Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Frontispiece -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Content -- Preface -- Foreword -- Contributors -- List of Figures and Tables -- 1.1 Conceptual Model of Ecological-Social Interactions -- 1.2 Protected Areas of Alaska -- 1.3 Protected Areas of Canada -- 2.1 Schematic Diagram of the Greenhouse Effect -- 2.2 Diagrams of Global Temperature Variations Since the Pleistocene -- 2.3 Diagram of Global Wind Patterns in the Northern Hemisphere -- 2.4 Approximate Boundaries of Four Broad Climatic Zones in Northern North America -- 3.1 Age Pyramids for Alaskan Populations -- 3.2 Age Pyramids for Canadian, Yukon, and NWT Populations -- 3.3 Comparison of Sex Ratios for Alaska, The Yukon, and NWT and British Columbia and Canada -- 3.4 Sex Ratios of Indigenous Populations in Alaska Native Village Statistical Areas and Alaskan Urban Areas -- 3.5 Existing and Proposed Roads And Pipelines in Northern North America -- 4.1 Spatial Changes in Ecoclimatic Zones for Major Boreal and Arctic Ecoclimatic Zones -- 4.2 Directional Moisture Ratio Changes for Major Vegetation Regions of North America -- 5.1 Carbon Distribution Among Terrestrial Ecosystems -- 5.2 Circumpolar Distribution of Boreal Forest, Tundra, and Permafrost -- 6.1 Barren-Ground Caribou in Autumn -- 6.2 Inuit Loading Harvested Caribou onto a Sled, Pelly Bay, NWT -- 6.3 Musk-Oxen in Early June, Victoria Island, NWT -- 6.4 Seasonal Predictions for Climatic Warming of Mainland Arctic Canada -- 6.5 Arctic Place Names and The Ranges of the Major Herds of Barren-Ground Caribou in The NWT -- 6.6 The Decline of Peary Caribou on Banks Island, NWT, 1970-90 -- 6.7 Early Winter Total Snowfall at Sachs Harbor, Banks Island, NWT -- 7.1 Harbor Seals Hauled Out on a Rocky Beach, Año Nuevo Island, California -- 7.2 Steller Sea Lions on a Breeding Site, Lowrie Island, Alaska. , 7.3 Summer Diet of California Sea Lions on San Miguel and San Clemente Islands, 1982-83 -- 8.1 The Exploitable Biomass of Pacific Halibut from 1935-1991 -- 8.2 Comparison of the Combined All-Nation Catch of Salmon and the Smoothed Aleutian Low Pressure Index. -- 8.3 Total Catch of Chinook Salmon in the Strait of Georgia Sport and Commercial Fisheries from 1955-1991. -- 8.4 Marine Survival Percentage of Chinook and Coho Salmon in the Strait of Georgia -- 9.1 Major Linguistic Groups of Indigenous Peoples in Alaska -- 9.2 Linkages Between Climate-Based Impacts and Potential Sociocultural Responses. -- 9.3 Linkages Between Climatic Events, their Effects on Portions of the Marine Ecosystem, and Probable Impact on Portions of the Norse Marine Hunting Economy. -- 10.1 Per Capita Wild Resource Harvest in Selected Regions of Alaska. -- 10.2 Rural Households Participating in Subsistence in Different Regions of Alaska -- 11.1 The Canadian North and Major Native Communities -- 11.2 Baffin Island, with Clyde River and Hunting Camps Indicated -- 11.3 Clyde Inuit Traditional Ilagiit (Extended Family) Areas, 1920-1945 -- 11.4 Clyde Ringed Sealskin Prices, Sales Volume, and Harvest, 1955-1983 -- 11.5 Suluak and Nuvuktiapik Camp Composition -- 14.1 The Relationship Between Maximum Economic Yield (mey), Maximum Sustained Yield (msy), and Effort (E) Required to Attain them -- 16.1 Gideon K. Barr, Sr., at Ublasaun, Bering Land Bridge National Preserve, 1990. -- 16.2 Map of Bering Strait Area Showing Locations Mentioned in Text -- 16.3 Two Inupiat Children with Spotted Seal (in Autumn Near Shishmaref, Alaska, Ca. 1923) -- 16.4 Ublasaun Village, Ca. 1923 -- 16.5 Devil Mountain Lake Maar -- 16.6 Cape Espenberg, Bering Land Bridge National Preserve, 1978 -- 16.7 Illaganiq's Whalebone Cairn, Cape Espenberg, Bering Land Bridge National Preserve, 1993. , 18.1 Schematic Zonation of a Biosphere Reserve -- 18.2 A Cluster of Biosphere Reserves -- 18.3 Biosphere Reserves in North America -- 18.4 The Region of the Southern Appalachians Man and The Biosphere (Samab) Program -- 21.1 The Mackenzie Basin, Canada -- 21.2 Major Rivers of the Mackenzie Basin -- 2.1 Regional Changes Expected in the Climate of Northern North America -- 3.1 Total and Native Population and Population Densities of The North, 1990-1991 -- 3.2 Fertility in the Far North Expressed as Children Bom Per 1,000 Ever-Married Woman -- 3.3 Past, Current, and Projected Populations -- 3.4 Observed Population Sizes and Densities