Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Series Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Series Preface -- Introduction -- PART I CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACTS -- 1 John Houghton (2001), 'The Science of Global Warming', Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 26, pp. 247-57. -- 2 Brent Sohngen and Robert Mendelsohn (1998), 'Valuing the Impact of Large-Scale Ecological Change in a Market: The Effect of Climate Change on U.S. Timber', American Economic Review, 88, pp. 686-710. -- 3 Kenneth D. Frederick and David C. Major (1997), 'Climate Change and Water Resources', Climatic Change, 37, pp. 7-23. -- 4 Gary Yohe and Michael Schlesinger (2002), 'The Economic Geography of the Impacts of Climate Change', Journal of Economic Geography, 2, pp. 311-41. -- 5 Allan D. Brunner (2002), 'El Nino and World Primary Commodity Prices: Warm Water or Hot Air?', Review of Economics and Statistics, 84, pp. 176-83. -- 6 Robert Mendelsohn, William D. Nordhaus and Daigee Shaw (1994), 'The Impact of Global Warming on Agriculture: A Ricardian Analysis', American Economic Review, 84, pp. 753-71. -- 7 John Quiggin and John K. Horowitz (1999), 'The Impact of Global Warming on Agriculture: A Ricardian Analysis: Comment', American Economic Review, 89, pp. 1044-45. -- 8 Robert Mendelsohn and William Nordhaus (1999), 'The Impact of Global Warming on Agriculture: A Ricardian Analysis: Reply', American Economic Review, 89, pp. 1046-48. -- 9 Roy Darwin (1999), 'The Impact of Global Warming on Agriculture: A Ricardian Analysis: Comment', American Economic Review, 89, pp. 1049-52. -- 10 Robert Mendelsohn and William Nordhaus (1999), 'The Impact of Global Warming on Agriculture: A Ricardian Analysis: Reply', American Economic Review, 89, pp. 1053-55. -- PART II EVALUATING THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION. , 11 William D. Nordhaus (1993), 'Rolling the "DICE": An Optimal Transition Path for Controlling Greenhouse Gases', Resource and Energy Economics, 15, pp. 27-50. -- 12 Richard S.J. Tol (1999), 'The Marginal Costs of Greenhouse Gas Emissions', Energy Journal, 20, pp. 61-81. -- 13 Tim Roughgarden and Stephen H. Schneider (1999), 'Climate Change Policy: Quantifying Uncertainties for Damages and Optimal Carbon Taxes', Energy Policy, 27, pp. 415-29. -- 14 Lawrence H. Goulder and Koshy Mathai (2000), 'Optimal C02 Abatement in the Presence of Induced Technological Change', Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 39, pp. 1-38. -- 15 Charles D. Kolstad (1996), 'Learning and Stock Effects in Environmental Regulation: The Case of Greenhouse Gas Emissions', Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 31, pp. 1-18. -- 16 Christian Azar and Thomas Sterner (1996), 'Discounting and Distributional Considerations in the Context of Global Warming', Ecological Economics, 19, pp. 169-84. -- 17 Richard B. Howarth (2000), 'Climate Change and the Representative Agent', Environmental and Resource Economics, 15, pp. 135-48. -- 18 Thomas C. Schelling (1995), 'Intergenerational Discounting', Energy Policy, 23, pp. 395-401. -- 19 T.M.L. Wigley, R. Richels and J.A. Edmonds (1996), 'Economic and Environmental Choices in the Stabilization of Atmospheric C02 Concentrations', Nature, 379, pp. 240-43. -- 20 Zhongxiang Zhang (2000), 'Decoupling China's Carbon Emissions Increase from Economic Growth: An Economic Analysis and Policy Implications', World Development, 28, pp. 739-52. -- 21 Robert C. Hyman, John M. Reilly, Mustafa H. Babiker, Ardoin De Masin and Henry D. Jacoby (2003), 'Modeling N on-C02 Greenhouse Gas Abatement', Environmental Modeling and Assessment, 8, pp. 175-86. , 22 Richard G. Newell and Robert N. Stavins (2000), 'Climate Change and Forest Sinks: Factors Affecting the Costs of Carbon Sequestration', Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 40, pp. 211-35. -- 23 Andrew J. Plantinga, Thomas Mauldin and Douglas J. Miller (1999), 'An Econometric Analysis of the Costs of Sequestering Carbon in Forests', American Journal of Agricultural Economics', 81, pp. 812-24. -- PART III POLICY DESIGN FOR GHG MITIGATION -- 24 Ian W.H. Parry and Roberton C. Williams III (1999), 'A Second-Best Evaluation of Eight Policy Instruments to Reduce Carbon Emissions', Resource and Energy Economics, 21, pp. 347-73. -- 25 William A. Pizer (2002), 'Combining Price and Quantity Controls to Mitigate Global