Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter-1 -- Introducing Life Cycle Assessment and its Presentation in 'LCA Compendium' -- 1 What is Life Cycle Assessment? -- 2 LCA-How it Came About -- 2.1 The Early Time -- 2.2 Harmonisation by SETAC -- 2.3 Standardisation by ISO -- 2.4 Recent Trends -- 3 The Structure of LCA According to ISO 14040 and 14044 -- 3.1 Goal and Scope Definition -- 3.2 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis -- 3.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment -- 3.4 Interpretation -- 4 The Structure of LCA Beyond ISO 14040 -- 4.1 Applications of Life Cycle Assessment -- 4.2 Beyond the Classical ISO LCA -- 4.3 Life Cycle Management -- 4.4 Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment -- 4.5 LCA Worldwide -- 5 Structure of 'LCA Compendium' -- 5.1 Background and Future Prospects in Life Cycle Assessment -- 5.2 Goal and Scope Definition in Life Cycle Assessment -- 5.3 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis -- 5.4 Life Cycle Impact Assessment -- 5.5 Interpretation -- and, Critical Review and Reporting -- 5.6 Overview on LCA Applications -- 5.7 Special types of Life Cycle Assessment -- 5.8 Life Cycle Management -- 5.9 Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment -- 5.10 LCA Worldwide -- 6 New Developments and Special Types of Life Cycle Assessment-How Are they taken into Account? -- 7 How Scientific is LCA? -- Appendix-Glossary -- References -- Chapter-2 -- The Role of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Development and Application -- 1 Introduction-SETAC and Life Cycle Assessment -- 2 Life Before SETAC's Involvement with LCA -- 2.1 Focus on Pollution Reduction -- 2.2 Moving Beyond Pollution Control to Pollution Prevention -- 2.2.1 Duelling Diaper Debates -- 2.2.2 Mercury in Fluorescent Light Bulbs -- 2.2.3 Coca-Cola's Supply Chain Improvements -- 3 The Birth of SETAC -- 3.1 SETAC Workshops. , 3.1.1 Pellston Workshops -- 3.1.2 Technical Workshops -- 4 Early Days of SETAC 1990-1993 -- 4.1 SETAC LCA Groups -- 4.2 LCA Group Activities -- 4.2.1 A Technical Framework for Life Cycle assessment. August 18-23, 1990, Smugglers Notch, Vermont -- 4.2.2 Life Cycle Assessment: Inventory, Classification, Valuation, and Data Bases. December 2-3, 1991, Leiden, The Netherlands -- 4.2.3 A Conceptual Framework for Life Cycle Impact Assessment. February 1-7, 1992, Sandestin, Florida -- 4.2.4 Data Quality: A Conceptual Framework. October 4-9, 1992, in Wintergreen, Virginia -- 4.2.5 Code of Practice. Sesimbra, Portugal, March 31-April 3, 1993 -- 4.3 SETAC LCA Workgroups from 1994 to 2000 -- 4.4 SETAC LCA Workshops and Initiatives up from 1999 -- 4.4.1 Application of Life Cycle Assessment to Public Policy, August 14-19, 1995, Wintergreen, VA, USA -- 4.4.2 A Second Wave of LCA Workshops -- 5 SETAC and the International Organization for Standardization -- 6 On-Going SETAC Activities -- 6.1 Global Advisory Groups -- 7 UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative -- 8 SETAC's Role in Advancing the Use of LCA in the Building Sector -- 9 Future Role of SETAC -- 9.1 Expanding the Use of LCA -- 9.2 LCA Case Studies -- 9.3 Additional Pellston Workshops -- 9.4 On-Going Effort with the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative -- 9.5 Impact Assessment Advancement -- 9.6 Alternative Assessments -- 9.7 LCA in Developing Countries -- Appendix-Glossary -- References -- Chapter-3 -- The International Standards as the Constitution of Life Cycle Assessment: The ISO 14040 Series and its Offspring -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 History of LCA Standards Development -- 1.1.1 The Early Days -- 1.1.2 The First Revision -- 1.1.3 The Proliferation -- 1.2 Relevance of ISO Standards on LCA -- 1.3 ISO's Standardization Process -- 2 The Core Standards of LCA: ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 -- 3 The Spin-off Standards. , 3.1 ISO 14025-Type III Environmental Product Declarations -- 3.2 ISO 14047-Examples of Impact Assessement -- 3.3 ISO 14048-Data Documentation Format -- 3.4 ISO 14049-Examples of Inventory Analysis -- 4 The Future Standards Based on ISO 14040/44 -- 4.1 ISO 14045-Eco-Efficiency Assessment -- 4.2 ISO 14046-Water Footprint -- 4.3 ISO/TS 14067-Carbon Footprint -- 4.4 ISO 14071-Critical Review -- 4.5 ISO 14072-Organizational LCA (OLCA) -- 5 Summary and Outlook -- Appendix-Glossary -- References -- Chapter-4 -- The UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiativeand The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment -- 3 Main Contributions from 2002 to 2012 of the Life Cycle Initiative to the International Community and Best Examples Worldwide -- 3.1 Phase 1-Creating a Global Community -- 3.1.1 The Life Cycle Management Programme -- 3.1.2 The Life Cycle Inventory Programme -- 3.1.3 The Life Cycle Impact Assessment Programme -- 3.1.4 Crosscutting Activities -- 3.2 Phase 2-Becoming a Stakeholder -- 3.2.1 Overall Structure -- 3.2.2 Deliverables -- 3.2.3 Running a Multi-Stakeholder Process: Global Guidance for LCA Databases -- 4 Key Messages Based on Work Conducted During the Last 10 Years -- 4.1 Life Cycle Thinking in the Private Sector-Ahead of the Curve -- 4.2 Life Cycle Thinking in the Public Sector-Potential for Improvement -- 4.3 Life Cycle Methodologies, Impact Assessment and Data-The Foundation for Informed Decision-Making -- 4.4 Life Cycle Sustainability Approaches-Measuring Triple Bottom Line Impacts -- 4.5 Trade-Offs and Unexpected Consequences-Avoiding the Pitfalls -- 4.5.1 Trade-Offs Between Stages of the Product Value Chain -- 4.5.2 Trade-Offs Between Environmental Impact Categories -- 4.5.3 Trade-Offs Between Sustainability Pillars: Environmental, Social, Economic. , 4.5.4 Trade-Offs Between Societies/Regions -- 4.5.5 Generational Trade-Offs -- 4.5.6 Relevant Activities in Last 10 Years -- 4.6 Life Cycle Initiative Networks-Growing in Numbers and Expertise -- 4.6.1 The International Life Cycle Network -- 4.6.2 Life Cycle Jobs are Green Jobs -- 4.6.2 Accomplishments in Phases 1 and 2 -- 4.7 Communicating Life Cycle Information-The Right Story for Every Audience -- 5 The Future of Life Cycle Thinking and Phase 3 of the Life Cycle Initiative -- 5.1 Consultation Process -- 5.2 New Strategic Approach and Programmes -- 5.2.1 Programme on Data -- 5.2.2 Programme on Methodologies -- 5.2.3 Programme on Product Sustainability Information -- 5.2.4 Programme on Capacity Building and Implementation -- 5.2.5 Programme on Communication and Stakeholder Outreach -- 5.3 Setting up the Baseline for Phase 3 of the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative-Monitoring Progress by Key Indicators -- 6 Conclusions and Perspectives -- Appendix-Glossary -- References -- Chapter-5 -- Life Cycle Assessment as Reflected by the International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Milestones in Int J Life Cycle Assess -- 3 Institute for Scientific Information (ISI)-Impact Factor -- 4 Online Publications -- 5 The National Societies -- 5.1 LCA Society of Japan -- 5.2 Indian Society for LCA (ISLCA) -- 5.3 Korean Society for LCA (KSLCA) -- 5.4 Australian LCA Society (ALCAS) -- 5.5 Life Cycle Association of New Zealand (LCANZ) -- 5.6 Other LCA Organisations and Networks -- 5.6.1 SPOLD-Society for the Promotion of Life Cycle Development -- 5.6.2 LCANET-European Network for Strategic Life-Cycle Assessment Research and Development. A Strategic Research Programme for Life Cycle Assessment -- 5.6.3 CHAINET-European Network on Chain Analysis for Environmental Decision Support -- 5.6.4 ISOLP-International Society for LCA Practitioners. , 5.6.5 UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative -- 5.6.6 Swiss Discussion Forum on Life Cycle Assessment -- 5.6.7 LCA Activities in Spain, Italy and Greece -- 6 Topics and Subject Areas -- 6.1 Life Cycle Management -- 6.1.1 Editorial: 'How to Communicate LCA Results' by Walter Klöpffer and Almut B. Heinrich, Int J Life Cycle Assess 5(3): 125 (2000) -- 6.1.2 Editorial: 'Two Planets and One Journal' by Walter Klöpffer and Almut B. Heinrich, Int J Life Cycle Assess 6(1) 1-3 (2001) -- 6.1.3 LCM in the Internet-Journal 'Gate to Environmental and Health Science (EHS)' and the Discussion Forum 'Global LCA Village' -- 6.1.4 Editorial: 'LCM-Integrating a New Section' by Almut B Heinrich and Walter Klöpffer, Int J Life Cycle Assess 7(6): 315-316 (2002) -- 6.1.5 The LCM Conferences -- 6.2 Life Cycle Costing (LCC) -- 6.3 Social Life Cycle Assessment (SLCA) -- 6.4 Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) -- 7 Special Issues and Supplements -- 8 ISO Standardisation of LCA -- 9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter-6 -- Strengths and Limitations of Life Cycle Assessment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Strengths and Limitations-Perceived and Real-in Life Cycle Assessment -- 2.1 Matching the Goal of the Assessment to the Approach -- 2.2 Gathering the Inventory Data can be Very Resource and Time Intensive -- 2.3 Missing Impact Data and Models for LCIA -- 2.4 Dealing with Data Uncertainty -- 2.5 Distinguishing between Life Cycle Impact Assessment and Risk Assessment -- 2.6 LCA Does not Always (usually) Declare a 'Winner' -- 2.7 LCA Results should be Supplemented by Other Tools in Decision Making -- 2.8 Allocating Environmental Burdens Across Co-products -- 2.9 Assigning Credit for Avoided Burden -- 2.10 Expanding the Boundaries (consequential LCA) -- 3 Life Cycle Thinking -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter-7. , Challenges in Life Cycle Assessment: An Overview of Current Gaps and Research Needs.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Intelligent Computing Systems -- 2 Semantic Tools -- Their Use for Knowledge Management in the Public Sector -- Abstract -- 1 Outlines -- 2 Introduction---Presentation of the Field of Interest -- 2.1 E-Government---The Opportunities Through the Semantic Web -- 2.2 Public Open Data for the Transition to `Open Government' -- 3 Related Work -- 4 Semantic Representation of Knowledge -- 4.1 The RDF Data Model -- 4.2 The URI's Use -- 4.3 RDF Schema Specification Language -- 4.4 Web Ontology Language---OWL -- 5 Reasoning Tools -- 5.1 SWRL Rules -- 5.2 The Query Language SQWRL -- 6 Presentation of Our Ontology Through Prot00E9g00E9 -- 6.1 The Ontology Development in Prot00E9g00E9 4.3 -- 6.2 The E-Government Ontology -- 6.2.1 Defining Classes -- 6.2.2 Defining Properties -- 6.3 The Use of RDF, RDFS, OWL and SWRL Through a Case Study -- 7 Data Mining Technology from Ontologies -- 7.1 SPARQL -- 7.2 SPARQL-DL in OWL2 Query Tab of Prot00E9g00E9 -- 7.3 DL Query Tool of Prot00E9g00E9 -- 8 Evaluation of Ontology -- 8.1 Categorization of the Ontology -- 8.2 Basic Principles of Design -- 8.3 Methodology of the Ontology Development -- 9 Conclusions -- References -- 3 From Game Theory to Complexity, Emergence and Agent-Based Modeling in World Politics -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Game Theory in World Politics -- 2.1 A Game Theoretic Approach of Global Environmental Diplomacy -- 3 From Game Theory to Complexity -- 3.1 Emergence in World Politics -- 4 Simulating Complexity with Agent-Based Modeling -- 4.1 Agent-Based Modeling Research in World Politics -- 4.1.1 Political Applications of ABM -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- List of Software Resources -- 4 A Semantic Approach for Representing and Querying Business Processes -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Semantic Web Techniques in Management Information Systems -- 2.1 What's Worth in Combining Management Information