in Canada by Ecozone -- 4.1 General Circulation Models Used to Construct Climate Change Scenarios -- 4.2 Type of Change in Ecoclimatic Zones for Scenarios Generated by Each GCM -- 5.1 Summary of the Impact of Soil Warming on a Black Spruce Forest -- 5.2 Certainty of Climate Change and its Direct Effects on Vegetation and the Anticipated Impact of these Changes on the Function of Tundra Ecosystems -- 7.1 Marine Mammals Occurring in the Far North Pacific -- 8.1 Hypotheses Proposed as Possible Consequences of Climate Change on Pacific Salmon Stocks in the Fraser River -- 10.1 Harvest Levels and Species Diversity for Selected Alaskan Communities -- 10.2 Standardized Diversity of Wild Food Use is Summarized by Resource Category for Five Upper Tanana Communities -- 10.3 Sharing of Harvested Resources in Five Upper Tanana Communities -- 11.1 Composite Harvest Data for the Four Major Inuit Regions of Canada -- 11.2 Mean Seasonal Ringed Seal Harvest by Clyde Inuit for the Period 1981-1983 -- 18.1 Biosphere Reserves of North America -- 22.1 Various Types of Snow, as Expressed in Arctic Quebec Inuktitut -- Part I: Climate and Human Populations- A Dynamic Balance -- 1 Human Ecology and Climate Change at Northern Latitudes. , Climatic Variation and Human Populations -- Climate Change, Natural Resources, and Humans -- Resource Management and Human Populations in the Far North -- Climate Change and the Biosocial Environment -- References -- 2 Potential Climate Change in Northern North America -- Environmental Controls on High-Latitude Climate -- Regional Climate Patterns in Northern North America -- Summary -- References -- 3 Demography and Socioeconomics of Northern North America: Current Status and Impacts of Climate Change -- The National and International Contexts of Northern Social Change -- Demographic Information -- Global Warming and Northern Economies -- Summary -- References -- Part II: Predicting Environmental Change -- 4 Modeling Potential Impacts of Climate Change On Northern Landscapes -- Objectives and Approach -- General Description of Models -- Potential Changes in Ecoclimatic Regions -- Potential Changes in Effective Moisture -- Implications for Northern Habitats and Protected Areas -- Summary -- References -- 5 Climate and Ecological Relationships in Northern Latitude Ecosystems -- Physical Environment -- Arctic and Boreal Ecosystems -- Past Changes and Current Observations in Northern Ecosystems -- Summary: The Future of Northern Ecosystems -- References -- 6 Responses of Arctic Ungulates to Climate Change -- People, Caribou, and Musk-Oxen -- Weather and Forage: Caribou and Musk-Oxen -- Climate Change Predictions -- Weather and Fluctuations in Caribou and Musk-Ox Numbers -- Climate Change, People, Caribou, and Musk-Oxen -- Summary -- References -- 7 Effects of Climate Change on Marine Mammals in the Far North -- Marine Mammals of the North Pacific -- Direct Effects of Increased Temperatures -- Indirect Effects Due to Changes in Prey Distribution -- Summary -- References -- 8 Response of Anadromous Fish to Climate Change in the North Pacific. , Controversies Over Climatic Impacts on Fish Population Dynamics -- The 1976-77 Event in the Mid-Pacific -- The 1976-77 Event in Coastal Areas -- The Impact of Climate Change on Salmon in Fresh Water -- Salmon at their Northern Limits -- Fisheries Management and Research in a Changing Climate -- Summary -- References -- Part III: Human Populations and Natural Resources: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives -- 9 Increments, Ranges, and Thresholds: Human Population Responses to Climate Change in Northern Alaska -- Indigenous Groups: Traditional Resource use and Settlement -- Historic and Cultural Change: 1850-1990 -- Climate and History -- Summary -- References -- 10 Resource Use In Rural Alaskan Communities -- Where Alaskans Live -- Wildlife Harvest Characteristics in Rural Alaska -- The Cultural Importance of Subsistence in Rural Communities -- Subsistence and Social Organization -- Subsistence, Sharing, and Cultural Identity -- Climate Change, Cultural Change, and Access to Wildlife Resources in Alaska -- Summary -- References -- 11 Warming the Arctic: Environmentalism and Canadian Inuit -- Global Warming, Science, and the Arctic -- The Dorset-Thule Transition -- Diamonds in the Far North -- Global Warming and Green Trends -- Seals, Snowmobiles, and Green Concerns -- Inuit Options for the Future -- Summary -- References -- Part IV: Natural Resources and Human Institutions in a Dynamic Environment -- 12 Global Warming and Conflict Management: Resident Native Peoples and Protected Areas -- Two Sociological Premises -- Conflicts Between Native Peoples and Protected Areas Under Conditions of Climate Change -- Water, Electricity, and the Cree -- Preexisting Conditions -- Conflict Management Strategies -- Summary -- References -- 13 Comanagement of Natural Resources: Some Aspects of the Canadian Experience -- Origins and Development of Comanagement. , What Claims-Based Comanagement Provides.