Climate Change', Journal of Public Economics, 85, pp. 409-34. -- 26 Michael Grubb (1997), 'Technologies, Energy Systems and the Timing of C02 Emissions Abatement: An Overview of Economic Issues', Energy Policy, 25, pp. 159-72. -- 27 Adam B. Jaffe and Robert N. Stavins (1994), 'Energy-Efficiency Investments and Public Policy', Energy Journal, 15, pp. 43-65. -- 28 P.R. Shukla (1996), 'The Modelling of Policy Options for Greenhouse Gas Mitigation in India', Ambio, 25, pp. 240-48. -- 29 Scott Barrett (1998), 'Political Economy of the Kyoto Protocol', Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 14, pp. 20-39. -- 30 Adam Rose, Brandt Stevens, Jae Edmonds and Marshall Wise (1998),' International Equity and Differentiation in Global Warming Policy: An Application to Tradeable Emission Permits', Environmental and Resource Economics, 12, pp. 25-51. -- 31 Zili Yang (1999), 'Should the North Make Unilateral Technology Transfers to the South? North-South Cooperation and Conflicts in Responses to Global Climate Change', Resource and Energy Economics, 21, pp. 67-87. , 32 Mustafa Babiker, John M. Reilly and Henry D. Jacoby (2000), 'The Kyoto Protocol and Developing Countries', Energy Policy, 28, pp. 525-36. -- Name Index.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter-1 -- Introducing Life Cycle Assessment and its Presentation in 'LCA Compendium' -- 1 What is Life Cycle Assessment? -- 2 LCA-How it Came About -- 2.1 The Early Time -- 2.2 Harmonisation by SETAC -- 2.3 Standardisation by ISO -- 2.4 Recent Trends -- 3 The Structure of LCA According to ISO 14040 and 14044 -- 3.1 Goal and Scope Definition -- 3.2 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis -- 3.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment -- 3.4 Interpretation -- 4 The Structure of LCA Beyond ISO 14040 -- 4.1 Applications of Life Cycle Assessment -- 4.2 Beyond the Classical ISO LCA -- 4.3 Life Cycle Management -- 4.4 Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment -- 4.5 LCA Worldwide -- 5 Structure of 'LCA Compendium' -- 5.1 Background and Future Prospects in Life Cycle Assessment -- 5.2 Goal and Scope Definition in Life Cycle Assessment -- 5.3 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis -- 5.4 Life Cycle Impact Assessment -- 5.5 Interpretation -- and, Critical Review and Reporting -- 5.6 Overview on LCA Applications -- 5.7 Special types of Life Cycle Assessment -- 5.8 Life Cycle Management -- 5.9 Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment -- 5.10 LCA Worldwide -- 6 New Developments and Special Types of Life Cycle Assessment-How Are they taken into Account? -- 7 How Scientific is LCA? -- Appendix-Glossary -- References -- Chapter-2 -- The Role of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Development and Application -- 1 Introduction-SETAC and Life Cycle Assessment -- 2 Life Before SETAC's Involvement with LCA -- 2.1 Focus on Pollution Reduction -- 2.2 Moving Beyond Pollution Control to Pollution Prevention -- 2.2.1 Duelling Diaper Debates -- 2.2.2 Mercury in Fluorescent Light Bulbs -- 2.2.3 Coca-Cola's Supply Chain Improvements -- 3 The Birth of SETAC -- 3.1 SETAC Workshops. , 3.1.1 Pellston Workshops -- 3.1.2 Technical Workshops -- 4 Early Days of SETAC 1990-1993 -- 4.1 SETAC LCA Groups -- 4.2 LCA Group Activities -- 4.2.1 A Technical Framework for Life Cycle assessment. August 18-23, 1990, Smugglers Notch, Vermont -- 4.2.2 Life Cycle Assessment: Inventory, Classification, Valuation, and Data Bases. December 2-3, 1991, Leiden, The Netherlands -- 4.2.3 A Conceptual Framework for Life Cycle Impact Assessment. February 1-7, 1992, Sandestin, Florida -- 4.2.4 Data Quality: A Conceptual Framework. October 4-9, 1992, in Wintergreen, Virginia -- 4.2.5 Code of Practice. Sesimbra, Portugal, March 31-April 3, 1993 -- 4.3 SETAC LCA Workgroups from 1994 to 2000 -- 4.4 SETAC LCA Workshops and Initiatives up from 1999 -- 4.4.1 Application of Life Cycle Assessment to Public Policy, August 14-19, 1995, Wintergreen, VA, USA -- 4.4.2 A Second Wave of LCA Workshops -- 5 SETAC and the International Organization for Standardization -- 6 On-Going SETAC Activities -- 6.1 Global Advisory Groups -- 7 UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative -- 8 SETAC's Role in Advancing the Use of LCA in the Building Sector -- 9 Future Role of SETAC -- 9.1 Expanding the Use of LCA -- 9.2 LCA Case Studies -- 9.3 Additional