Systems with Semantic Web Technologies? -- 2.2 Process Models, Conceptual Models and Ontologies -- 2.3 Querying Business Process Models -- 2.4 Related Work -- 3 A BPMN Semantic Process Model -- 3.1 The Research Methodology -- 3.2 Developing Business Process Models -- 3.3 Developing the Ontology -- 3.3.1 The Scope of the BPMN Elements -- 3.3.2 The Scope of the Generic BPMN Alternative Models -- 3.3.3 The Scope of the Agent or Actor Participating in the Process -- 3.4 Validating the Ontology -- 4 Querying Conventional Databases and Semantic Models -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Using Conversational Knowledge Management as a Lens for Virtual Collaboration in the Course of Small Group Activities -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Related Work and Motivation -- 2.1 Conversational Patterns -- 2.2 Design Frames and Technologies for CK Management -- 2.3 Consolidation and Research Focus -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Data Samples and Analysis -- 3.2 Language-Action Models -- 4 Implementation -- 4.1 Transformable Document Templates -- 4.2 The Portlets -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 6 Spatial Environments for m-Learning: Review and Potentials -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 List of Resources -- 3 Classification Criteria -- 4 Exemplary Environments -- 5 Comparison -- 6 Results -- 7 Conclusions/Future Work -- References -- 7 Science Teachers' Metaphors of Digital Technologies and Social Media in Pedagogy in Finland and in Greece -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theoretical Background -- 2.1 Approaching Science -- 2.2 The Relationship Between Science and Digital Technology -- 3 The Study -- 3.1 Aims & -- Methods -- 3.2 The Context and the Participants -- 4 Findings -- 4.1 Science as Way of Thinking. , 4.2 Science as Method -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Data Driven Monitoring of Energy Systems: Gaussian Process Kernel Machine for Fault Identification with Application to Boiling Water Reactors -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Gaussian Process Kernel Machines -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Application to Monitoring Complex Energy Systems: The Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) Case -- 4.1 Problem Statement -- 4.2 Testing Results -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 9 A Framework to Assess the Behavior and Performance of a City Towards Energy Optimization -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Policy Context -- 3 Current Relevant Initiatives -- 4 Description of the Framework -- 5 Municipal Building Level SCEAF -- 6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 10 An Energy Management Platform for Smart Microgrids -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Smart Polygeneration Microgrid Pilot Plant -- 3 The Energy Management Platform -- 4 The Supervisory, Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) System -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 6 Conclusions and Future Research Lines -- References -- List of Resources -- 11 Transit Journaling and Traffic Sensitive Routing for a Mixed Mode Public Transportation System -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Limited Scope of Data -- 1.2 Formal Route Names Versus Informal Headsigns -- 1.3 Insufficient Stop Descriptions -- 1.4 Traffic Sensitivity in Routing/Trip Planning -- 2 Related Work -- 2.1 Crowdsourced Mapping and Real-time Tracking -- 2.2 Activity Detection -- 2.3 Trip Planning/Routing -- 2.3.1 Dijkstra's Algorithm -- 2.3.2 A* Search -- 2.3.3 Raptor -- 2.4 Trip Planning with Real-time Data -- 3 Methodology/Design -- 3.1 The Server/Back-End -- 3.1.1 GTFS Data Pre-processing -- 3.1.2 Server Design -- 3.1.3 The Modified RAPTOR Search Algorithm -- 3.2 The Mobile App -- 3.2.1 