Note: Intro -- Dedication -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Assessing Climate Change Effects in the Northern Rockies -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Northern Rockies Adaptation Partnership Process -- 1.3 Toward Implementation of Climate-Smart Management -- 1.4 A Brief Tour of the Northern Rockies -- 1.4.1 Western Rockies Subregion -- 1.4.2 Central Rockies Subregion -- 1.4.3 Eastern Rockies Subregion -- 1.4.4 Greater Yellowstone Area Subregion -- 1.4.5 Grassland Subregion -- References -- Chapter 2: Historical and Projected Climate in the Northern Rockies Region -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Climate Model Overview -- 2.3 Methods Used to Assess Future Climate in the Northern Rockies Region -- 2.4 Projected Future Climate in the Northern Rockies -- References -- Chapter 3: Effects of Climate Change on Snowpack, Glaciers, and Water Resources in the Northern Rockies -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Mechanisms for Climate Change Effects on Hydrology -- 3.3 Effects of Climate Change on Snowpack and Glaciers -- 3.4 Effects of Climate Change on Streamflow -- 3.4.1 Future Streamflow Projections -- 3.5 Adapting Water Resources and Management to Climate Change -- References -- Chapter 4: Effects of Climate Change on Cold-Water Fish in the Northern Rockies -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Analytical Approach -- 4.2.1 Assessment Area -- 4.2.2 Climate Change Scenarios -- 4.2.3 Fish Species -- 4.2.4 Trout Distribution Models -- 4.3 Vulnerability of Native Trout to Climate Change -- 4.3.1 Stream Temperature -- 4.3.2 Cutthroat Trout -- 4.3.3 Bull Trout -- 4.3.4 Additional Fish Species -- 4.4 Applying the Assessment -- 4.5 Adapting Fish Species and Fisheries Management to Climate Change -- 4.5.1 Adaptation Options -- 4.5.2 Principles of Climate-Smart Management -- References. , Chapter 5: Effects of Climate Change on Forest Vegetation in the Northern Rockies -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Climate Change Assessment Techniques -- 5.1.2 Forest Vegetation Responses to Climate -- 5.1.3 Biotic and Abiotic Disturbances -- 5.2 Climate Change Effects on Tree Species -- 5.2.1 Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa) -- 5.2.2 Douglas-Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) -- 5.2.3 Western Larch (Larix occidentalis) -- 5.2.4 Western White Pine (Pinus monticola) -- 5.2.5 Grand Fir (Abies grandis) -- 5.2.6 Western Redcedar (Thuja plicata) -- 5.2.7 Western Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) -- 5.2.8 Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) -- 5.2.9 Limber Pine (Pinus flexilis) -- 5.2.10 Subalpine Fir (Abies lasiocarpa) -- 5.2.11 Engelmann Spruce (Picea engelmannii) -- 5.2.12 Mountain Hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) -- 5.2.13 Alpine Larch (Larix lyallii) -- 5.2.14 Whitebark Pine (Pinus albicaulis) -- 5.2.15 Quaking Aspen (Populus tremuloides) -- 5.2.16 Cottonwood (Populus spp.) -- 5.2.17 Green Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) -- 5.3 Effects of Climate Change on Broader Vegetation Patterns -- 5.4 Natural Resource Issues and Management -- 5.4.1 Landscape Heterogeneity -- 5.4.2 Timber Production -- 5.4.3 Carbon Sequestration -- 5.5 Adapting Forest Vegetation and Management to Climate Change -- 5.5.1 Adaptation Strategies and Tactics -- References -- Chapter 6: Effects of Climate Change on Rangeland Vegetation in the Northern Rockies -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Rangeland Vegetation -- 6.3 Management Issues -- 6.4 Assessing the Effects of Climate Change on Rangelands -- 6.4.1 Montane Grasslands -- 6.4.2 Montane Shrubs -- 6.4.3 Short Sagebrushes -- 6.4.4 Sprouting