Pellston Workshops -- 9.4 On-Going Effort with the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative -- 9.5 Impact Assessment Advancement -- 9.6 Alternative Assessments -- 9.7 LCA in Developing Countries -- Appendix-Glossary -- References -- Chapter-3 -- The International Standards as the Constitution of Life Cycle Assessment: The ISO 14040 Series and its Offspring -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 History of LCA Standards Development -- 1.1.1 The Early Days -- 1.1.2 The First Revision -- 1.1.3 The Proliferation -- 1.2 Relevance of ISO Standards on LCA -- 1.3 ISO's Standardization Process -- 2 The Core Standards of LCA: ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 -- 3 The Spin-off Standards. , 3.1 ISO 14025-Type III Environmental Product Declarations -- 3.2 ISO 14047-Examples of Impact Assessement -- 3.3 ISO 14048-Data Documentation Format -- 3.4 ISO 14049-Examples of Inventory Analysis -- 4 The Future Standards Based on ISO 14040/44 -- 4.1 ISO 14045-Eco-Efficiency Assessment -- 4.2 ISO 14046-Water Footprint -- 4.3 ISO/TS 14067-Carbon Footprint -- 4.4 ISO 14071-Critical Review -- 4.5 ISO 14072-Organizational LCA (OLCA) -- 5 Summary and Outlook -- Appendix-Glossary -- References -- Chapter-4 -- The UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiativeand The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment -- 3 Main Contributions from 2002 to 2012 of the Life Cycle Initiative to the International Community and Best Examples Worldwide -- 3.1 Phase 1-Creating a Global Community -- 3.1.1 The Life Cycle Management Programme -- 3.1.2 The Life Cycle Inventory Programme -- 3.1.3 The Life Cycle Impact Assessment Programme -- 3.1.4 Crosscutting Activities -- 3.2 Phase 2-Becoming a Stakeholder -- 3.2.1 Overall Structure -- 3.2.2 Deliverables -- 3.2.3 Running a Multi-Stakeholder Process: Global Guidance for LCA Databases -- 4 Key Messages Based on Work Conducted During the Last 10 Years -- 4.1 Life Cycle Thinking in the Private Sector-Ahead of the Curve -- 4.2 Life Cycle Thinking in the Public Sector-Potential for Improvement -- 4.3 Life Cycle Methodologies, Impact Assessment and Data-The Foundation for Informed Decision-Making -- 4.4 Life Cycle Sustainability Approaches-Measuring Triple Bottom Line Impacts -- 4.5 Trade-Offs and Unexpected Consequences-Avoiding the Pitfalls -- 4.5.1 Trade-Offs Between Stages of the Product Value Chain -- 4.5.2 Trade-Offs Between Environmental Impact Categories -- 4.5.3 Trade-Offs Between Sustainability Pillars: Environmental, Social, Economic. , 4.5.4 Trade-Offs Between Societies/Regions -- 4.5.5 Generational Trade-Offs -- 4.5.6 Relevant Activities in Last 10 Years -- 4.6 Life Cycle Initiative Networks-Growing in Numbers and Expertise -- 4.6.1 The International Life Cycle Network -- 4.6.2 Life Cycle Jobs are Green Jobs -- 4.6.2 Accomplishments in Phases 1 and 2 -- 4.7 Communicating Life Cycle Information-The Right Story for Every Audience -- 5 The Future of Life Cycle Thinking and Phase 3 of the Life Cycle Initiative -- 5.1 Consultation Process -- 5.2 New Strategic Approach and Programmes -- 5.2.1 Programme on Data -- 5.2.2 Programme on Methodologies -- 5.2.3 Programme on Product Sustainability Information -- 5.2.4 Programme on Capacity Building and Implementation -- 5.2.5 Programme on Communication and Stakeholder Outreach -- 5.3 Setting up the Baseline for Phase 3 of the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative-Monitoring Progress by Key Indicators -- 6 Conclusions and Perspectives -- Appendix-Glossary -- References -- Chapter-5 -- Life Cycle Assessment as Reflected by the International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Milestones in Int J Life Cycle Assess -- 3 Institute for Scientific Information (ISI)-Impact Factor -- 4 Online Publications -- 5 The National Societies -- 5.1 LCA Society of Japan -- 5.2 Indian Society for LCA (ISLCA) -- 5.3 Korean Society for LCA (KSLCA) -- 5.4 Australian LCA Society (ALCAS) -- 5.5 Life Cycle Association of New Zealand (LCANZ) -- 5.6 Other LCA Organisations and Networks -- 5.6.1 SPOLD-Society for the Promotion of Life Cycle Development -- 5.6.2 LCANET-European Network for Strategic Life-Cycle Assessment Research and Development. A Strategic Research Programme for Life Cycle Assessment -- 5.6.3 CHAINET-European Network on Chain Analysis for Environmental Decision Support -- 5.6.4 ISOLP-International