Search -- 3.2.2 Results/Journey Displays -- 3.2.3 Recording. , 3.2.4 Traffic Report -- 3.2.5 Results Display -- 3.2.6 Journey Display -- 3.2.7 Journal -- 3.2.8 Stop Editor -- 3.2.9 Route Editor -- 4 Tests and Results -- 4.1 Basic Routing Capacity -- 4.1.1 Survey -- 4.1.2 Demographics -- 4.1.3 Algorithm Evaluation -- 4.2 Traffic Sensitivity -- 4.3 Journey Recorder -- 5 Future Work -- 5.1 Base Estimate Correction -- 5.2 Preference-Weighing System -- 5.3 Traffic Flow Prediction -- 5.4 Further Evaluation of Mapping Ability -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Adaptation of Automatic Information Extraction Method for Environmental Heatmaps to U-Matrices of Self Organising Maps -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Problem Formulation -- 3 HInEx---Heatmap Information Extraction -- 3.1 The Idea -- 3.2 Heatmap Area Isolation -- 3.3 Clustering Image Pixels Based on Colors -- 3.4 Generating Tree Description -- 3.5 The Key Search and Its Analysis -- 3.6 The Axis Search and Their Analysis -- 3.7 Complete Heatmap Description -- 4 SOM Cluster Number Extraction Based on U-Matrix -- 4.1 The Idea of HInEx Application to SOM U-Matrix -- 4.2 Clustering -- 4.3 Extracting a U-Matrix Cell Corresponding to a Single Distance Between Neurons -- 4.4 Searching a Color Representing the Minimal Neuron Distance in SOM -- 4.5 Threshold-like Operation -- 4.6 Dilatation and Erosion-like Operations -- 4.7 Searching for the Number of Groups in SOM -- 5 SOM Generator Description -- 6 Experimental Study -- 7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 13 Evolutionary Computing and Genetic Algorithms: Paradigm Applications in 3D Printing Process Optimization -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Evolutionary Optimization -- 3 Determination of the Pareto-Optimal Build Orientations in Stereolithography -- 3.1 Orientation Selection in SL -- 3.2 Algorithm Configuration and Implementation -- 3.3 Build Orientation Case Study. , 4 Determination of the Optimum Packing Layout in Stereolithography Machine Workspace -- 4.1 Optimization Scheme -- 4.2 Packing Layout Construction Process -- 4.3 Packing Layout Case Studies -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 14 Car-Like Mobile Robot Navigation: A Survey -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 RRT-Based Methods -- 2.1 Unsafe Path Planning -- 2.2 Safe Path Planning -- 2.3 Rapidly Exploring Random Tree Algorithm on Rough Terrains (RRT-RT) -- 2.4 RRT Motion Planning Subsystem -- 2.5 Partial Motion Planning -- 2.6 Sensor-Based Random Tree (SRT) -- 2.7 RRT* Algorithm -- 2.8 Voronoi Fast Marching (VFM) and Fast Marching (FM2) -- 2.9 SBL Algorithm -- 2.10 Single-Query Motion Planning -- 2.11 Dynamic-Domain RRT -- 2.12 Transition-Based RRT -- 2.13 Parallelizing Rapidly-Exploring Random Tree (RRT) Algorithm on Large-Scale Distributed-Memory Architectures -- 2.14 Obstacle Sensitive Cost Function for Navigating Car-Like Robots -- 3 Methods Based on Fuzzy Logic -- 3.1 Distributed Active-Vision Network-Space System -- 3.2 Internet-Based Smart Space Navigation Using Fuzzy-Neural Adaptive Control -- 4 Sensor-Based Methods -- 4.1 Dynamic Window Approach (DWA) -- 4.2 Generalized Voronoi Graph (GVG) Theory -- 4.3 Navigation in Dynamic Environments Using Trajectory Deformation -- 4.4 Probabilistic Velocity Obstacle (PVO) -- 5 SLAM-Based Methods -- 5.1 On-line Path Following -- 5.2 The CyCab: A Car-Like Robot Navigating Autonomously and Safely Among Pedestrians -- 5.3 V-Slam -- 5.4 SLAM-Based Turning Strategy in Restricted Environments -- 5.5 L-Slam -- 6 Conclusions and Future Work -- 6.1 Future Directions in Autonomous Robot Navigation and Obstacle Perception -- 6.2 Future Directions in Applications of Autonomously-Navigating Robots -- References -- 15 Computing a Similarity Coefficient for Mining Massive Data Sets -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Related Work.

