journal Volume Volume 39 Journal Issue Volume 39, Number 6

Description:    Multiple stresses are putting great pressure on water resources systems. Population growth, climate change, prosperity, energy production, food crisis, and water governance are among the factors straining water resources. Decision makers from rich to poor countries and from commercial to non-governmental organisations are struggling to devise schemes to adapt to these stressed water conditions. Better efficiency for water resources systems, and particularly irrigation systems, is recommended as one of the most important responses to climate change, unsustainable development, and water shortage. However, using certain efficiencies such as Classical Efficiency caused systems not to perform according to decision makers’ objectives. Effective Efficiency is a robust composite indicator that includes in its formulation both a flow weight, taking into account the leaching fraction, and reuse of return flows. Classical Efficiency is defined as the percentage of the diversion consumed beneficially, such as by crop evapotranspiration. Effective Efficiency, on the other hand, is defined as the ratio of beneficial consumptive use to total consumption, expressed as a percentage. In this paper, a normalised and non-dimensional form of Effective Efficiency is developed and necessary constraints for its successful application are explained. These constraints express water balance, flow weights and their thresholds, water reuse, and total consumptive use. Basic guidelines are proposed for better decision making in determining possible interventions for improving Effective Efficiency. This is done by analysing its domain through analytical and graphical methods. Three real cases are considered, namely, Imperial Irrigation District and Grand Valley irrigation systems in the United States and Nile Valley in upper Egypt. Three-dimensional sensitivity analysis is performed on Effective Efficiency and its variables using the three cases. This leads to an examination of the validity of the analysis and to suggestions for better intervention options. Meanwhile, it is also shown why Classical Efficiency should be used with care. Content Type Journal Article Category Water Resources Development: Economic and Legal Aspects Pages 700-707 DOI 10.1134/S0097807812060097 Authors Naim Haie, Civil Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Perth, Australia Rui M. Pereira, Mathematics Department, School of Sciences Campus of Azurem, University of Minho, Guimaraes, 4800-058 Portugal Gaspar J. Machado, Mathematics Department, School of Sciences Campus of Azurem, University of Minho, Guimaraes, 4800-058 Portugal Andrew A. Keller, Mathematics Department, School of Sciences Campus of Azurem, University of Minho, Guimaraes, 4800-058 Portugal Journal Water Resources Online ISSN 1608-344X Print ISSN 0097-8078 Journal Volume Volume 39 Journal Issue Volume 39, Number 6

Description:    The state of the regulatory environment for assessing the quality of fresh groundwater used for domestic water supply is characterized. The geochemistry of fresh groundwater deposits, the hydrogeochemistry of standardized microelements (boron, bromine, lithium), and technogenic processes are described. The regional features of fresh groundwater deposits are characterized. Content Type Journal Article Category Water Quality and Protection: Environmental Aspects Pages 523-532 DOI 10.1134/S0097807812050089 Authors V. P. Zakutin, HYDEC Hydrogeological and Geoecological Company, Pyatnadtsataya Parkovaya ul. 10a, Moscow, 105203 Russia M. S. Golitsyn, FGUP VSEGINGEO, pos. Zelenyi, Noginskii raion, Moscow oblast, 142452 Russia V. M. Shvets, Russian State Geological Prospecting Universuty MGRI-RSGPU, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 23, Moscow, 117997 Russia Journal Water Resources Online ISSN 1608-344X Print ISSN 0097-8078 Journal Volume Volume 39 Journal Issue Volume 39, Number 5

Description:    The formation conditions of water exchange and quality in a lake used as a part of water disposal system of an operating copper-nickel metallurgical plant are considered. Water and material budget of the lake is calculated, including process water discharge, atmospheric precipitation, and snow melting. The quantitative and qualitative characteristics of bottom sediments and waters involved in lake water exchange are determined. The migration conditions of heavy metals from bottom sediments are evaluated and their dynamic layers are determined. Some measures are proposed for reducing the adverse impact of the coppernickel plant on water bodies. Content Type Journal Article Category Water Resources Development: Economic and Legal Aspects Pages 590-600 DOI 10.1134/S0097807812050090 Authors A. P. Zosin, Institute of North Industrial Ecology Problems, URAN, ul. Fersmana 14a, Apatity, 184209 Russia T. I. Priimak, Institute of North Industrial Ecology Problems, URAN, ul. Fersmana 14a, Apatity, 184209 Russia L. P. Sulimenko, Institute of North Industrial Ecology Problems, URAN, ul. Fersmana 14a, Apatity, 184209 Russia T. A. Mingaleva, Institute of North Industrial Ecology Problems, URAN, ul. Fersmana 14a, Apatity, 184209 Russia Journal Water Resources Online ISSN 1608-344X Print ISSN 0097-8078 Journal Volume Volume 39 Journal Issue Volume 39, Number 5

Description:    Analysis is given of a relatively new method for studying the distribution and dynamics of land water resources, which is based on measuring the anomalies of Earth gravity field with the use of GRACE satellite system. The international satellite experiment on determining the gravity and climate changes has been carried out since 2002 with the aim of making high-frequency (within the frequency range of 10900–36000 GHz) measurements of time variations in Earth’s gravity field. The measurement method and the procedure of data processing and evaluating the hydrological-geohydrological characteristics of large river basins and regions based on GRACE data. Content Type Journal Article Category Water Resources and the Regime of Water Bodies Pages 514-522 DOI 10.1134/S0097807812040021 Authors A. A. Bulychev, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia R. G. Dzhamalov, Water Problems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Gubkina 3, Moscow, 119333 Russia R. V. Sidorov, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia Journal Water Resources Online ISSN 1608-344X Print ISSN 0097-8078 Journal Volume Volume 39 Journal Issue Volume 39, Number 5