Society for LCA Practitioners. , 5.6.5 UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative -- 5.6.6 Swiss Discussion Forum on Life Cycle Assessment -- 5.6.7 LCA Activities in Spain, Italy and Greece -- 6 Topics and Subject Areas -- 6.1 Life Cycle Management -- 6.1.1 Editorial: 'How to Communicate LCA Results' by Walter Klöpffer and Almut B. Heinrich, Int J Life Cycle Assess 5(3): 125 (2000) -- 6.1.2 Editorial: 'Two Planets and One Journal' by Walter Klöpffer and Almut B. Heinrich, Int J Life Cycle Assess 6(1) 1-3 (2001) -- 6.1.3 LCM in the Internet-Journal 'Gate to Environmental and Health Science (EHS)' and the Discussion Forum 'Global LCA Village' -- 6.1.4 Editorial: 'LCM-Integrating a New Section' by Almut B Heinrich and Walter Klöpffer, Int J Life Cycle Assess 7(6): 315-316 (2002) -- 6.1.5 The LCM Conferences -- 6.2 Life Cycle Costing (LCC) -- 6.3 Social Life Cycle Assessment (SLCA) -- 6.4 Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) -- 7 Special Issues and Supplements -- 8 ISO Standardisation of LCA -- 9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter-6 -- Strengths and Limitations of Life Cycle Assessment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Strengths and Limitations-Perceived and Real-in Life Cycle Assessment -- 2.1 Matching the Goal of the Assessment to the Approach -- 2.2 Gathering the Inventory Data can be Very Resource and Time Intensive -- 2.3 Missing Impact Data and Models for LCIA -- 2.4 Dealing with Data Uncertainty -- 2.5 Distinguishing between Life Cycle Impact Assessment and Risk Assessment -- 2.6 LCA Does not Always (usually) Declare a 'Winner' -- 2.7 LCA Results should be Supplemented by Other Tools in Decision Making -- 2.8 Allocating Environmental Burdens Across Co-products -- 2.9 Assigning Credit for Avoided Burden -- 2.10 Expanding the Boundaries (consequential LCA) -- 3 Life Cycle Thinking -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter-7. , Challenges in Life Cycle Assessment: An Overview of Current Gaps and Research Needs.

Note: The International Climate Regimeand its Driving-Forces: Obstacles and Chances on the Way to a Global Response to the Problem of Climate Change -- Table of content -- Table of figures -- Appendixes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Scientific and economical consequences of anthropogenic climate change -- 2.1. The natural and anthropogenic greenhouse effect -- 2.1.1. The IPCC and its 4th Assessment Report -- 2.1.2. The Stern Review and the economics of climate change -- 3. The regime theory -- 3.1. Three schools of thought within the theory of international regime -- 3.1.1. The interest-based approach -- 3.1.1.1. Two-level games -- 3.1.2. The power-based approach -- 3.1.3. The knowledge-based approach -- 3.2. Application of the three approaches to the issue area of climate change -- 4. The issue area of climate change current climate regime -- 4.1. The current climate change regime -- 4.1.1. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change -- 4.1.2. The Kyoto-Protocol -- 4.1.2.1. The exit of the USA from the Kyoto Protocol -- 4.1.2.2. Basic weaknesses of the Kyoto Protocol -- 4.1.3. The Bali roadmap -- 4.2. Priorities of the main actors -- 4.2.1. The United States of America -- 4.2.1.1. Obama's New Climate Policy -- 4.2.2. China -- 4.2.2.1. China's plead for consumption-based inventories -- 4.3. International negotiations for a post-2012 agreement in Copenhagen and Cancún -- 5. Analysis of the driving-forces of the climate regime -- 5.1. The effectiveness and robustness of regimes -- 5.2. The driving-forces of the international climate regime and its consequences for the effectiveness of the regime -- 5.2.1. Analysis of the current climate regime -- 5.2.2. Analysis of the negotiations for a post-2012 agreement -- 5.2.3. Outlook regarding the regime's potential future driving-forces -- 5.2.3.1. A shift in Obama's political priority setting. , 5.2.3.2. Developments at the state level in the US -- 5.3. Conclusion -- References -- Monographs -- Scientific papers in omnibus volumes -- Articles in refereed journals -- Scientific publications -- Newspaper and magazine articles -- Internet sources (chronological after usage in the text) -- Appendixes -- Appendix 1 -- Appendix 2 -- Appendix 3 -- Appendix 4 -- Appendix 5 -- Appendix 6 -- Appendix 7 -- Appendix 8 -- Appendix 9 -- Appendix 10 -- Appendix 11 -- Appendix 12.