Note: Intro -- GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES: IMPACT, MANAGEMENT AND EFFECTS -- GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES: IMPACT, MANAGEMENT AND EFFECTS -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 THE ROLE OF GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY IN THE DETERMINATION OF POLICY LEGITIMACY -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: PEOPLE AND PLANET MATTERS -- CASE STUDY: THE COORONG AND LOWER LAKES WETLAND -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT, BIOFUEL: SUSTAINABLE FOOD PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- BIOFUELS AND DEFORESTATION -- CROPPING PATTERNS (CONVENTIONAL, ORGANIC AND GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS) -- EFFECT OF BIOMASS COLLECTION ON SOIL CARBON/FERTILITY -- BIOFUELS AND FOOD PRICE -- DIETARY CHOICES AND HEALTH CONCERNS -- FOOD PACKAGING, SUPPLY AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 WOODFUELS USE FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURES' MATERIALIZATION -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL -- 2.1. Application of the Retscreen International Software -- 2.2. Parameters of the Energy Projects -- 2.3. Retscreen Software Characteristics -- 3. EVALUATION OF THE PROJECTS -- 3.1. Environmental Evaluation of the Projects -- 3.2. Financial Evaluation of the Projects -- 3.2.1. Financial Considerations of Energy Projects -- 3.2.2. Financial Outcomes of the Projects -- 4. THE GREEK AND THE WOODFUEL IMPORTS FROM THE NEARBY BALKAN COUNTRIES SCENARIOS -- 5. TWO DIFFERENT SCENARIOS PRESENTATION -- 5.1. Environmental Evaluation of the Scenarios -- 5.2. Financial Evaluation of the Scenarios -- 5.2.1. General Financial Consideration -- 5.2.2. Financial Evaluation of the Scenarios -- 6. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 EVALUATION OF THE ALGORITHMS USED IN CALPUFF MODEL FOR VISIBILITY IMPACT DUE TO INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION. , 1.1. Air Quality Trends in National Parks -- 1.2. Purpose -- 2. METHODOLOGY -- 2.1. Input Data Compilation -- 2.2. Model Selection -- 2.2.1. CALMET Preprocessor -- 2.2.2. CALPUFF Model -- 2.2.3. CALPOST Postprocessor -- Old (Original ) IMPROVE Algorithm -- New IMPROVE Algorithm -- Sea Salt Term -- Organic Mass to Carbon Ratio -- Rayleigh Scattering Factor -- Split Component Extinction Efficiency Model -- NO2 Light Absorption Term -- 2.3. Evaluation of Results -- 2.3.1. Analysis of the Monitoring -- 2.3.2. Analysis of Model Results -- 2.3.3. Evaluation of Predicted Visibility Impact -- 2.3.4. 98th Percentile Method of Evaluation -- 3. INPUT DATABASE DEVELOPMENT -- 3.1.1. Facility Location and Relevant Class I Areas -- 3.2. The CALPUFF/CALMET Model Input Parameters -- 3.2.1. Modeling Domain -- 3.2.2. Receptor Network and Receptor Data -- 3.2.3. Emission Input Data -- 3.2.4. Pollutants Input Data -- 3.2.5. Meteorological Input Parameters -- 3.3. CALPOST Postprocessing Input Parameters -- 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 4.1. Visibility Impact -- 4.2. Comparison of Visibility Results between Two Algorithms -- 5.3. Comparison of Visibility Values between Observed and Predicted Visibility Results -- 6. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 THE STATE OF AIR POLLUTION IN NORTH KOREA IN COMPARISON WITH SOUTH KOREA -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL POLICY OF NORTH KOREA -- 3. THE STATE OF AIR POLLUTION IN NORTH KOREA -- 1) The State of Local Air Pollution in North Korea -- The State of Air Pollution of a Rural Area in North Korea: Geumho -- The State of Air Pollution of an Urban Area in North Korea: Pyongyang -- The State of Air Pollution of an Industrial Area in North Korea: Wonsan -- 2) Comparison of Ambient and Personal Exposure Levels of Air Pollution between Seoul and Pyongyang -- Ambient Air Qualities -- NO2 -- SO2. , Personal Exposure -- 3) The Estimation of the Air Pollutants Emissions in North Korea -- Air Pollutants Emissions in North Korea -- Air Pollutants Emissions in Pyongyang -- 4. