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    Moderate and Severe Hydrological Droughts in Europe Differ in Their Hydrometeorological Drivers (2022)
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    Publication Date: 2023-01-12
    Description: Hydrological extreme events are generated by different sequences of hydrometeorological drivers, the importance of which may vary within the sample of drought events. Here, we investigate how the importance of different hydrometeorological driver sequences varies by event magnitude using a large sample of catchments in Europe. To do so, we develop an automated classification scheme for streamflow drought events. The classification scheme standardizes a previous qualitative drought typology and assigns events to one of eight drought event types—each characterized by a set of single or compounding drivers—using information about seasonality, precipitation deficits, and snow availability. The objective event classification reveals how drought drivers vary not just in space and by season, but also with event magnitude. Specifically, we show that (a) rainfall deficit droughts and cold snow season droughts are the dominant drought event type in Western Europe and Eastern and Northern Europe, respectively; (b) rainfall deficit and cold snow season droughts are important from autumn to spring while snowmelt and wet‐to‐dry season droughts are important in summer; and (c) moderate droughts are mainly driven by rainfall deficits while severe events are mainly driven by snowmelt deficits in colder climates and by streamflow deficits transitioning from the wet to the dry season in warmer climates. These differences in sequences of drought generation mechanisms for severe and moderate events suggest that future changes in hydrometeorological drivers may affect moderate and severe events differently.
    Description: Key Points: We develop a standardized and objective classification scheme for streamflow droughts using hydroclimatic information. The most severe drought events are governed by other processes than moderate events. Moderate droughts are dominated by rainfall deficits and severe droughts by snowmelt deficits or prolonged rainfall deficit droughts.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: EC/H2020/PRIORITY 'Excellent science'/H2020 European Research Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010663
    Description: https://www.bafg.de/GRDC/EN/02_srvcs/21_tmsrs/riverdischarge_node.html
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.887470
    Description: https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-land?tab=overview
    Description: http://www.hydroshare.org/resource/77114d4dfdfd4dd39e0e1d99165f27b3
    Keywords: ddc:551.6 ; drought types ; drought generation ; extremes ; typology ; classification ; streamflow
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 2
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    The compensating effect of glaciers: Characterizing the relation between interannual streamflow variability and glacier cover (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-10-13
    Description: Meltwater from glaciers is not only a stable source of water but also affects downstream streamflow dynamics. One of these dynamics is the interannual variability of streamflow. Glaciers can moderate streamflow variability because the runoff in the glacierized part, driven by temperature, correlates negatively with the runoff in the non-glacierized part of a catchment, driven by precipitation, thereby counterbalancing each other. This is also called the glacier compensation effect (GCE), and the effect is assumed to depend on relative glacier cover. Previous studies found a convex relationship between streamflow variability and glacier cover of different glacierized catchments, with lowest streamflow variability at a certain optimum glacier cover. In this study, we aim to revisit these previously found curves to find out if a universal relationship between interannual streamflow variability and glacier cover exists, which could potentially be used in a space-for-time substitution analysis. Moreover, we test the hypothesis that the dominant climate drivers (here precipitation and temperature) switch around the suggested optimum of the curve. First, a set of virtual nested catchments, with the same absolute glacier area but varying non-glacierized area, were modelled to isolate the effect of glacier cover on streamflow variability. The modelled relationship was then compared with a multicatchment data set of gauged glacierized catchments in the European Alps. In the third step, changes of the GCE curve over time were analysed. Model results showed a convex relationship and the optimum in the simulated curve aligned with a switch in the dominant climate driver. However, the multicatchment data and the time change analyses did not suggest the existence of a universal convex relationship. Overall, we conclude that GCE is complex due to entangled controls and changes over time in glacierized catchments. Therefore, care should be taken to use a GCE curve for estimating and/or predicting interannual streamflow variability in glacierized catchments.
    Keywords: 551.48 ; glacier compensation effect ; glacierized catchments ; interannual variability ; modelling experiment ; space-for-time substitution ; streamflow
    Language: English
    Type: map
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