Sagebrush Species -- 6.4.5 Wyoming Big Sagebrush and Basin Big Sagebrush -- 6.4.6 Mountain Big Sagebrush -- 6.4.7 Northern Great Plains -- 6.5 Adapting Rangeland Vegetation and Management to Climate Change. , References -- Chapter 7: Effects of Climate Change on Ecological Disturbance in the Northern Rockies -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Wildfire -- 7.2.1 Overview -- 7.2.2 Potential Future Wildfire Regimes and Wildfire Occurrence -- 7.2.3 Potential Interactions Between Wildfire and Other Disturbances -- 7.3 Bark Beetles -- 7.3.1 Overview -- 7.3.2 Drivers of Bark Beetle Outbreaks -- 7.3.3 Potential Effects of Climate Change on Bark Beetles -- 7.3.4 Projected Effects of Climate Change on Bark Beetle Populations -- 7.4 White Pine Blister Rust -- 7.4.1 Overview -- 7.4.2 Effects of Climate Change on WPBR -- 7.4.3 Interactions with Other Disturbance Processes -- 7.5 Forest Diseases -- 7.5.1 Overview -- 7.5.2 Effects of Climatic Variability and Change on Forest Diseases -- 7.5.3 Forest Pathogen Interactions -- 7.6 Nonnative Plants -- 7.6.1 Overview -- 7.6.2 Effects of Climate Change on Nonnative Species -- References -- Chapter 8: Effects of Climate Change on Wildlife in the Northern Rockies -- 8.1 Climate-Wildlife Interactions -- 8.2 Communities and Habitat -- 8.3 Species Sensitivity to Climate Change -- 8.3.1 American Beaver (Castor canadensis) -- 8.3.2 American Pika (Ochotona princeps) -- 8.3.3 Canada Lynx (Lynx canadensis) -- 8.3.4 Fisher (Pekania pennanti) -- 8.3.5 Moose (Alces alces) -- 8.3.6 Northern Bog Lemming (Synaptomys borealis) -- 8.3.7 Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) -- 8.3.8 Pygmy Rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis) -- 8.3.9 Townsend's Big-Eared Bat (Corynorhinus townsendii) -- 8.3.10 Ungulates (Elk, Mule Deer, White-Tailed Deer) -- 8.3.11 Wolverine (Gulo gulo) -- 8.3.12 Brewer's Sparrow (Spizella breweri) -- 8.3.13 Flammulated Owl (Otus flammeolus) -- 8.3.14 Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) -- 8.3.15 Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) -- 8.3.16 Mountain Quail (Oreortyx pictus) -- 8.3.17 Pygmy Nuthatch (Sitta pygmaea). , 8.3.18 Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus) -- 8.3.19 Columbia Spotted Frog (Rana luteiventris) -- 8.3.20 Western Toad (Anaxyrus boreas) -- 8.4 Adapting Wildlife and Wildlife Management to Climate Change -- References -- Chapter 9: Effects of Climate Change on Recreation in the Northern Rockies -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Relationships Between Climate Change and Recreation -- 9.3 Outdoor Recreation in the Northern Rockies -- 9.4 Assessing the Vulnerability of Recreation to Climate Change -- 9.4.1 Current Conditions and Management -- 9.4.2 Warm-Weather Activities -- 9.4.3 Cold-Weather Activities -- 9.4.4 Wildlife Activities -- 9.4.5 Gathering Forest Products -- 9.4.6 Water-Based Activities (Not Including Fishing) -- 9.4.7 Summary -- 9.5 Adapting Recreation and Recreation Management to Climate Change -- 9.5.1 Adaptation by Recreation Participants -- 9.5.2 Adaptation by Federal Land Management -- References -- Chapter 10: Effects of Climate Change on Ecosystem Services in the Northern Rockies -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Ecosystem Services on Public Lands in the Northern Rockies -- 10.3 Social Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity -- 10.4 Assessing the Effects of Climate Change on Ecosystem Services -- 10.4.1 Water Quantity -- 10.4.2 Water Quality, Aquatic Habitats, and Fish -- 10.4.3 Building Materials and Wood Products -- 10.4.4 Mining Materials -- 10.4.5 Forage for Livestock -- 10.4.6 Viewsheds and Clean Air -- 10.4.7 Regulation of Soil Erosion -- 10.4.8 Carbon Sequestration -- 10.4.9 Summary -- References -- Chapter 11: Effects of Climate Change on Cultural Resources in the Northern Rockies -- 11.1 Background and Cultural Context -- 11.2 Climate Change Effects on Cultural Resources -- 11.2.1 Primary Effects and Stressors -- 11.2.2 Spatial and Temporal Risk Assessment -- 11.3 Adapting Cultural Resources and Management to Climate Change -- References. , Chapter 12: Toward Climate-Smart Resource Management in the Northern Rockies -- 12.1 Partnership and Process -- 12.1.1 Increasing Organizational Capacity to Address Climate Change -- 12.1.2 Implementation: The Path Forward -- References -- Index.