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Articles in Journals -- Books -- Chapter 6 A DESCRIPTION OF ACCESS TO WATER IN YUCATÁN, MÉXICO -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. WATER SITUATION IN YUCATAN -- 3. ACCESS TO WATER IN YUCATAN -- 3.1. Types of Access to Water -- 3.2. Water Quality -- 3.3. Time Required for Access -- 4. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7 HOW CAN ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES? -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES -- ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING -- Environmental Management Accounting and Cost Assessments -- Environmental Financial Accounting -- Environmental Reporting -- Environmental Auditing -- Environmental Economics or Natural Resource Accounting -- THE POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES -- Identification of Issues -- Development of Environmental Policies -- Implementation of Environmental Policies -- Monitoring the Effects of Environmental Policies -- Reporting on the Effects of Environmental Policies -- Review of Environmental Policies -- HOW CAN THE CONTRIBUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING TO ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES BE IMPROVED? -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8 EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON LAKE MIXING PATTERNS AND WATER QUALITY -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. FACTS ABOUT LAKE TAHOE -- 3. METHODS -- 3.1. Lake Clarity model -- 3.2. Future 40-Year Scenario -- 3.3. Future Trends of Climatic Variables -- 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS -- 4.1. Future Trend of Climatic Variables -- 4.2. Lake Warming and Stability Change -- 4.3. Warming Trend in Other Lakes. , 4.4. Possible Effects on Lake due to Warming Trend -- CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9 THE SUSTAINABLE TERRITORIAL ENVIRONMENTAL/ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT APPROACH TO MANAGE POLICY IMPACTS AND EFFECTS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- 4.1. The STeM Approach structure -- 4.2. The Conceptual Base of the Model -- 4.3. Easier Hypothesis of the STeM Approach -- 4.3.1. How to Calculate the Development Limit in STeMA -- 2. METHODOLOGY FOR THE PLANNING AND PROJECT CHOICE -- 3. OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES -- 4. CONCLUSION AND OPEN QUESTIONS: SOME REMARKS ON IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN THE GLOBAL CONTEXT -- REFERENCES -- ESPON 2006 PROGRAMME SOURCES -- Chapter 10 REVIEW OF CORNERSTONE PARAMETERS INFLUENCING FUTURE ENERGY POLICY -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. VANISHING CHEAP RESOURCES -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. A Changing World Energy Resource Base -- 1.3. Effects of Global Economies -- 1.4. Conclusion -- 2. POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF HYDROGEN GAS ON THE ENVIRONMENT -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Hydrogen in our Future -- 2.3. Impact of Hydrogen on the Ecosystem -- 2.4. "New" Renewables -- 2.5. Conclusion -- 3. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF GLOBAL WARMING AS A SCIENTIFIC FACT -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Human Impact on Global Warming -- 3.3. Conclusion -- 4. CO2 EMISSIONS CALCULATIONS DUE TO ELECTRICITY GENERATION BASED ON VARIOUS SOURCES -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Electricity Generation -- 4.3. Conclusion -- 5. SUMMARY AND OVERALL CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- INDEX -- Blank Page.